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I
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AP
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Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
73
3
~
74
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
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b
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FOP
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tit
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Me
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Sav
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t
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Un
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it
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1.
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NT
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D
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n
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ec
en
t
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s
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th
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co
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v
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a
l
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y
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o
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ce
s
h
a
s
ex
p
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ed
ac
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o
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s
v
ar
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u
s
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
in
cl
u
d
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n
g
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m
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s
tic,
in
d
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s
tr
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a
n
d
h
y
b
r
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m
s
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H
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in
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ar
ticu
lar
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r
eq
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b
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A
C
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DC
s
u
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p
ly
v
o
lta
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to
o
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er
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eq
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ip
m
e
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t,
m
a
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v
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cr
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p
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n
t
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m
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T
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co
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v
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ar
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ess
e
n
ti
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f
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in
te
g
r
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n
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g
y
s
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ce
s
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p
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to
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p
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s
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f
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in
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V
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
in
cl
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d
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g
m
o
to
r
d
r
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a
u
x
iliar
y
s
y
s
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m
s
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a
n
d
b
atter
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ch
ar
g
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n
g
u
n
it
s
,
a
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b
o
o
s
t
-
d
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h
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b
r
id
co
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v
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d
esig
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to
ac
co
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m
o
d
ate
d
i
f
f
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e
n
t
t
y
p
es o
f
lo
ad
s
,
w
h
e
th
er
AC
o
r
DC
[
1
]
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
ed
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
ter
s
(
SB
I
)
[
2
]
,
an
d
c
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
r
elie
d
o
n
t
w
o
d
is
cr
ete
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
DC
-
D
C
an
d
DC
-
A
C
)
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
i
n
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
led
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
b
o
o
s
t
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
[
4
]
,
an
d
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
SB
I
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
73
3
-
74
2
734
s
tr
ess
i
n
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
a
n
d
o
m
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
es
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
h
as
al
s
o
b
ee
n
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
m
a
x
i
m
izi
n
g
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
e
lp
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
[
7
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
C
las
s
-
E
F
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
te
n
t
i
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
h
y
b
r
id
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
C
DHC
)
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
el
ec
tin
g
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
v
er
ter
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
te
g
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
P
I
D
)
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
l
o
r
d
er
P
I
D
(
FO
P
I
D)
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
s
,
u
s
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
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es,
is
e
s
s
e
n
tial
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
FOP
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
in
i
m
ize
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
b
y
ad
j
u
s
ti
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
λ
an
d
µ
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
iter
ati
o
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
F
OP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
in
g
ch
ao
tic
ato
m
ic
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
b
o
o
s
t i
n
v
er
ter
(
SB
I
)
s
ta
n
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
o
th
i
n
s
ta
n
t
an
eo
u
s
D
C
a
n
d
A
C
o
u
tp
u
ts
w
i
th
f
e
w
er
f
ilter
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
t
y
p
icall
y
u
t
ilize
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
s
—
b
o
o
s
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
(
VSI
)
—
eith
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel
o
r
in
ca
s
ca
d
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
DHC
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
th
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
eso
n
an
t
(
P
R
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
[
1
5
]
,
w
h
ile
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
o
n
li
n
e
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
SH
OR
F
A
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
an
al
y
zi
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
p
an
els
[
1
6
]
.
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
a
ti
o
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
h
a
s
als
o
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
l
y
r
esear
ch
ed
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
less
o
n
li
n
e
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
UP
S)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
id
el
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
ed
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
in
l
in
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
,
ca
n
also
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
n
e
lectr
ic
v
e
h
icle
(
E
V)
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
0
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
in
p
u
t
-
s
er
ies
o
u
tp
u
t
-
p
ar
allel
(
I
SOP
)
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
f
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les [
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
to
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
VS
C
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
C
SC
)
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
h
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
w
ith
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
y
r
is
to
r
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
co
u
n
t
r
atio
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
A
f
o
u
r
-
ter
m
i
n
al
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
i
n
h
y
b
r
id
A
C
to
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
D
C
an
d
AC
ter
m
i
n
als,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ad
j
u
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
b
ased
o
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
m
an
ag
e
u
n
e
v
en
p
o
w
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
2
4
]
.
P
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
VS
C
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
(
C
S
C
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
elin
g
w
it
h
an
e
m
p
h
asi
s
o
n
t
h
eir
s
i
m
ilar
itie
s
to
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
lti
lev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
eir
d
esi
g
n
,
w
h
ich
i
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
y
r
i
s
to
r
s
to
s
w
itc
h
es,
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
f
o
u
r
-
ter
m
in
a
l
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
in
h
y
b
r
id
A
C
to
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
t
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
r
ea
l
-
t
i
m
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
allo
w
s
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
an
d
AC
ter
m
i
n
al
s
b
u
t
al
s
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
w
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
s
u
ch
a
s
u
n
ev
e
n
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
o
f
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
ip
o
la
r
A
C
to
AC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
as
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
lex
ib
l
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
er
m
a
y
s
ee
m
u
n
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
at
f
ir
s
t
g
la
n
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
its
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
r
elev
a
n
t
as
it
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
m
iti
g
ati
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
s
a
g
an
d
s
w
ell,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
cr
itical
is
s
u
es
i
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
B
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
s
u
c
h
a
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
b
en
e
f
icial
w
h
e
n
d
ea
lin
g
w
i
th
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
a
f
f
ec
t
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Hi
g
h
g
ai
n
i
n
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
u
p
led
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
m
u
lt
ip
lier
s
[
2
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
e
x
is
tin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
ad
d
r
ess
C
D
HC
-
b
ased
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
FOP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
is
g
ap
i
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
esear
ch
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
th
e
r
ap
id
l
y
ev
o
l
v
i
n
g
lan
d
s
c
ap
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
v
er
s
atile
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
cr
itical,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
l
y
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
an
d
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
te
n
f
ac
e
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
i
n
m
a
n
ag
in
g
b
o
th
AC
a
n
d
DC
lo
ad
s
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
,
lead
in
g
to
i
n
ef
f
icie
n
cie
s
an
d
in
cr
e
ased
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
A
cl
o
s
er
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
-
L
i
m
ited
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
:
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
t
y
p
icall
y
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
eit
h
er
AC
o
r
DC
lo
ad
s
,
n
o
t
b
o
th
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
s
tr
icts
t
h
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
in
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
F
r
a
ctio
n
a
l o
r
d
er P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
lled
h
yb
r
id
C
u
k
co
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
(
N
a
lla
milli
P
.
G
.
B
h
a
va
n
i
)
735
-
R
ed
u
ce
d
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
:
W
h
en
f
o
r
ce
d
to
h
an
d
le
b
o
th
A
C
a
n
d
DC
lo
ad
s
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
m
a
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
ta
g
es,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
(
AC
to
DC
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a)
.
-
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
c
o
m
p
lex
i
t
y
:
T
h
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
s
ep
ar
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
h
a
n
d
le
AC
an
d
D
C
lo
ad
s
in
cr
ea
s
es s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
an
d
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
m
o
r
e
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
.
-
P
o
w
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
s
:
Ma
n
a
g
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
AC
a
n
d
DC
lo
ad
s
ca
n
lead
to
v
o
lta
g
e
i
m
b
alan
ce
s
an
d
lo
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
esp
ec
iall
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
-
L
i
m
ited
co
n
tr
o
l
o
p
tio
n
s
:
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
ten
l
ac
k
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
AC
an
d
DC
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
e
s
s
to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
es
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
n
o
v
e
l
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
D
C
-
DC
a
n
d
DC
-
AC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
C
D
HC
)
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
i
n
te
g
r
ate
b
o
th
DC
a
n
d
A
C
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
i
n
to
a
s
i
n
g
le,
u
n
i
f
ied
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
allo
w
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
DC
to
DC
an
d
DC
to
AC
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
an
d
f
le
x
ib
le
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
t
y
p
es
o
f
lo
ad
s
w
i
th
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
t
y
p
ical
l
y
d
esig
n
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
eith
er
AC
o
r
DC
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
n
ec
es
s
itati
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
til
izin
g
b
o
th
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
i
n
lar
g
er
,
co
s
tlier
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
h
a
s
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
f
e
w
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
A
C
a
n
d
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
n
a
s
i
n
g
le
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
b
u
ild
s
o
n
t
h
ese
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
o
f
e
x
is
t
in
g
d
esi
g
n
s
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
tr
ea
m
li
n
e
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
h
at
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
ese
li
m
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
e
f
f
ic
ien
cies
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
e
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
f
r
o
m
s
ep
ar
ate
AC
an
d
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
a
n
d
ch
alle
n
g
es
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
t
if
ied
in
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e
b
u
t
w
er
e
n
o
t
ex
p
lici
tl
y
s
ta
te
d
in
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
te
x
t.
T
h
e
r
e
v
i
s
ed
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
n
o
w
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
ese
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
co
n
te
x
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
DH
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
h
ic
h
ai
m
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
s
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
b
y
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t,
u
n
i
f
i
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
ets
it
ap
ar
t;
it
u
s
e
s
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
itc
h
e
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
AC
an
d
D
C
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
lo
w
er
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
ize
an
d
ex
p
en
s
e,
t
h
is
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
a
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
al
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
in
teg
r
al
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
FOP
I
D)
co
n
tr
o
ller
y
ield
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
a
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
I
an
d
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
s
tep
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
in
teg
r
ated
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
CDH
C
s
y
s
t
em
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
f
f
iv
e
s
w
itc
h
es,
f
o
u
r
s
w
itc
h
es
w
ill
f
o
r
m
a
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
w
i
ll
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
A
C
v
o
lta
g
e.
A
n
o
t
h
er
s
w
itc
h
is
ab
le
to
ac
t
as
C
uk
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
o
r
D
C
v
o
ltag
e.
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
cr
ea
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
s
w
itc
h
p
atter
n
w
it
h
co
n
v
er
ter
b
r
id
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
cir
cu
i
t
m
o
d
i
fi
ca
t
io
n
is
ap
p
lied
to
a
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
in
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
C
DHC
s
ch
e
m
e
is
o
b
tai
n
ab
le
in
F
ig
u
r
es
1
(
a)
an
d
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
is
ch
an
g
ed
b
y
a
D
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lt
ag
e
i
n
to
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
A
C
u
s
in
g
r
eso
n
an
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
an
d
b
o
o
s
ter
,
w
h
ich
i
s
f
ed
to
DC
lo
ad
b
y
a
n
in
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e.
R
ea
l
lo
ad
(
th
e
ac
t
u
al
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lied
to
a
lo
ad
in
a
cir
cu
it,
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
b
o
th
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
I
t
is
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
th
at
i
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
'
s
ter
m
i
n
als
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
n
y
r
e
s
is
ti
v
e
lo
s
s
es,
v
o
lta
g
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
its
elf
)
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
o
r
d
in
ated
w
it
h
th
e
s
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
s
et
-
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
s
tip
u
lated
to
th
e
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
A
ch
a
n
g
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
f
ed
to
th
e
FOP
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
to
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
y
ield
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
er
r
o
r
d
etec
to
r
is
s
tip
u
lated
to
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
d
ia
g
r
a
m
s
: (
a)
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
an
d
(
b
)
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
w
it
h
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
73
3
-
74
2
736
I
n
th
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
AC
lo
ad
o
u
tp
u
t
w
ill
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
w
itc
h
es
(
T
1
–
T
4
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
DC
lo
ad
o
u
tp
u
t
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
T
5
s
w
itc
h
an
d
t
h
e
p
ass
i
v
e
ele
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
cir
cu
i
t
f
o
r
f
ilter
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
a
C
DH
C
ar
e
f
ig
u
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
f
o
r
C
uk
o
p
er
atio
n
,
as
w
el
l
as
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
to
tal
in
p
u
t p
o
w
er
to
b
o
th
A
C
a
n
d
DC
lo
ad
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
[
2
7
]
.
3.
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
O
F
CDH
C
S
YST
E
M
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
w
i
tch
in
g
b
etw
ee
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es
to
h
a
n
d
le
b
o
th
DC
an
d
A
C
o
u
tp
u
t
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
Fo
r
clar
ity
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es a
r
e
lab
el
ed
co
n
s
is
te
n
tl
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
:
-
S
w
itc
h
es
(
S1
-
S4
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
b
e
t
w
ee
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
t
y
p
e
s
(
DC
to
D
C
,
DC
to
AC
)
.
-
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
T
1
-
T
4
m
a
y
r
ef
er
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
w
itc
h
es
i
n
ce
r
tain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
u
t
f
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
,
w
e
w
i
ll u
s
e
S1
-
S4
to
r
ef
er
to
all
s
w
itc
h
e
s
in
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
S
w
itc
h
ON
an
d
OF
F
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
a)
S
w
itc
h
ON
c
o
n
d
itio
n
(
S1
,
S2
,
S3
,
S4
)
:
-
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
ee
d
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
f
r
o
m
DC
to
A
C
,
ce
r
tai
n
s
w
itch
e
s
(
S1
a
n
d
S2
)
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
ON
to
allo
w
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
DC
c
u
r
r
en
t i
n
to
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
e.
T
h
is
e
n
ab
les th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
n
A
C
o
u
tp
u
t.
-
Fo
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
w
itc
h
es
(
S3
an
d
S4
)
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
ON
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
D
C
lo
ad
s
.
b)
S
w
itc
h
OFF
C
o
n
d
itio
n
(
S1
,
S
2
,
S3
,
S4
)
:
-
W
h
en
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
ee
d
s
to
s
t
o
p
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
D
C
to
AC
,
s
w
i
tch
e
s
S1
a
n
d
S2
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
OFF
to
is
o
late
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
e
a
n
d
s
to
p
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
-
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
n
o
t
n
ee
d
ed
,
s
witch
es
S3
an
d
S4
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
to
h
al
t
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
.
c)
S
w
itc
h
co
n
tr
o
l l
o
g
ic:
-
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
w
h
ic
h
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
a
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
w
itc
h
e
s
ar
e
ON
at
an
y
g
iv
e
n
ti
m
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
-
Du
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
le
r
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
ad
j
u
s
t
s
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tates
b
ased
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
m
an
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
A
C
a
n
d
DC
o
u
tp
u
t r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
A
C
a
s
w
ell
as
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ed
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
is
t
y
p
icall
y
r
e
g
u
la
ted
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
h
o
o
t
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
v
al
to
p
r
ev
en
t
is
s
u
es
li
k
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
p
i
k
es
o
r
in
s
tab
ili
t
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
th
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
d
u
cted
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
s
h
o
o
t
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
v
al
i
s
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
t
w
o
m
o
d
es
o
f
s
w
itc
h
in
g
i
n
ter
v
al
s
:
i)
A
C
p
o
w
er
i
n
ter
v
al:
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e
th
e
AC
p
o
w
er
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
an
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
S1
,
S2
,
S3
,
a
n
d
S4
ar
e
co
n
d
u
ct
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
AC
lo
ad
s
an
d
ii)
DC
p
o
w
er
in
ter
v
a
l:
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
t
h
e
DC
p
o
w
er
is
r
eg
u
lated
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
b
y
an
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
c
e.
Sh
o
o
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
is
n
o
t r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
9
]
.
3
.
1
.
Co
ntr
o
ller
o
f
CDH
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
o
g
en
er
ate
th
e
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
w
itc
h
(
S1
to
S4
)
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
C
D
HC
s
y
s
tem
is
s
elec
ted
as
1
0
k
Hz
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
m
o
d
e
,
S1
an
d
S2
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
d
ela
y
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
5
0
%.
S3
an
d
S4
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
w
i
th
a
d
elay
o
f
1
0
%
a
n
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
e
5
0
%
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
i
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
er
io
d
is
h
ig
h
er
f
r
o
m
5
0
%
to
8
0
%.
I
f
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
er
io
d
is
lo
w
er
f
r
o
m
5
0
%
to
2
0
%
t
h
e
d
ela
y
ti
m
e
i
s
v
ar
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
C
HD
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
FOP
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
e
r
P
I
D
(
FOP
I
D)
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
is
an
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
te
g
r
al
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
(
P
I
D
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
k
e
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
ce
b
ein
g
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
(
n
o
n
-
i
n
teg
er
)
o
r
d
er
ter
m
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
in
te
g
r
al
an
d
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
.
T
h
e
FOP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
th
e
in
te
g
r
ato
r
o
r
d
er
λ
an
d
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
o
r
d
er
µ.
T
h
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
P
I
D
(
FOP
I
D)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
f
r
ac
t
io
n
al
(
n
o
n
-
in
te
g
er
)
o
r
d
er
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
al
an
d
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
ter
m
s
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
FOP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
+
1
+
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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F
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yb
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P
.
G
.
B
h
a
va
n
i
)
737
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
in
te
g
r
ato
r
λ
an
d
a
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
µ
Z
ieg
ler
-
Nic
h
o
ls
t
y
p
e
tu
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
izin
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
n
e
ar
est
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
te
ad
y
s
tate
er
r
o
r
an
d
s
ettli
n
g
ti
m
e
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
t
h
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
m
ai
n
l
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
to
g
et
2
4
V
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
p
u
t
to
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
(
P
MD
C
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
A
C
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
h
a
s
to
o
b
tain
w
h
ic
h
is
f
ee
d
to
h
ea
tin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Op
en
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
C
HDC
s
y
s
te
m
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
4
.
1
.
O
pen lo
o
p
o
f
CDH
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
Op
en
lo
o
p
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
th
e
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
is
ap
p
lied
as
5
0
V.
T
h
e
DC
as
w
e
ll
as
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
C
DH
C
i
s
1
7
3
V
an
d
1
5
0
V
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
D
C
)
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
D
HC
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ati
n
g
in
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
m
o
d
e,
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
atin
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
's
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ied
i
n
p
u
t
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
t
h
e
alter
n
ati
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
o
p
er
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
l
i
g
h
t
in
g
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
AC
v
o
ltag
e
a
lo
n
g
s
id
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
r
is
e
in
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
i.
Descr
ip
tio
n
o
f
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
u
l
s
e
s
S
w
itc
h
in
g
p
u
ls
e
s
ar
e
ty
p
icall
y
g
en
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
P
W
M
o
r
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
o
r
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
te
m
.
a)
P
W
M
-
b
ased
p
u
ls
es:
I
n
m
an
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
w
itc
h
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
a
P
W
M
b
lo
ck
th
at
ad
j
u
s
t
s
t
h
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
a
v
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
als
v
ar
y
i
n
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
b)
L
o
g
ic
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
u
ls
es:
I
n
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
ce
r
tai
n
s
w
itc
h
es
(
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
o
s
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
a
f
et
y
,
f
au
lt
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es
)
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
p
u
ls
es
g
e
n
er
ated
u
s
i
n
g
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
i
s
u
s
u
a
ll
y
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
it t
h
at
en
s
u
r
es t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
o
p
er
ates o
n
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
in
a
n
o
n
-
p
er
io
d
ic
m
a
n
n
er
.
ii.
Di
f
f
er
e
n
ce
in
lo
g
i
c
an
d
P
W
M
p
u
ls
es
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
w
itc
h
u
s
e
s
a
lo
g
ic
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
f
o
r
its
p
u
l
s
es
w
h
ile
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
P
W
M
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
h
ap
p
en
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
a)
Sp
ec
ial
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
w
i
tch
:
I
n
s
o
m
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
o
n
e
s
w
i
tch
m
a
y
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
task
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l lo
g
ic.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le:
-
A
s
w
i
tch
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
h
o
o
t
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
i
n
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
o
r
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
ca
s
es,
t
h
e
lo
g
ic
m
ig
h
t
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
s
ac
t
iv
ate
d
o
n
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
"
s
h
o
o
t
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
v
a
l"
to
av
o
id
d
am
ag
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
-
Fau
lt
h
a
n
d
lin
g
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
:
So
m
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
m
a
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
p
ec
ial
lo
g
ic
to
tu
r
n
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
f
au
lts
o
r
ab
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e,
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
en
t,
o
r
th
er
m
al
s
h
u
td
o
w
n
.
b)
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
:
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
W
M
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
n
e
s
w
i
tch
m
i
g
h
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
d
if
f
er
en
tl
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
r
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
d
esi
g
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
is
o
f
te
n
s
ee
n
i
n
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
h
er
e
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
W
M
an
d
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l is n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
73
3
-
74
2
738
iii.
L
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
witch
Sev
er
al
tech
n
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
m
a
y
ex
p
lain
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
w
itc
h
in
s
tead
o
f
P
W
M.
T
h
ese
in
cl
u
d
e:
a)
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
:
I
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
u
s
in
g
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
is
p
lace
d
in
a
cr
i
tica
l
p
o
s
itio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
in
a
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
co
n
v
er
ter
o
r
a
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it),
its
p
u
l
s
e
m
a
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
a
n
a
g
ed
b
y
lo
g
ic
to
av
o
id
u
n
w
an
ted
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
s
witch
es
(
e.
g
.
,
s
h
o
o
t
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
)
.
T
h
i
s
co
u
ld
lead
to
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
th
a
t d
am
a
g
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
b)
T
o
h
an
d
le
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
d
es
li
k
e
s
o
f
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
,
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
,
o
r
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
,
t
h
en
th
e
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
s
w
i
tch
e
s
m
ig
h
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
lo
g
ic
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
al
b
en
e
f
its
.
c)
P
W
M
s
im
p
li
f
icatio
n
s
:
I
n
s
o
m
e
cir
cu
its
,
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
P
W
M
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
s
w
i
tch
e
s
is
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
all
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
w
i
tch
es
m
ig
h
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
lo
g
i
c
to
m
ee
t
ce
r
tai
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
in
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
i
th
n
o
n
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
i
n
p
u
t
o
r
o
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t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
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n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
e
n
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d
f
o
r
a
m
o
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e
s
p
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ialized
s
tr
ate
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te
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n
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e
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s
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s
w
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es
w
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h
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te
m
is
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iatio
n
in
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
P
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
is
u
s
u
all
y
ad
eq
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ate
f
o
r
s
w
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tch
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s
t
h
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m
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m
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le
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ac
tiv
ities
s
i
n
ce
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
eliab
le
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d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
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g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
asic
p
er
io
d
ic
s
ig
n
al
s
.
T
o
a
v
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p
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o
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s
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t
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g
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n
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s
o
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s
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n
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d
f
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ex
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t
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i
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n
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itio
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r
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s
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s
o
m
e
s
w
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tch
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n
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ee
d
m
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o
p
h
is
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lo
g
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b
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co
n
tr
o
l.
P
W
M
an
d
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g
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n
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k
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ar
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tee
t
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's o
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al
l d
ep
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d
ab
ilit
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d
e
f
f
icie
n
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(
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(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
en
-
lo
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o
u
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t: (
a)
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v
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i
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Fi
g
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r
e
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.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
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p
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o
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em
o
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atin
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Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
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illu
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ates
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t
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r
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en
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io
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I
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8792
F
r
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u
r
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4
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C
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p
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y
s
te
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u
s
in
g
P
I
D
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n
tr
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ller
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a)
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u
tp
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t
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ltag
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n
d
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b
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o
u
tp
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t c
u
r
r
en
t
4.
3
.
Co
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ra
t
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ly
s
is
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C
s
y
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t
e
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o
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T
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m
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le
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h
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ad
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ter
(
B
DHC)
s
y
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te
m
s
.
A
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
el
i
m
in
ate
s
th
e
o
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er
s
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o
o
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t
h
e
i
n
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ter
l
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h
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ig
n
i
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ica
n
tl
y
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ce
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s
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lo
s
s
e
s
.
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h
e
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m
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n
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h
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n
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DHC
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y
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te
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s
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u
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ti
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ts
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ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
p
r
ec
is
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s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
ls
e
r
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g
u
latio
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n
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o
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ti
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iz
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n
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h
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m
p
r
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e
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ts
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ir
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tl
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to
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ce
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s
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h
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o
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ticall
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alid
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r
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h
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ata
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ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
DHC
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
b
in
es
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icie
n
t
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er
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n
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er
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io
n
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en
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a
n
ce
d
co
n
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o
l,
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d
m
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i
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ized
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h
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e
r
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atilit
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n
d
s
i
m
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li
f
ied
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esi
g
n
.
T
h
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f
ea
t
u
r
es
m
a
k
e
i
t
an
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
c
h
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ice
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
h
y
b
r
id
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o
w
er
ap
p
licat
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n
s
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
i
n
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
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th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
C
u
k
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n
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ter
,
as
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p
o
s
ed
to
a
b
o
o
s
t
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n
v
er
ter
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co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
h
i
g
h
e
r
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o
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g
e
o
u
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u
t,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
.
S
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
es
i
n
t
h
e
C
DH
C
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
o
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tim
ized
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
,
a
n
d
r
ea
l
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ti
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ad
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e
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n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
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ed
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y
t
h
e
FOP
I
D
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n
tr
o
ller
.
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h
ese
ad
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an
ce
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en
ts
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tr
an
s
i
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
m
o
o
th
,
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
p
ik
e
s
ar
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
ese
j
u
s
t
if
ica
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
o
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
,
a
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
i
n
T
ab
le
2
a
n
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
,
as
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
3
,
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
t
h
e
F
OP
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
m
etr
ics,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
is
e
t
i
m
e,
p
ea
k
t
i
m
e,
a
n
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
p
i
v
o
tal
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
h
er
e
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FOPI
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
P
I
D
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
in
k
e
y
m
etr
i
cs
s
u
c
h
as
r
is
e
ti
m
e,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
j
u
s
ti
f
y
it
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
it
y
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
itical.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
s
ett
lin
g
ti
m
e
i
s
u
n
c
h
an
g
ed
,
th
e
o
th
er
b
en
e
f
it
s
alig
n
w
it
h
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
en
h
a
n
ce
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
er
al
l s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
esu
l
ts
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
H
a
r
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th
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.
DATA AV
AI
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AB
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Y
Data
av
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b
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lity
is
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p
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cr
ea
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d
o
r
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aly
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d
in
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tu
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
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8792
F
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741
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S
[
1
]
O
.
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M
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[
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R
.
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B
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.
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[
2
7
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8
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[
2
9
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A
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14
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Sep
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20
25
:
73
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742
B
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RAP
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a
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.