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Me
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PV in
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PV sy
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T
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Un
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1.
I
NT
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B
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d
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lity
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
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ltaic
(
PV
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s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
esti
m
atin
g
,
in
v
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r
ter
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is
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co
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d
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s
in
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ea
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-
wo
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ld
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ettin
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s
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Alter
n
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,
m
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in
v
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s
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I
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E
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,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
76
1
-
7
68
762
r
ath
er
th
an
u
n
d
er
STC.
T
h
e
in
v
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ter
e
f
f
icien
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r
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is
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ted
to
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r
v
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4
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B
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d
.
A
1
-
y
ea
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
ataset
f
r
o
m
a
lo
ca
l
wea
th
er
s
tatio
n
is
co
ll
ec
ted
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
as
in
p
u
t to
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
f
ee
d
in
g
th
e
test
ed
in
v
er
ter
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
ese
aim
s
.
I
n
p
u
t D
C
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t A
C
p
o
wer
s
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
u
n
d
er
d
ef
i
n
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
ese
d
ata,
t
h
e
m
etr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
SM
A
-
4000
-
SB
-
T
L
in
v
er
ter
is
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
v
alu
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
’
s
d
atash
ee
t.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
B
ag
h
d
a
d
m
etr
ic
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
wa
s
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
y
ield
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
esti
m
ates
b
ased
o
n
an
d
.
T
h
es
e
th
r
ee
esti
m
atio
n
s
wer
e
e
v
alu
ated
ag
ain
s
t
ac
tu
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
a
5
k
W
in
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
M
E
T
RI
C
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
NCY
O
F
SO
L
AR
P
V
I
N
VE
R
T
E
RS
T
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
s
titu
tes
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
a
n
d
c
r
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
s
y
s
tem
,
g
iv
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ex
ten
d
ed
l
if
ec
y
cle
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
5
y
ea
r
s
.
I
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t,
en
ab
lin
g
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
en
er
g
y
o
u
tc
o
m
e
in
k
W
h
a
s
(
1
)
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
(
1
)
is
th
e
r
ated
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
wer
;
th
e
p
ea
k
s
u
n
h
o
u
r
s
(
PSH
)
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
ter
m
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
-
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
is
m
atch
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
,
wh
ile
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
elev
ated
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
.
r
ef
lects
th
e
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
u
s
t
an
d
d
ir
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
DC
ca
b
lin
g
c
o
n
n
e
ctin
g
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
ter
m
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
e
f
in
ed
as th
e
r
atio
o
f
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
to
D
C
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
an
in
v
e
r
ter
with
1
%
lo
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
%
less
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
[
5
]
.
A
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
er
(
MPPT)
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
p
ea
k
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
cu
r
v
e,
th
e
r
eb
y
m
ax
im
i
z
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
ed
t
o
th
e
in
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Acc
ess
ib
ly
s
p
ec
u
latio
n
s
,
d
esig
n
er
s
o
f
ten
ass
u
m
e
to
b
e
e
q
u
al
to
o
r
.
Op
tim
izes
an
d
E
UR
O
-
m
etr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
ar
e
ty
p
ically
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
d
atash
ee
t,
b
ased
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
n
d
er
STC.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
ely
in
g
o
n
th
ese
v
alu
es
is
o
f
ten
im
p
r
ac
tical,
as
in
v
er
t
er
s
s
eld
o
m
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
er
STC
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
in
ac
c
u
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
y
ield
,
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
,
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t.
W
eig
h
ted
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Giv
en
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
—
an
d
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
f
in
v
e
r
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
n
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
wer
lev
els
—
weig
h
ted
ef
f
icien
cy
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
in
v
er
ter
r
e
n
d
itio
n
.
3.
DE
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
O
F
T
H
E
M
E
T
RI
CAL
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
CY
M
O
DE
L
Fo
llo
win
g
to
I
E
C
6
1
6
8
3
:1
9
9
9
cr
iter
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
m
etr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
PV
s
im
u
lato
r
to
d
er
iv
e
th
e
weig
h
ted
ef
f
icien
cy
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
e
m
u
l
ato
r
o
u
tp
u
t
is
em
u
lated
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
tr
u
est
PV
ar
r
ay
p
an
els
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
t
o
b
e
test
ed
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
es
an
av
e
r
ag
ed
o
n
e
-
d
ay
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
d
ata.
I
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
in
v
er
te
r
p
o
wer
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
at
a
s
tead
y
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
,
with
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
s
im
u
latin
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
etr
ical
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
its
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fo
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
s
to
r
ag
e,
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
-
d
u
r
atio
n
c
u
r
v
e,
as
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
to
th
e
g
r
id
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
with
s
to
r
ag
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
OF
F
-
g
r
id
efficien
cy
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
n
in
ve
r
ter d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
n
s
o
la
r
P
V
…
(
B
ila
l A
b
d
u
lla
h
N
a
s
ir
)
763
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
-
d
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
tab
ilizatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
atter
ies an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
lo
s
s
es
in
b
o
th
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
ac
tu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
in
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
DC
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
o
r
g
a
n
ized
DC
p
o
we
r
to
f
ee
d
th
e
DC
lo
ad
s
o
r
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
co
n
s
tan
t
AC
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
t
o
f
ee
d
th
e
AC
lo
ad
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
th
e
n
ee
d
s
m
etr
ical
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
lo
ad
class
es.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
lo
ad
-
d
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e,
as
a
d
u
r
atio
n
tim
e,
as
DC
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
as
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
as
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
f
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
lo
a
d
class
(
)
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
m
etr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
is
g
iv
e
n
as
(
2
)
-
(
6
)
[
4
]
.
=
∑
.
∑
.
(
2
)
Or
=
1
[
+
1
1
⁄
+
2
2
⁄
+
⋯
+
⁄
]
⁄
(
3
)
=
ℓ
.
∑
.
=
1
(
4
)
=
(
5
)
=
1
.
1
+
2
.
2
+
3
.
3
+
⋯
+
.
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
m
etr
ical
f
ac
to
r
at
th
e
no
-
lo
a
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
is
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
tim
e
at
wh
ich
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ac
tu
ate
d
at
n
o
lo
ad
,
is
th
e
m
etr
ical
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
l
o
ad
class
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
(
i)
,
(
n
)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
v
er
ter
lo
ad
class
es,
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
wh
e
n
its
lo
a
d
lev
el
is
ℎ
a
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
its
r
ated
v
alu
e
,
an
d
ℓ
is
th
e
n
o
-
lo
ad
in
v
er
ter
wasted
p
o
wer
.
I
f
th
e
lo
ad
-
d
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
d
ata
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
(
3
)
o
f
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Yea
r
ly
in
v
er
te
r
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
-
d
u
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
4.
E
XA
M
I
NA
T
I
O
N
O
F
I
N
VE
RT
E
R
M
E
T
R
I
CA
L
E
F
F
I
CI
E
NCY
Am
o
n
g
e
x
is
tin
g
m
etr
ics,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
a
p
p
lied
f
o
r
s
p
ec
u
latin
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
T
ailo
r
ed
to
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ty
p
ic
al
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
e,
t
h
is
m
etr
ic
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
7
)
[
7
]
.
=
0
.
03
∗
5%
+
0
.
06
∗
10%
+
0
.
13
∗
20%
+
0
.
1
∗
30%
+
0
.
48
∗
50%
+
0
.
2
∗
100%
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
76
1
-
7
68
764
T
h
e
is
d
is
cr
im
in
ated
b
y
s
ix
c
lass
es
o
f
ac
tu
atio
n
:
5
%,
1
0
%,
2
0
%,
3
0
%,
5
0
%
,
an
d
1
0
0
%.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
o
f
in
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
/
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
(
−
(
)
⁄
)
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
a
lizes
th
e
clas
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
o
f
−
(
)
⁄
an
d
m
etr
i
ca
l
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
ea
ch
le
v
el
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
C
l
a
s
s
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
%)
S
c
a
l
e
o
f
−
(
)
⁄
(
%
)
M
e
t
r
i
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
5
0
→
7
.
5
0
.
0
3
10
>
7
.
5
→
15
0
.
0
6
20
>
15
→
25
0
.
1
3
30
>
25
→
40
0
.
1
0
50
>
40
→
75
0
.
4
8
1
0
0
>
75
0
.
2
T
h
e
5
0
%
lo
ad
class
ca
r
r
ies
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
etr
ical
f
ac
to
r
(
0
.
4
8
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
p
en
d
s
ab
o
u
t
5
0
%
o
f
its
r
u
n
tim
e
o
p
er
atin
g
at
h
al
f
lo
a
d
.
Als
o
,
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
8
]
,
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
C
alif
o
r
n
ia
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
r
en
d
itio
n
in
r
eg
io
n
s
with
elev
ate
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els
[
7
]
.
A
n
alo
g
o
u
s
to
it
h
as
s
ix
class
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ea
ch
class
im
p
o
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
em
iu
m
s
o
f
m
etr
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
a
s
(
8
)
.
=
0
.
04
.
10%
+
0
.
05
.
20%
+
0
.
12
.
30%
+
0
.
21
.
50%
+
0
.
53
.
75%
+
0
.
05
.
100%
(
8
)
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
,
t
h
e
is
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
i
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
v
er
ter
’
s
ef
f
icien
cy
a
cr
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
class
es.
B
esid
es
an
d
,
o
th
er
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
r
ef
lect
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
l
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
I
zm
i
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
T
u
r
k
ey
[9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
C
h
en
n
ai
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
(
)
in
I
n
d
ia
[
1
1
]
,
Kan
p
u
r
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
(
)
in
I
n
d
ia
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
,
B
r
az
ili
an
cities
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
e
q
u
ato
r
ial
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
(
)
[
1
7
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
th
ese
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
lc
u
latio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
n
o
t
f
u
lly
c
o
m
p
ly
with
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
1
6
8
3
:1
9
9
9
,
w
h
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
ef
f
icien
cy
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lar
PV
-
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ir
r
a
d
ian
c
e
p
r
o
f
ile
at
a
f
ix
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
th
e
em
u
lato
r
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
p
lan
e
r
ath
er
th
an
in
a
p
la
n
e,
t
h
u
s
d
ev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
E
C
6
1
6
8
3
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
4
]
.
5.
F
O
RM
UL
AT
I
O
N
O
F
I
NVE
RT
E
R
M
E
T
R
I
C
E
F
F
I
CI
E
N
CY
F
O
R
B
AG
H
DAD
CI
T
Y
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
s
itu
ated
in
th
e
s
o
u
th
wester
n
r
eg
i
o
n
o
f
Asi
a,
lies
at
a
latitu
d
e
o
f
3
3
°1
3
′N,
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
o
f
4
4
°1
3
′E,
a
n
d
a
n
elev
atio
n
o
f
3
4
m
eter
s
a
b
o
v
e
s
ea
le
v
el.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
Kö
p
p
en
–
Geig
er
clim
ate
class
if
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
,
B
ag
h
d
ad
’
s
clim
ate
is
class
if
ie
d
as
'
B
W
H
'
u
n
d
er
th
e
Kö
p
p
en
–
Geig
er
s
y
s
tem
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
o
t,
d
r
y
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ic
al
d
eser
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
t
is
r
e
aso
n
ab
le
to
a
n
ticip
ate
th
at
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
en
d
itio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
p
o
wer
in
g
in
s
u
ch
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
cli
m
ates
m
ay
d
if
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
in
s
talled
in
o
th
er
clim
atic
zo
n
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
s
h
o
w
th
at
an
d
f
r
o
m
d
atash
ee
ts
ar
e
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
s
p
ec
u
lat
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
o
u
ts
id
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
an
d
e
q
u
ato
r
ial
clim
ates.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
a
n
o
v
el
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
s
o
lar
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
in
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
cli
m
ates
(
s
p
ec
if
ically
B
ag
h
d
ad
)
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
o
g
et
th
is
tar
g
et
:
i
)
ad
d
1
-
y
ea
r
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
r
u
n
n
in
g
s
o
lar
PV
in
v
er
ter
t
y
p
e
SMA
-
4000
-
SB
-
T
L
with
d
aily
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
d
ata
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
ii
)
g
au
g
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
to
d
r
aw
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
l
ev
els
(
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3,
an
d
iii
)
p
ar
ap
h
r
asin
g
th
e
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
B
ag
h
d
ad
m
etr
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
(
)
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
E
C
6
1
6
8
3
:1
9
9
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
p
lace
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
class
es
is
g
r
o
u
p
ed
by
s
ev
en
lev
els
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
l
o
ad
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
one
-
y
ea
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ata
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
etr
ical
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
ea
ch
l
ev
el
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
f
o
r
1
→
7
,
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
is
f
ir
s
t
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
,
f
o
l
lo
wed
b
y
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
weig
h
ted
ef
f
icien
cy
v
ia
(
3
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
d
u
e
to
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
b
ein
g
wasted
as
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
a
n
d
b
atter
ies
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
is
8
7
.
4
%
wh
ile
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
atash
ee
t
is
9
8
%
a
n
d
is
9
7
.
5
%.
I
n
v
er
ter
1
%
less
ef
f
icien
t
is
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
to
b
e
1
0
%
u
n
d
er
s
o
l
d
r
elativ
e
to
o
th
er
in
v
e
r
ter
s
.
T
o
v
e
r
if
y
,
th
e
an
n
u
al
s
y
s
tem
en
er
g
y
o
u
tco
m
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alu
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
(
1
)
u
s
in
g
,
,
an
d
,
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
with
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
m
eter
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
OF
F
-
g
r
id
efficien
cy
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
n
in
ve
r
ter d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
n
s
o
la
r
P
V
…
(
B
ila
l A
b
d
u
lla
h
N
a
s
ir
)
765
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Daily
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
in
v
e
r
ter
ty
p
e
SMA
-
4
0
0
0
-
SB
-
TL
-
21
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SMA
-
4
0
0
0
-
SB
-
TL
-
21
I
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
ef
f
icien
cy
T
ab
le
2
.
Stan
d
-
a
lo
n
e
i
n
v
er
ter
m
etr
ic
e
f
f
icien
cy
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
%)
I
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4
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Du
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[
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-
[
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,
a
n
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th
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etr
ic
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I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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2
I
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t J Ap
p
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l.
14
,
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.
3
,
Sep
tem
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20
25
:
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766
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u
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ter
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CO
NCLU
SI
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Sin
ce
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ch
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eg
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t
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ct
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ad
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an
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ter
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ce
d
b
y
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s
o
lar
ir
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ad
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ce
-
d
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r
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o
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d
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ly
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e
B
ag
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a
d
m
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clu
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ed
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6
1
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ter
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ar
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ter
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h
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ir
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in
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s
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m
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e
ac
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ate
p
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ed
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en
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lin
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eter
m
in
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o
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ay
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a
ck
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n
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et
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n
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n
in
v
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tm
en
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
o
wn
er
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
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in
v
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ed
.
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R
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UT
I
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M
E
N
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h
is
jo
u
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s
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C
o
n
tr
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u
to
r
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les
T
ax
o
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y
(
C
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ize
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al
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th
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co
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tr
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tio
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,
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ed
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ce
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th
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r
s
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ip
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is
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
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.
Na
m
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Aut
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Vi
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Fu
B
ilal A
b
d
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Ku
taib
a
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alaf
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l
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h
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m
ed
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h
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f
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C
:
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o
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M
:
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e
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I
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SS
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Au
th
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NF
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t f
r
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m
all
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lu
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ed
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h
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tu
d
y
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
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Y
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h
e
d
ata
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p
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o
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y
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av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
S
o
p
i
a
n
,
S
.
S
h
a
a
r
i
,
N
.
A
m
i
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.
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i
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.
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m
,
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n
d
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
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n
c
e
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g
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i
d
-
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o
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p
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t
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c
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m
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n
M
a
l
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a
,
”
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n
t
e
r
n
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t
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o
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a
l
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o
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l
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y
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v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
7
–
6
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[
2
]
C
EC
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s f
o
r g
ri
d
-
c
o
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t
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s
o
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r
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s
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e
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l
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n
E
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y
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o
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l
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.
1
4
,
M
a
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0
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2
.
[
O
n
l
i
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e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
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a
ss
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[
3
]
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.
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.
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,
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.
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.
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.
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iq
.
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