I
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t
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na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
54
1
~
5
5
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
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.
1
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.
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14
.
i
3
.
pp
54
1
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550
541
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his
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l 1
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4
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ev
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ed
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v
3
0
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2
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2
4
Acc
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ted
J
an
1
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2
0
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5
Th
e
u
se
o
f
d
irec
t
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(DPC)
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
a
s
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
fo
r
p
u
lse
w
i
d
th
m
o
d
u
late
d
(
P
WM
)
c
o
n
v
e
r
ters
.
Th
e
i
n
c
re
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
(INC) i
s u
ti
li
z
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
tro
l
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
(D) i
n
trac
k
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
o
i
n
t
t
o
in
c
re
a
se
p
o
we
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
in
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
ste
m
s
(W
ECS
)
.
WE
CS
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
a
re
a
d
ju
ste
d
to
a
c
h
iev
e
u
n
it
y
p
o
we
r
fa
c
to
r,
a
ll
o
win
g
th
e
sy
ste
m
to
e
x
trac
t
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
(
)
fro
m
WE
CS
.
S
imu
lati
o
n
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
win
d
s
p
e
e
d
h
a
s
a
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
a
c
t
o
n
th
e
c
a
p
t
u
re
d
p
o
we
r,
wi
th
a
p
ro
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
t
we
e
n
win
d
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
p
o
we
r.
C
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
ies
a
re
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
(D)
t
o
re
a
c
h
th
e
d
e
sire
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
p
o
i
n
t.
A
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
WE
CS
,
wh
e
re
th
e
(
D
)
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
M
OSF
ET
to
m
a
in
tai
n
a
t
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
lev
e
l
o
n
th
e
DC
li
n
k
.
Va
rio
u
s
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
p
ro
f
il
e
s
a
re
sim
u
late
d
i
n
th
is
stu
d
y
to
e
v
a
lu
a
te
sy
ste
m
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
u
n
d
e
r
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
o
f
ra
p
id
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
flu
c
t
u
a
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
b
a
se
d
o
n
(
D
)
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
su
p
e
rio
r
trac
k
in
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DC
li
n
k
,
e
n
su
r
in
g
th
a
t
re
m
a
in
s
a
t
a
n
o
p
ti
m
a
l
lev
e
l
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Du
ty
cy
cle
D
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t tr
ac
k
in
g
Op
tim
al
p
o
in
t
Pu
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lated
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
-
s
y
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ah
m
ed
B
ad
awi
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Do
h
a
f
o
r
Scien
c
e
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Do
h
a,
Qata
r
E
m
ail:
d
r
.
ah
m
e
d
b
ad
awi1
0
0
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
,
a
h
m
ed
.
b
ad
awi@
u
d
s
t.e
d
u
.
q
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
a
v
e
g
ar
n
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
t
o
in
s
is
ten
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
is
s
u
es,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
g
l
o
b
al
war
m
in
g
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
win
d
en
er
g
y
as
th
e
u
tm
o
s
t
ex
ten
s
iv
e
a
n
d
h
o
ld
s
i
m
m
en
s
e
p
o
te
n
tial
[
3
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
v
a
r
io
u
s
en
h
an
ci
n
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
h
ig
h
-
tech
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
a
ck
in
g
(
MPPT)
is
ess
en
tial
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
W
E
C
S)
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
Pu
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lated
(
PW
M)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
n
d
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
p
p
licat
io
n
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
,
an
d
AC
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
h
ar
d
war
e
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
T
h
ey
o
f
f
er
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
er
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
d
io
d
e
-
b
r
id
g
e
d
r
ec
tifie
r
s
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
DC
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
ed
u
cin
g
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
to
r
ag
e,
en
a
b
lin
g
b
i
-
d
ir
e
ctio
n
al
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
w,
en
h
an
cin
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
t
r
o
l,
a
n
d
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
O
n
e
class
if
icatio
n
is
v
o
ltag
e
-
o
r
ien
te
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
VOC),
wh
ich
u
s
es
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
t
o
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
eg
u
late
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
we
r
.
W
h
ile
VOC
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
it h
ea
v
ily
r
elies o
n
n
es
ted
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
s
.
An
o
th
er
class
is
d
ir
ec
t
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
(
DPC
)
,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
elate
s
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atte
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
with
r
ated
p
o
wer
.
DPC
s
elec
ts
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
s
wi
tch
in
g
p
atter
n
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
tab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
54
1
-
550
542
b
ased
o
n
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
an
d
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
g
u
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
n
er
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
s
,
PW
M
s
ch
em
es,
an
d
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
DPC
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
p
er
d
y
n
am
ic
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
an
d
ea
s
ier
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
VOC.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
DPC
liter
at
u
r
e,
m
an
y
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
c
e
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
les
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
witch
in
g
tab
les
o
r
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
p
ac
e
v
e
cto
r
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
f
lu
x
(
VF)
co
n
ce
p
t.
C
u
r
r
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
icti
v
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
MPC
)
with
DPC
to
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
as d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
p
io
n
ee
r
in
g
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
MP
-
DPC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
On
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
v
ec
to
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
in
g
eith
e
r
two
o
r
th
r
ee
v
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
ee
-
v
ec
to
r
m
eth
o
d
,
in
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
,
aim
s
to
cr
ea
te
an
o
p
t
im
al
s
eq
u
en
ce
b
y
co
n
ca
ten
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
t
o
r
s
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
c
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
u
al
ad
jace
n
tly
ac
tiv
e
o
n
e/ze
r
o
v
e
cto
r
s
an
d
is
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
f
l
u
x
v
ec
to
r
,
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
v
ec
to
r
an
g
u
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
v
ec
to
r
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
lead
to
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
lin
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
r
elativ
el
y
co
m
p
lex
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
wh
en
u
s
in
g
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
An
alter
n
ativ
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
eth
o
d
is
to
u
s
e
a
two
-
v
ec
to
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
alo
n
g
with
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
(
D)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
av
o
i
d
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
s
witch
in
g
tab
le,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
Op
tim
izin
g
th
e
(
D)
is
cr
u
cial
in
MP
-
DPC
s
as
it
i
s
u
s
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
s
[
1
6
]
.
C
alcu
latin
g
th
e
(
D)
ca
n
s
o
m
etim
es
r
esu
lt
in
im
p
r
ac
tical
o
u
tco
m
es,
s
u
ch
as
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
o
n
e
(
D
>
1
)
o
r
f
allin
g
b
elo
w
ze
r
o
(
D
<
0
)
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
am
i
n
ed
to
s
o
m
e
ex
ten
t
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
li
ter
atu
r
e,
b
u
t
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
v
o
lv
es
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
D
to
1
f
o
r
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
(
D)
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
1
an
d
s
ettin
g
(
D)
to
0
f
o
r
ca
s
e
s
wh
er
e
(
D)
is
less
th
an
0
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
(
D)
b
ein
g
less
th
an
0
in
th
e
th
r
ee
-
v
ec
to
r
m
eth
o
d
u
n
d
e
r
a
well
-
b
alan
ce
d
g
r
id
s
tate.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
n
y
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
o
r
ac
tu
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
(
D)
b
ein
g
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
a
n
1
in
MP
-
DPC
s
u
s
in
g
DC
O.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
m
eth
o
d
ical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
(
D)
b
ein
g
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
1
u
n
d
er
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
an
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
g
r
id
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cts
a
d
etaile
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
(
D)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
it
is
a
b
o
v
e
1
(
D
>
1
)
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
a
two
-
v
ec
to
r
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
I
t
is
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
ca
s
e
o
f
(
D
>
1
)
is
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
in
co
r
r
ec
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
o
f
ea
ch
s
eg
m
en
t.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
'
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
u
r
g
in
g
p
o
wer
an
d
s
p
ik
es
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
a
n
o
v
el
s
witch
in
g
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
elim
in
ate
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
en
(
D)
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
an
d
th
e
en
co
u
n
ter
s
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
in
ten
d
e
d
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
e
f
f
icie
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
f
o
r
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
s
u
b
-
s
ec
to
r
with
in
ea
ch
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
elies
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
"
ex
ten
d
ed
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
"
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ad
d
r
ess
ac
tiv
e
/r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
o
s
cillatio
n
s
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
i
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
g
r
id
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
DPC
u
til
izin
g
th
e
clas
s
ical
in
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
co
n
ce
p
t
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
v
an
t
ag
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
leg
ac
y
o
f
n
u
llif
y
in
g
p
o
wer
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
is
v
alid
ated
o
v
er
a
s
et
o
f
o
u
tc
o
m
es f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
ap
p
lied
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
.
W
E
C
S
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
(
P
MSG)
wa
s
s
elec
ted
to
en
h
an
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
f
u
ll
-
s
ca
le
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
wo
ess
en
tial
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
etu
p
ar
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
to
m
ag
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
th
en
co
n
v
er
te
d
to
th
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
s
wep
t
ar
ea
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
b
y
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
le
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e'
s
b
lad
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
wep
t
ar
ea
o
f
cir
cles
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
(
2
)
is
u
s
e
d
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
=
2
(
1
)
=
0
.
5
(
,
)
2
3
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
Ρ
i
s
th
e
air
d
en
s
ity
,
R
is
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
,
Vw
i
s
th
e
win
d
v
elo
city
,
a
n
d
C
p
is
th
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t f
o
r
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
m
ay
ex
tr
a
ct
u
p
to
5
9
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
.
H
o
wev
er
,
i
n
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
it
ca
n
t
y
p
ica
lly
ex
tr
ac
t
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
in
t
h
e
win
d
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el,
th
e
β
p
ar
am
eter
is
n
o
r
m
ally
s
et
to
ze
r
o
wh
en
th
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
=
=
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
o
o
s
t e
fficien
cy
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f d
u
ty
cy
cle
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
h
med
B
a
d
a
w
i
)
543
Fro
m
b
o
th
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
th
e
P
max
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
is
d
en
o
ted
as sh
o
wn
in
(
4
)
.
=
3
(
4
)
=
0
.
5
5
3
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
win
d
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
is
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es’
Pm
ax
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
es’
p
ea
k
p
o
in
t)
.
T
h
e
(
6
)
s
p
ec
if
ically
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
o
f
PM
SG.
=
(
6
)
Ach
iev
in
g
a
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
tu
n
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
th
e
in
itial
s
t
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
DC
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
wh
e
n
th
e
PMSG
o
p
er
ates
at
it
s
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
with
th
e
d
esire
d
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
W
E
C
S
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ax
im
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
MP
PT
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
g
ag
e
t
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
p
ee
d
(
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
win
d
v
elo
city
,
al
o
n
g
with
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
e
ak
p
o
in
t
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
to
p
er
m
a
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
PMSG)
2.
DC
-
DC
B
O
O
S
T
CO
NVER
T
E
R
Su
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
a
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
th
at
h
ar
v
ests
a
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
f
alls
u
n
d
er
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
s
witch
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
at
least
two
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
;
(
d
io
d
e
an
d
a
s
witch
)
an
d
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
ch
as
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
)
o
r
an
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
L
)
.
T
h
e
t
y
p
ical
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
)
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
les,
wh
ile
th
e
(
C
)
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
ilter
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
les
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
in
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les
is
ty
p
ically
d
o
n
e
b
y
d
is
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
r
ip
p
les
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les
ty
p
ically
in
v
o
l
v
es
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
an
y
r
ip
p
les
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Ma
th
em
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
las
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
an
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
[
2
6
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
(
L
)
in
d
u
cto
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t r
ip
p
les
.
=
4
.
.
∆
(
7
)
=
4
.
.
∆
_
(
8
)
A
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
(
D)
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
is
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
On
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
tili
ze
d
m
eth
o
d
t
o
v
ar
y
in
g
(
D)
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
ass
is
t
s
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
witch
.
W
ith
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
c
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
I
NC
)
will b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
a
n
d
r
eg
u
late
(
D)
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
DC
lin
k
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
54
1
-
550
544
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
b
y
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
D
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
m
o
d
u
le.
On
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
is
to
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
to
alter
th
e
(
D)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
D
will
b
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
u
s
in
g
an
I
NC
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
o
p
t
im
ize
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
W
E
C
S
m
o
d
el
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
PMSG
is
u
s
ed
to
h
ar
v
est
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
I
t
is
well
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
least
m
ain
ten
an
c
e,
f
lex
ib
le
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
/activ
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
,
an
d
g
ea
r
less
m
ec
h
an
is
m
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
as
e
d
io
d
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
to
DC
.
T
h
e
I
NC
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
(
D)
d
u
e
to
its
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
(
D)
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
to
m
ax
im
ize
[
3
4
]
-
[
3
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
T
ab
le
1
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
1
0
0
0
µF
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
1
0
0
kΩ
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
1
0
mH
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
P
MSG
with
co
n
tr
o
ller
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
as
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
PMSG.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
is
eq
u
al
to
1
.
T
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
o
f
th
e
PMSG
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
b
y
tu
n
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
W
E
C
S.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tim
e
(
t)
an
d
th
e
y
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
(
Po
u
t
)
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
Po
u
t
is
ar
o
u
n
d
6
1
8
watts
at
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
tim
e
s
ca
le
f
r
o
m
(
7
.
1
8
to
7
.
1
9
)
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
s
h
a
p
ed
as
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
cu
r
v
es.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
an
d
6
,
th
e
s
ig
n
als
a
r
e
in
p
h
ase,
in
d
icatin
g
n
o
lag
g
in
g
o
r
lead
in
g
in
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
p
f
=
1
,
=
0
=
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
o
o
s
t e
fficien
cy
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f d
u
ty
cy
cle
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
h
med
B
a
d
a
w
i
)
545
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
P
MSG
W
E
C
S
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
is
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
P
MSG
-
W
E
C
S
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
PMSG WE
C
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
54
1
-
550
546
Fig
u
r
e
7
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
PMSG
,
wh
er
e
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
r
am
atica
lly
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
is
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
f
r
o
m
(
3
to
3
.
7
s
ec
)
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
a
p
id
c
h
an
g
e
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
p
r
o
f
ile
wh
en
it
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
PMSG.
A
s
d
en
o
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
an
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
r
o
t
o
r
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
th
at
win
d
s
p
ee
d
p
lay
s
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
PMS
G
s
tato
r
cu
r
r
en
t.
Stato
r
cu
r
r
en
t
=
2
.
5
A
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
v
al
7
.
1
1
to
7
.
1
3
s
ec
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
ates PM
SG r
o
t
o
r
s
p
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
t
o
r
q
u
e
o
f
th
e
PMSG
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
PMSG stato
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
o
o
s
t e
fficien
cy
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f d
u
ty
cy
cle
b
a
s
ed
… (
A
h
med
B
a
d
a
w
i
)
547
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PMSG
s
tato
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
d
y
n
am
ically
c
h
an
g
es
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
th
e
r
e
is
a
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
b
etwe
en
3
t
o
3
.
7
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
r
a
p
id
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
ap
p
lied
win
d
s
p
ee
d
p
r
o
f
ile.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
s
7
an
d
9
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
s
tato
r
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
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ates th
e
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o
r
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ed
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N
C
alg
o
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ith
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.
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h
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ch
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n
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o
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k
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Fig
u
r
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2
r
e
p
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esen
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e
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h
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PMSG.
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h
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ee
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ase
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io
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e
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n
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ig
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al
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As
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er
Fig
u
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e
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t
h
e
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ee
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u
r
e
1
3
s
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e
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a
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h
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o
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u
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PMSG b
ef
o
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th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
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t J Ap
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n
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14
,
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3
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Sep
tem
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20
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:
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1
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e
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o
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h
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q
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e
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co
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ates
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NC
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o
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ith
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e
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ize
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n
h
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eter
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o
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llo
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ch
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ce
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t
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s
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th
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ase
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ce
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le
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ig
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al.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ly
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
(
D)
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
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T
is
ess
en
tial in
attain
in
g
an
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t in
th
e
DC
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k
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
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ter
.
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h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
ew
s
witch
in
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tech
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am
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ed
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d
etail
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s
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g
MA
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Simu
lin
k
.
T
o
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
to
tal
p
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wer
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
in
b
o
th
u
n
b
alan
c
ed
an
d
b
ala
n
ce
d
g
r
id
s
,
tu
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
cr
u
cial
to
r
aise th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
was in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
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o
g
n
ize
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iv
i
d
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al
au
th
o
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co
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u
tio
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s
,
r
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ce
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
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llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
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M
So
Va
Fo
I
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D
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ah
m
ed
B
ad
awi
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
I
.
M
.
E
lzein
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
W
alid
Alq
aisi
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Al
Har
eth
Z
y
o
u
d
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
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o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
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l
y
s
i
s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
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o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
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:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
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i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
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r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
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e
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&
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d
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t
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:
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su
a
l
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t
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:
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p
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v
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s
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P
:
P
r
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t
a
d
mi
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st
r
a
t
i
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:
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n
d
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n
g
a
c
q
u
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si
t
i
o
n
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NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
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T
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S
T
ST
A
T
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M
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NT
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h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
a
ilab
le
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
R
e
n
a
n
d
D
.
Zh
a
o
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
r
e
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
c
h
e
m
i
s
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r
y
f
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c
l
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r
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y
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g
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o
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a
l
w
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mi
n
g
,
a
n
d
w
a
t
e
r
s
h
o
r
t
a
g
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Fu
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
4
3
,
p
.
2
3
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t
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4
,
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o
i
:
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0
.
1
0
0
2
/
a
d
f
m.
2
0
2
3
0
7
7
7
8
.
[
2
]
W.
-
J.
Li
u
,
W
.
-
Y
.
C
h
i
u
,
a
n
d
W
.
H
u
a
,
“
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
-
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
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n
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a
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y
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:
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p
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r
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a
p
p
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c
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,
”
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n
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y
,
v
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.
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.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
3
0
1
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
o
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s
t e
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p
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ma
n
ce
th
r
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u
g
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t
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u
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cle
b
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… (
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h
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)
549
[
3
]
A
.
B
a
d
a
w
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,
A
.
S
o
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a
,
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.
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.
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,
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.
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,
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[
4
]
A
.
B
a
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,
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l
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,
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P
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me
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,
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[
5
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l
.
,
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.
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