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[
1
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.
Ho
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[
2
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.
T
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ed
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A
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.
[
3
]
s
u
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g
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s
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w
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v
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[
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N
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
7
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y
s
tem
,
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
o
th
e
l
o
ad
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
Se
v
er
al
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
as
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
at
ca
n
wo
r
k
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
an
d
with
s
tan
d
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
u
s
in
g
class
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eo
r
y
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
[
5
]
-
[
9
]
.
Mo
d
e
r
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l,
lo
o
p
s
h
ap
i
n
g
,
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
with
t
im
e
s
ca
lin
g
h
a
v
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ly
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
5
]
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
in
v
o
lv
es
a
h
ig
h
a
n
d
in
tr
icate
d
esig
n
co
m
p
le
x
ity
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
C
lass
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
th
eo
r
y
f
o
r
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
t
r
o
l,
s
u
c
h
as
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
r
o
o
t
lo
cu
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
-
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
PI
-
C
SMC
)
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI
)
d
o
u
b
le
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
as th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
,
as
well
as
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
lo
o
p
co
n
t
r
o
l
with
PI
m
eth
o
d
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
also
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
with
v
a
r
io
u
s
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
co
n
clu
d
es
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
o
v
er
all
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
p
an
el
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
w
ith
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e,
P
I
d
o
u
b
le
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
th
eo
r
y
u
s
ed
in
d
e
r
iv
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e,
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
p
a
r
asit
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
h
as b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
3
]
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
dify
ing
a
bu
ck
-
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
B
u
ck
,
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
b
asic
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
ce
lls
.
I
n
th
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
ew
b
asic
ce
ll
b
ased
o
n
a
m
o
d
if
ie
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
aim
in
g
to
h
a
v
e
a
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
u
c
k
,
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ter
m
in
al,
with
its
p
o
lar
ity
in
v
e
r
ted
.
I
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
)
.
=
1
−
(
1
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
(
)
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
an
d
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
(
)
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
b
etwe
en
ze
r
o
an
d
o
n
e
,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
to
b
e
eith
er
lo
wer
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
in
al
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
ter
m
in
al
lab
eled
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
o
b
t
ain
ed
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
=
+
=
1
1
−
(
2
)
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
b
y
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
l
o
ad
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
(
2
)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
atio
n
o
f
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ased
o
n
(
3
)
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
is
lo
wer
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
=
(
3
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
)
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ile
α
d
en
o
tes
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ap
p
lied
to
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
with
m
in
im
al
in
p
u
t
r
i
p
p
le,
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ich
o
r
i
g
in
ally
ex
h
ib
ited
n
o
n
-
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
r
ip
p
le
is
s
u
e
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
2
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2
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8
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2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
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2
0
-
630
622
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
n
L
C
f
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th
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ter
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u
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
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DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
te
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
an
d
3
ar
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
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DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
an
d
s
tep
-
u
p
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
.
W
ith
id
en
tical
L
C
f
ilter
p
ar
am
eter
s
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th
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
with
an
in
p
u
t
-
s
id
e
L
C
f
il
ter
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
is
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
al
s
o
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
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u
r
e
1
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d
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Fig
u
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e
2
.
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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c
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Fig
u
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4
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u
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5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ter
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I
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y
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
d
ea
l
in
t
h
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
th
u
s
h
as
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
o
r
1
0
0
%.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
(T
m
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
1
1
)
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
2
)
.
Usi
n
g
(
1
2
)
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
ain
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
K
p
=
0
.
5
2
,
K
i
=
4
.
1
7
,
an
d
T
i
=
1
.
3
1
×
10
-
3
.
1
(
)
=
1
(
)
.
1
(
)
.
1
(
)
.
(
)
(
9
)
1
=
+
(
1
0
)
(
)
=
1
.
−
(
1
1
)
1
(
)
=
(
+
)
.
1
(
)
.
1
.
(
1
.
−
)
(
1
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
in
n
er
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
d
)
lo
o
p
co
n
t
r
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
o
d
e
p
lo
t o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
in
g
le
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
a
n
el
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t reg
u
la
ted
vo
lta
g
e
b
a
s
ed
o
n
DC
-
DC
…
(
R
o
’
a
d
B
a
la
d
i
A
l Ko
ma
r
)
625
2
.
2
.
2
.
O
ute
r
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
l
o
o
p c
o
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
d
esig
n
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
wit
h
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
ca
n
b
e
n
e
g
lecte
d
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
ap
p
lies
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
T
p2
(
s
)
)
is
m
o
d
eled
as
th
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
iv
en
i
n
(
7
)
.
B
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
1
in
to
(
7
)
,
T
p2
(
s
)
b
ec
o
m
es (
1
3
)
.
2
(
)
=
3
.
6
10
−
7
3
+
4
.
34
10
−
7
2
+
1
.
07
10
−
2
+
25
.
3
3
.
6
10
−
7
3
+
2
.
43
10
−
7
2
+
1
.
1
10
−
2
−
8
.
41
(
1
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
B
o
d
e
p
lo
t
o
f
T
p2
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
p
h
ase
m
ar
g
in
(
PM)
o
f
-
1
8
0
°
o
b
tain
ed
at
(
ɷ
c
=
1
7
4
r
a
d
/s
ec
)
.
T
h
is
v
al
u
e
will
b
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
K
p
,
K
i
,
an
d
T
i
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lo
o
p
is
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
(
1
4
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
will
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
5
)
.
Usi
n
g
(
1
5
)
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
ai
n
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
K
p
=
1
.
5
3
,
K
i
=
5
.
4
9
,
an
d
T
i
=
4
.
1
1
×
10
-
3
.
2
(
)
=
2
(
)
.
2
(
)
.
2
(
)
(
1
4
)
2
(
)
=
(
+
)
.
2
(
)
.
1
(
1
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
o
u
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
out
)
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
o
d
e
p
lo
t o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
0
-
630
626
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Simu
latio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
ar
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
v
alu
es in
d
icate
d
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
A
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
s
3
.
1
an
d
3
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
r
esu
lt
s
I
n
th
e
c
lo
s
ed
-
l
o
o
p
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
,
th
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
d
at
a
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
il
t
er
in
d
u
ct
o
r
(
L
i
)
,
b
as
ed
o
n
s
ev
e
r
al
p
r
e
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
d
s
c
en
a
r
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
P
S
I
M
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
r
e
b
as
e
d
o
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
4
a
n
d
5
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ti
o
n
r
es
u
l
ts
ar
e
p
r
es
en
te
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
0
-
1
2
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n o
f
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
ntr
o
l w
it
h inp
ut
v
o
lt
a
g
e
v
a
ria
t
io
ns
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
3
-
3
6
V,
wh
er
e
Vin
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e,
V
o
u
t is th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
V
ref
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
s
et
at
4
0
V.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
aim
ed
to
test
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
ev
en
with
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
i
n
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
V
ref
at
4
0
V.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t lim
it d
u
r
i
n
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
was w
ith
in
±
5
%.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n o
f
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
ntr
o
l w
it
h lo
a
d v
a
ria
t
io
ns
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
I
out
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ap
p
lied
,
V
in
i
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
3
6
V,
V
out
is
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
V
ref
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
et
at
4
0
V.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
aim
ed
to
test
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
with
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tai
n
ed
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
V
ref
at
4
0
V.
3
.
1
.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n o
f
curr
ent
co
ntr
o
l o
n t
he
f
ilte
r
ind
uct
o
r
(
L
i)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
lo
ad
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
il
ter
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
i
)
.
H
o
wev
er
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
t
h
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
i
)
is
r
eg
u
lated
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
s
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(IL
i
)
wh
en
th
e
lo
a
d
c
h
an
g
es
(
I
out
)
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
,
b
u
t
it
ev
en
tu
ally
r
etu
r
n
s
to
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lt o
f
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
with
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lt o
f
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
with
l
o
ad
v
a
r
i
atio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
in
g
le
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
a
n
el
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t reg
u
la
ted
vo
lta
g
e
b
a
s
ed
o
n
DC
-
DC
…
(
R
o
’
a
d
B
a
la
d
i
A
l Ko
ma
r
)
627
3
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
r
esu
lt
s
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
3
a
n
d
1
4
,
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
was
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
also
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
a
0
-
36
VDC
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
A
wattm
eter
was
in
s
talled
at
b
o
th
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
tili
ze
d
wer
e
th
e
I
GB
T
I
R
G4
PC
5
0
UD
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
U1
5
6
0
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
(
)
h
a
d
a
v
alu
e
o
f
4
7
μ
H,
wh
ile
th
e
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
)
was
r
ated
at
1
0
μ
F.
A
n
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
in
d
u
cto
r
(
)
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
m
H
was
s
elec
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ated
in
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
)
was
1
0
μ
F,
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
v
ar
iab
l
e
r
esis
to
r
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
etu
p
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
was set to
4
0
VDC b
u
t c
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
o
th
er
v
alu
es,
s
u
ch
as 4
8
VDC.
3
.
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
o
f
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l w
it
h inp
ut
v
o
lt
a
g
e
v
a
ria
t
io
ns
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
p
lo
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
was
v
ar
ied
b
et
wee
n
3
3
-
3
6
V,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
out
)
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
was
s
et
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
4
0
V.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
c
e
o
f
4
0
V,
with
an
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t lim
it
o
f
±
5
% a
n
d
a
t
r
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
less
th
an
1
s
ec
o
n
d
to
r
ea
ch
s
tab
ilit
y
(
s
te
ad
y
s
tate)
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
o
f
o
utput
v
o
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l w
it
h lo
a
d
v
a
r
ia
t
io
ns
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
s
h
o
ws
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
lo
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
r
em
ain
e
d
c
o
n
s
tan
t
at
3
6
V,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
out
)
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
wa
s
s
et
to
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
4
0
V,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
out
)
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
lo
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
o
in
t o
f
4
0
V.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lt o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
n
tr
o
l o
n
th
e
f
ilter
i
n
d
u
cto
r
(
L
i
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
t c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
0
-
630
628
3
.
2
.
3
.
E
x
perim
ent
o
f
curr
ent
co
ntr
o
l o
n t
he
f
ilte
r
ind
uct
o
r
(
L
i)
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
p
lo
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
lo
ad
was
v
ar
ied
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
ch
a
n
g
es
in
b
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
c
to
r
(
L
i
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
t
h
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
i
)
is
ab
le
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
as
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
with
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l w
ith
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
th
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
i)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
in
g
le
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
a
n
el
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t reg
u
la
ted
vo
lta
g
e
b
a
s
ed
o
n
DC
-
DC
…
(
R
o
’
a
d
B
a
la
d
i
A
l Ko
ma
r
)
629
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
co
n
s
tan
t
r
eg
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jecti
v
e
was
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
m
in
im
izes
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
w
h
ile
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
d
o
u
b
le
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
with
th
e
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
d
esig
n
e
d
t
o
r
e
g
u
late
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
in
n
e
r
l
o
o
p
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
a
v
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
Simu
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
co
n
v
e
r
ter
m
ain
tain
ed
a
s
tab
le
4
0
V
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
esp
ite
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
i
n
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
is
with
an
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
with
in
±
5
%,
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
r
e
d
u
ce
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
le
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
its
p
o
ten
tial
a
s
a
r
eliab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
,
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
co
u
l
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
et
u
p
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
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N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
ar
tially
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
lectr
ica
l
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
ati
cs,
I
n
s
titu
t
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i Ban
d
u
n
g
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
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m
y
(
C
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to
r
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ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
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co
n
tr
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u
tio
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s
,
r
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th
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ip
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is
p
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d
f
ac
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llab
o
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atio
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.
Na
m
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alad
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Ar
win
d
r
a
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C
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a
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f
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