I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
9
28
~
9
35
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
9
28
-
9
35
928
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
So
la
r
pho
tov
o
ltaic
ba
sed
ca
sca
ded
multilev
el
inv
er
te
r
with
33
-
lev
els
using
ph
a
se
o
ppo
sitio
n
dispo
sitio
n
co
ntrol
metho
d
Cha
nd
o
lu
Sa
i
Dee
pa
k
,
M
a
d
hu
B
a
bu
T
hir
uv
ee
du
la
,
B
a
n
da
ri
Ra
hu
l
T
ej
a
,
Supe
G
o
wt
ha
m
,
Stha
m
bh
a
m
pa
lly
Viv
ek,
P
a
n
ug
a
nti
Yeshwa
nth
K
um
a
r
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
T
e
e
g
a
l
a
K
r
i
sh
n
a
R
e
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
1
3
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
1
3
,
2
0
2
5
A
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
rter
(M
LI)
tail
o
re
d
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V)
n
e
two
rk
s
,
a
imin
g
to
imp
r
o
v
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rt
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
-
les
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
M
LI
d
e
sig
n
is
se
lec
ted
fo
r
its
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
in
m
in
imiz
in
g
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
fa
u
lt
to
lera
n
c
e
in
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
we
r
sc
e
n
a
rio
s,
wh
e
re
th
e
u
se
of
p
o
we
r
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
can
in
tro
d
u
c
e
c
o
m
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
in
v
e
rter
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
c
h
iev
e
s
th
irt
y
-
t
h
re
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
lev
e
ls,
o
p
t
imiz
in
g
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
wh
il
e
u
si
n
g
i
n
su
late
d
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
tran
sisto
r
(
IG
BT
)
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
sw
it
c
h
e
s.
Th
e
p
h
a
se
o
p
p
o
siti
o
n
d
isp
o
siti
o
n
(P
OD
)
c
o
n
tro
l
m
e
th
o
d
is
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
tri
g
g
e
r
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
sw
it
c
h
in
g
s
ig
n
a
ls
fo
r
th
e
in
v
e
rter'
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts.
To
e
n
su
re
h
i
g
h
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
fo
r
t
h
e
M
LI,
a
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
is
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
sy
ste
m
is
tes
ted
with
an
R
lo
a
d
.
Th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
of
th
e
d
e
sig
n
is
v
a
li
d
a
ted
t
h
ro
u
g
h
M
ATLAB
/
S
imu
li
n
k
sim
u
latio
n
s,
wh
ich
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
a
n
o
ta
b
le
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
to
tal
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
rti
o
n
(THD).
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
Ph
ase
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
Po
wer
q
u
ality
T
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
in
im
izatio
n
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC
BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
an
d
ar
i
R
ah
u
l
T
eja
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
T
ee
g
ala
Kr
is
h
n
a
R
ed
d
y
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
Me
d
b
o
wli,
Me
er
p
et,
Sar
o
o
r
n
a
g
ar
,
Hy
d
e
r
ab
ad
-
5
0
0
0
9
7
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
its
m
er
ah
u
lm
b
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
v
e
r
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
y
ea
r
s
in
co
m
m
er
cial
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e
wh
en
ap
p
lied
to
lar
g
e
p
o
wer
an
d
m
id
-
r
an
g
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
th
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
v
er
ter
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
m
ee
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
d
u
e
to
th
eir
in
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
r
ed
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
v
er
te
r
s
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
lo
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
life
s
p
an
s
b
ec
au
s
e
of
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
(
ML
I
s
)
,
wh
ich
g
en
er
ate
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
lev
els
u
n
if
ied
in
to
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Giv
en
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
th
e
r
is
in
g
c
o
s
t
an
d
lim
it
ed
av
ailab
ilit
y
of
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
u
els,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
So
lar
p
o
wer
can
be
h
ar
n
ess
ed
in
DC
f
o
r
m
u
s
in
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
can
th
en
be
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
g
r
id
-
q
u
alit
y
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
by
in
v
er
ter
s
.
W
h
ile
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
s
till
u
s
ed
to
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
i
ty
in
DC
to
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
tair
ca
s
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
th
at
r
e
d
u
ce
s
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
m
in
im
izes
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
1
]
.
ML
I
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
(
C
HB
ML
I
)
u
s
ed
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tatic
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
(
DSTA
T
C
OM
s
)
,
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
W
h
en
p
air
ed
with
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
m
an
ag
in
g
d
ev
ice,
C
HB
ML
I
s
c
an
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
m
in
im
ize
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
an
d
m
ain
tain
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
By
s
y
n
t
h
esizin
g
AC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
DC
,
ML
I
s
ar
e
r
is
in
g
i
n
cr
em
en
tally
co
m
m
o
n
in
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
ca
s
c
a
d
ed
mu
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter w
ith
3
3
-
leve
ls
u
s
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
… (
C
h
a
n
d
o
lu
S
a
i D
ee
p
a
k
)
929
g
r
id
-
b
o
u
n
d
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
Sp
ec
ialis
ts
h
av
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
MLI
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
to
b
ett
er
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
an
d
n
eu
tr
ali
ze
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Ser
ies
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
(
S
APF)
ar
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
lo
w
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
an
d
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ag
s
,
f
lick
er
s
,
an
d
n
o
tch
es.
SAPF
can
in
je
ct
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
th
e
lin
e,
m
in
im
izin
g
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
a
n
d
m
itig
at
in
g
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
5
]
.
As
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
ass
ets
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
co
al,
o
il,
an
d
wate
r
d
ep
lete,
clea
n
e
n
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
i
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t.
W
in
d
,
s
o
lar
,
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
p
o
we
r
ar
e
k
ey
p
lay
e
r
s
in
th
e
p
u
s
h
to
war
d
clea
n
en
er
g
y
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
HD
is
a
cr
u
cial
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
o
f
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
ML
I
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
T
HD.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
ML
I
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
T
HD
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
an
aly
s
is
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
Step
p
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
tr
ip
le
-
p
h
ase
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tim
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
lo
ad
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e.
ML
I
s
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
o
n
b
eh
alf
o
f
th
eir
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
esp
ec
ially
u
s
ef
u
l in
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
-
g
a
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ultr
a
-
lift
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
g
ain
s
ag
ain
s
t
o
th
er
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
s
u
p
e
r
-
lift
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
in
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
th
eir
s
m
aller
s
ize
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
with
ML
I
s
,
th
is
a
r
r
iv
es
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
witch
es.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
MLI
d
esig
n
s
-
ca
s
ca
d
ed
,
d
io
d
e
-
clam
p
e
d
,
a
n
d
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
im
p
lem
en
ts
its
o
wn
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
cl
am
p
in
g
.
I
n
d
io
d
e
-
clam
p
ed
ML
I
s
,
d
io
d
es
lim
it
th
e
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ile
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
f
ly
in
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
ML
I
s
.
B
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
s
tep
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
,
th
e
s
tair
ca
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
clam
p
in
g
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
g
en
e
r
atin
g
m
u
ltil
ay
er
o
u
tp
u
t.
C
lam
p
in
g
d
ev
ices
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
lim
it
th
e
te
r
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
s
witch
with
in
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
an
g
e.
I
n
d
io
d
e
-
clam
p
ed
ML
I
s
,
d
io
d
es
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
cla
m
p
in
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ile
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
s
er
v
e
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ML
I
s
.
I
n
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
s
,
d
is
tin
ct
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
s
ch
e
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
(
VSGs
)
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
w
ith
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
l
o
o
p
[
1
1
]
–
[
13]
.
M
LI
s
,
esp
ec
ially
with
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
,
d
io
d
e
-
cl
am
p
ed
,
an
d
f
ly
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
wav
e
f
o
r
m
q
u
ality
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
T
H
D
f
o
r
ass
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
ess
en
tial.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ML
I
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
p
h
ase
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
POD
)
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
T
HD
ca
n
b
e
m
in
i
m
ized
b
y
in
c
r
em
en
t
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lev
el,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
T
H
D
co
n
ten
t
ar
e
to
b
e
d
ec
lin
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
er
it is
en
h
a
n
ce
d
as th
e
p
o
wer
lev
el
is
b
o
o
s
t
ed
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
PV
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
co
n
s
is
ts
of
an
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
p
o
wer
e
d
v
ia
a
33
-
lev
el
ML
I
,
wh
ich
is
m
o
d
e
r
ated
u
s
in
g
a
POD
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
MLI
r
ec
eiv
es
its
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
o
m
a
b
o
o
s
tin
g
co
n
v
er
ter
b
u
ilt
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
to
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
d
eliv
er
s
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e.
I
n
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
s
h
if
t
in
g
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
I
GB
T
s
a
r
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
b
e
n
ef
it
of
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
wer
with
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
th
an
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
i
n
v
er
ter
s
.
So
lar
ce
lls
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ar
e
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
ly
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MLI
g
en
e
r
ates
th
ir
ty
-
th
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
t
elec
tr
ical
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
by
u
tili
zin
g
a
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
POD
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
a
clea
r
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
2
.
1
.
PV
s
o
urce
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
of
th
e
PV
s
o
lar
c
ell
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ate
d
by
th
e
s
o
lar
c
ell
ac
ts
as
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
r
ec
eiv
e
d
by
th
e
ce
ll.
Ho
we
v
er
,
wh
e
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
PV
ce
ll
is
u
n
ab
le
to
u
p
lo
a
d
a
s
tead
y
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
g
e
o
u
t
p
u
t.
PV
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ac
ts
as
illu
s
tr
ated
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
m
an
ag
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
to
d
er
iv
e
th
e
p
ea
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
9
28
-
9
35
930
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
S
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
or
p
ar
allel
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
v
alu
es.
A
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
tep
-
up
r
e
g
u
lato
r
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
ted
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
as
well
as
en
s
u
r
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
PV
m
o
d
el
2
.
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
clea
r
d
iag
r
am
of
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
elev
ate
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
a
s
witch
ed
-
mode
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
SMPS),
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ts
of
a
d
io
d
e
an
d
a
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
At
th
e
tim
e
t
h
e
s
witch
is
in
th
e
“
ON
”
s
ta
te
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
u
n
d
e
r
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
is
o
latin
g
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
t.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
en
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
is
p
r
eser
v
ed
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
e
n
s
witch
ed
“
OFF
”
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
p
o
lar
ized
in
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
d
ir
e
ctio
n
,
allo
win
g
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
f
l
o
w
to
th
e
l
o
ad
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
etain
e
d
in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
d
eliv
e
r
p
o
we
r
to
th
e
lo
a
d
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
o
p
er
ates
as
p
ar
t
of
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
MPPT,
th
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
B
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
2
.
3
.
M
ultilev
el
inv
er
t
er
s
y
s
t
em
A
ca
s
ca
d
ed
MLI
can
be
co
n
t
r
o
lled
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
with
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ein
g
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
th
is
ca
s
e.
In
th
e
s
in
e
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e,
b
o
th
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
late
d
s
ig
n
al
an
d
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
If
o
n
ly
one
ca
r
r
ier
is
p
r
esen
t,
it
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
s
in
g
l
e
-
ca
r
r
ier
PW
M.
Mu
ltip
le
ca
r
r
i
er
PW
M
co
m
m
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
also
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
MLI
s
tag
es
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
u
s
in
g
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
C
HB
)
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
ce
lls
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
.
E
ac
h
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
ll
is
p
o
wer
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ed
icate
d
DC
elec
tr
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ich
is
lik
ely
to
be
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
a
PV
ar
r
ay
or
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
C
HB
s
tag
e
g
en
er
ates
s
ev
er
al
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
by
s
witch
in
g
th
e
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
lls
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
m
an
n
er
[
1
8
]
.
To
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
elate
d
to
a
n
MLI
with
n
lev
els,
(n
-
1)
co
m
m
u
tatin
g
d
e
v
ices
ar
e
ess
en
tial
p
er
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase.
To
estab
lis
h
an
n
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
:
=
2
+
1
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
m
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
an
d
n
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
ce
lls
p
er
p
h
ase
(
ea
ch
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
4
s
witch
es).
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
POD
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
Fo
r
an
m
-
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
,
m
-
1
ca
r
r
ier
wav
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
with
h
alf
of
th
em
s
h
if
te
d
by
1
8
0
°
.
In
th
e
d
esire
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4,
f
o
u
r
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
u
s
ed
-
two
in
t
h
e
to
p
h
alf
ar
e
in
p
h
ase,
w
h
ile
th
e
o
th
e
r
two
in
th
e
lo
wer
d
iv
is
io
n
ar
e
1
8
0
°
o
u
t
of
p
h
ase
with
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
m
o
s
t
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
PV
-
f
ed
MLI
is
d
esig
n
e
d
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
POD
-
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
t
is
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
a
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
C
HB
ML
I
co
n
tr
o
l
s
th
e
POD
-
PW
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vp
v
)
g
en
er
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
ca
s
c
a
d
ed
mu
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter w
ith
3
3
-
leve
ls
u
s
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
… (
C
h
a
n
d
o
lu
S
a
i D
ee
p
a
k
)
931
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
in
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
,
s
u
p
p
lied
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
th
e
C
HB
-
ML
I
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
(
R
lo
ad
)
.
Pu
ls
es
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
POD
-
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
ed
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
POD
-
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
2
.
4
.
M
ultica
rr
ier
pu
ls
e
-
widt
h m
o
du
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
v
er
ter
s
is
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
to
as
"lo
wer
-
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic"
P
W
M.
I
ts
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
is
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
ea
s
ily
ad
ap
tab
le
f
o
r
ML
I
s
as
well.
In
th
e
ca
s
e
of
an
M
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
(M
-
1)
,
tr
ian
g
u
lar
m
o
d
u
late
d
wav
es
ar
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
id
en
tic
al
r
an
g
e
r
eg
u
lar
ity
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
(m
f
),
wh
i
ch
is
th
e
r
atio
of
car
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
(
2
)
.
=
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
of
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
an
d
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
of
m
o
d
u
latin
g
wav
es.
R
an
g
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
m
a
is
d
ef
in
e
d
by
(
3
)
.
=
(
−
1
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
of
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
an
d
is
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
of
th
e
ca
r
r
ie
r
wav
es.
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
33
-
lev
el,
64
-
s
witch
s
eq
u
en
tial
MLI
-
ass
o
ciate
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
.
By
u
tili
zin
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
s
o
u
r
ce
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
DC
li
n
k
v
o
ltag
e
is
ad
eq
u
ately
m
ain
tain
ed
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
wer
s
a
33
-
lev
el
ML
I
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
v
er
ts
it
in
to
a
s
tep
p
e
d
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tar
ts
with
a
480
V
DC
in
p
u
t,
wh
ich
is
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
a
33
-
lev
el
AC
o
u
tp
u
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
T
HD
MLI
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
was
m
o
n
it
o
r
ed
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
T
HD
was
3
.
4
1
%,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
A
n
i
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
of
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
aim
of
lo
wer
in
g
T
HD,
wh
i
ch
in
tu
r
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
q
u
alit
y
of
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
ag
g
r
eg
ate
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
th
e
M
L
I
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
Fig
u
r
e
6,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
T
HD
v
alu
e
is
3
.
4
1
%.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
of
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
f
u
r
th
er
lo
wer
s
T
HD.
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Ou
t
p
u
t
of
th
e
MLI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
9
28
-
9
35
932
Fig
u
r
e
6.
T
HD
of
th
e
MLI
v
o
l
tag
e
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE
CO
M
P
A
RIS
O
N
AND
D
I
SC
USS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MLI
was
e
v
alu
ated
a
g
a
in
s
t
o
th
er
e
x
is
tin
g
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
i
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
T
H
D
p
er
ce
n
tag
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
[
2
2
]
,
a
5
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
r
esu
lted
in
a
T
HD
o
f
3
7
.
5
%,
wh
ile
in
[
2
3
]
,
t
h
e
T
HD
f
o
r
a
7
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
was
1
6
.
7
7
%.
Similar
ly
,
in
[
2
4
]
,
a
9
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
y
i
eld
ed
a
T
HD
o
f
1
4
.
1
8
%,
an
d
i
n
[
2
5
]
,
an
1
1
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
T
HD
o
f
1
0
.
5
3
%.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
a
1
5
-
lev
e
l
in
v
er
ter
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
[
2
6
]
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
T
HD
of
6
.
1
8
%.
In
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
33
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
lo
wer
T
HD
of
3
.
4
1
%,
cl
ea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
lev
els
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
b
etter
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
As
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
how
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
ter
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
th
er
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies,
esp
e
cially
in
ter
m
s
of
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
T
HD
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
As
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
in
cr
ea
s
e,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
es
with
th
e
r
is
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els.
T
ab
le
1.
T
HD
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
of
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
(
%
)
TH
D
o
u
t
p
u
t
5
-
Le
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
2
]
3
7
.
5
7
-
Le
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
3
]
1
6
.
7
7
9
-
Le
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
4
]
1
4
.
1
8
11
-
L
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
5
]
1
0
.
5
3
15
-
L
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
6
]
6
.
1
8
33
-
L
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
)
3
.
4
1
Fig
u
r
e
7.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ML
I
s
with
T
HD
v
alu
es
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
PV
-
b
ased
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
ca
s
c
ad
ed
33
-
lev
el
MLI
,
wh
er
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
b
o
o
s
ted
v
ia
a
b
o
o
s
t
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
to
s
ec
u
r
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
o
r
ig
in
of
a
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
s
o
lar
f
ac
ilit
y
.
37.5
0%
16.7
7%
14.1
8%
10.5
3%
6.18
%
3.41
%
0
.0
0
%
5
.0
0
%
1
0
.
0
0
%
1
5
.
0
0
%
2
0
.
0
0
%
2
5
.
0
0
%
3
0
.
0
0
%
3
5
.
0
0
%
4
0
.
0
0
%
5-
LEVE
L
7-
LEVE
L
9-
LEVE
L
11-
LEV
E
L
15-
LEV
E
L
33-
LEV
E
L
(
P
r
o
po
se
d
T
o
po
l
o
g
y
)
% T
H
D
O
UT
P
UT
M
ULT
ILE
VE
L
INVER
T
E
R
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
ca
s
c
a
d
ed
mu
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter w
ith
3
3
-
leve
ls
u
s
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
… (
C
h
a
n
d
o
lu
S
a
i D
ee
p
a
k
)
933
By
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
POD,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
T
HD
is
lo
wer
e
d
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
In
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
33
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
T
HD
of
3
.
4
1
%,
wh
ich
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
6
.
1
8
%
T
HD
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
15
-
lev
el
C
HB
-
ML
I
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
was
in
itiated
b
y
T
ee
g
ala
Kr
is
h
n
a
R
ed
d
y
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
r
esear
ch
ex
ce
llen
ce
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
re
d
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
of
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
C
h
an
d
o
lu
Sai D
ee
p
ak
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
d
h
u
B
ab
u
T
h
ir
u
v
ee
d
u
la
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
an
d
ar
i Rah
u
l T
eja
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Su
p
e
Go
wth
am
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
S
t
h
a
m
b
h
a
m
p
a
l
l
y
Vi
v
e
k
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Pan
u
g
an
ti Ye
s
h
wan
th
Ku
m
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
OF
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
no
co
n
f
lict
of
in
t
er
est.
DATA
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
of
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
o
p
en
ly
a
v
ailab
le
in
[
2
0
2
2
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
I
n
te
r
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(
I
C
3
I
o
T
)
]
at
h
ttp
s
://d
o
i.o
r
g
/1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
C
3
I
O
T
5
3
9
3
5
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
6
7
7
29
,
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
[
26
].
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
V
.
V
a
s
u
d
e
v
a
n
a
n
d
K
.
B
a
l
a
j
i
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
mi
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
Me
d
i
c
o
-
L
e
g
a
l
U
p
d
a
t
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
9
–
5
4
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
9
5
8
/
0
9
7
4
-
1
2
8
3
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
0
1
1
4
.
7
.
[
2
]
R
.
R
.
K
a
r
a
s
a
n
i
,
V
.
B
.
B
o
r
g
h
a
t
e
,
P
.
M
.
M
e
sh
r
a
m,
H
.
M
.
S
u
r
y
a
w
a
n
s
h
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
b
y
a
sa
c
h
i
,
“
A
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
se
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
a
sca
d
e
d
mo
d
u
l
a
r
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
0
–
1
0
8
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL
.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
4
2
5
1
9
.
[
3]
M
.
M
e
h
t
a
a
n
d
B
.
M
e
h
t
a
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
ms:
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
mo
d
i
f
i
e
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
a
s
e
d
d
o
u
b
l
y
f
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
A
N
F
I
S
b
a
se
d
ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
PV
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
e
-
Pri
m
e
-
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
i
m
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
5
7
5
.
[
4
]
M
.
K
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
a
n
d
T.
T.
Tr
a
n
,
“
Q
u
a
si
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
f
i
v
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
b
o
o
st
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
8
5
2
5
–
8
5
3
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
0
1
7
7
0
.
[
5
]
J.
V
.
R
.
B
a
b
u
a
n
d
M
.
K
.
K
u
mar,
“
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
d
i
o
d
e
c
l
a
m
p
e
d
D
-
S
t
a
t
c
o
m
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
–
2
2
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
1
2
.
i
1
.
p
p
2
1
7
-
2
2
7
.
[
6
]
R
.
A
.
V
a
r
g
a
s
,
A
.
F
i
g
u
e
r
o
a
,
S
.
E.
D
e
L
e
o
n
,
J.
A
g
u
a
y
o
,
L.
H
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
R
o
d
r
i
g
u
e
z
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
mi
n
i
mu
m
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
9
-
l
e
v
e
l
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
n
a
sy
mm
e
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
”
I
EEE
L
a
t
i
n
Am
e
r
i
c
a
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
1
–
2
8
5
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TLA
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
3
5
0
0
3
0
.
[
7
]
T.
M
a
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
,
A
.
A
n
i
r
e
d
d
y
,
N
.
S
a
h
i
t
h
i
,
K
.
S
.
K
.
S
u
ma
n
,
S
.
V
i
k
a
s,
a
n
d
K
.
C
h
e
n
c
h
i
r
e
d
d
y
,
“
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
si
n
g
a
seri
e
s
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
T
re
n
d
s
i
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
I
EEE,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
–
1
2
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
O
EI
5
6
7
6
5
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
2
6
0
0
6
.
[
8
]
N
.
F
a
r
o
k
h
n
i
a
,
H
.
V
a
d
i
z
a
d
e
h
,
S
.
H
.
F
a
t
h
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
A
n
v
a
r
i
a
s
l
,
“
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
o
f
l
i
n
e
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
TH
D
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
u
n
e
q
u
a
l
D
C
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
9
–
3
3
7
2
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
0
.
2
0
8
9
9
3
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
9
28
-
9
35
934
[
9
]
C
.
C
e
c
a
t
i
,
F
.
C
i
a
n
c
e
t
t
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
i
a
n
o
,
“
A
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
ms
w
i
t
h
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
1
5
–
4
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
0
.
2
0
4
4
1
1
9
.
[
1
0
]
H
.
X
i
e
a
n
d
R
.
Li
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
,
”
I
E
EE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
8
3
1
–
1
0
7
8
4
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
3
1
5
6
2
.
[
1
1
]
P
.
S
a
n
j
e
e
v
i
k
u
m
a
r
a
n
d
K
.
R
a
j
a
m
b
a
l
,
“
E
x
t
r
a
‐
h
i
g
h
‐
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
si
m
p
l
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
,
”
Mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
0
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
4
–
3
9
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
0
8
/
5
9
3
0
4
2
.
[
1
2
]
T.
P
o
r
s
e
l
v
i
a
n
d
R
.
M
u
t
h
u
,
“
T
h
e
P
M
S
G
b
a
s
e
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
C
H
B
M
LI
w
i
t
h
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
5
6
,
2
0
1
4
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
r
e
r
i
c
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
a
i
t
.
a
c
.
t
h
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
h
p
/
r
e
r
i
c
/
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
/
v
i
e
w
/
1
0
6
7
/
4
3
2
[
1
3
]
T.
P
o
r
sel
v
i
a
n
d
M
.
R
a
n
g
a
n
a
t
h
,
“
S
e
v
e
n
-
l
e
v
e
l
t
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
si
n
g
l
e
DC
so
u
r
c
e
,
”
ARPN
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
6
–
1
5
5
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
a
r
p
n
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
.
c
o
m/
j
e
a
s/
r
e
sea
r
c
h
_
p
a
p
e
r
s/
r
p
_
2
0
1
2
/
j
e
a
s
_
1
2
1
2
_
8
2
4
.
p
d
f
[
1
4
]
M
.
T
h
i
r
u
v
e
e
d
u
l
a
a
n
d
K
.
A
so
k
a
n
,
“
H
a
r
mo
n
i
c
s
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
167
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
6
6
4
7
/
i
j
e
t
ms.
2
0
2
4
.
v
0
8
i
0
1
.
0
2
0
.
[
1
5
]
A
.
K
h
o
d
a
p
a
r
a
st
,
J.
A
d
a
b
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
e
z
a
n
e
j
a
d
,
“
A
s
t
e
p
-
u
p
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
5
-
l
e
v
e
l
T
-
t
y
p
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
,
”
I
ET Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
8
3
–
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
i
e
t
-
p
e
l
.
2
0
1
8
.
5
8
0
5
.
[
1
6
]
T.
P
o
r
se
l
v
i
,
K
.
K
r
i
t
h
i
k
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
S
.
G
a
n
e
s
h
,
“
P
V
sy
st
e
m
-
b
a
se
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
l
a
n
d
sm
a
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
I
F
O
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
2
0
2
1
2
n
d
G
l
o
b
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
f
o
r
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
G
C
AT
2
0
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
G
C
A
T
5
2
1
8
2
.
2
0
2
1
.
9
5
8
7
7
2
4
.
[
1
7
]
T.
P
o
r
se
l
v
i
a
n
d
R
.
M
u
t
h
u
,
“
W
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
C
H
B
M
LI
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
DC
i
n
p
u
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
1
4
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
e
n
g
g
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
.
c
o
m/
i
j
e
t
/
d
o
c
s/
I
JET1
4
-
06
-
01
-
1
4
0
.
p
d
f
[
1
8
]
S
.
B
.
M
e
e
n
a
a
n
d
L
.
M
e
e
n
a
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
P
W
M
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
w
i
t
h
PV
-
b
a
se
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
T
u
i
j
i
n
J
i
s
h
u
/
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pr
o
p
u
l
si
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
2
7
8
3
/
t
j
j
p
t
.
v
4
5
.
i
0
3
.
7
1
9
7
.
[
1
9
]
N
.
V
i
j
a
y
a
l
a
k
s
h
mi
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
f
e
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
e
si
g
n
u
s
i
n
g
P
O
D
P
W
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
I
m
a
g
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
2
8
4
/
i
j
a
s
i
s.
5
.
1
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
-
1
4
.
[
2
0
]
H
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
B
.
Z
h
u
,
H
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
L
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
i
n
g
-
sw
i
t
c
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
PWM
me
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
c
a
sca
d
e
d
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
-
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
ro
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
I
C
EC
E
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
4
5
0
–
3
4
5
3
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
i
C
EC
E
.
2
0
1
0
.
1
4
2
5
.
[
2
1
]
M
.
T.
P
r
a
t
h
i
b
a
a
n
d
D
.
P
.
R
e
n
u
g
a
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
PWM
b
a
se
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
6
3
–
6
7
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
1
2
0
/
1
9
7
-
3
3
6
.
[
2
2
]
N
.
V
a
r
g
h
e
se
a
n
d
R
.
R
a
sh
e
e
d
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
n
e
w
f
i
v
e
l
e
v
e
l
M
L
M
b
a
se
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
2
0
2
0
I
EEE
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
I
PR
E
C
O
N
2
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
P
R
E
C
O
N
4
9
5
1
4
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
3
1
5
2
7
1
.
[
2
3
]
V
.
G
o
e
l
,
J
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
a
n
d
J.
G
a
mb
h
i
r
,
“
A
se
v
e
n
l
e
v
e
l
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s u
s
i
n
g
P
W
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
1
st
I
EEE
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s,
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
e
m
s,
I
C
PEI
C
ES
2
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
P
EI
C
ES.2
0
1
6
.
7
8
5
3
1
8
4
.
[
2
4
]
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
s
a
my
,
S
.
S
.
D
e
y
,
A
.
R
a
n
a
,
D
.
K
a
r
t
h
i
k
e
y
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
e
l
v
a
b
h
a
r
a
t
h
i
,
“
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
o
v
e
l
9
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
–
6
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
ssr
n
.
c
o
m
/
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
=
3
6
3
5
2
1
8
[
2
5
]
R
.
G
.
G
a
n
e
sa
n
,
M
.
B
h
a
sk
a
r
,
a
n
d
K
.
N
a
r
a
y
a
n
a
n
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
1
1
-
l
e
v
e
l
mu
l
t
i
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
S
m
a
r
t
G
ri
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
I
S
G
T
As
i
a
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
–
1
0
5
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
G
T
-
A
si
a
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
4
6
7
7
9
9
.
[
2
6
]
T.
P
o
r
se
l
v
i
,
D
.
P
r
a
v
e
e
n
a
,
S
.
P
.
J.,
M
.
H
e
mal
a
t
h
a
,
B
.
M
e
e
n
a
k
s
h
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
T
h
e
n
n
a
r
a
s
u
,
“
P
V
b
a
s
e
d
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
1
5
l
e
v
e
l
s
u
si
n
g
P
O
D
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
2
0
2
2
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
,
I
C
3
I
o
T
2
0
2
2
-
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
3
I
O
T5
3
9
3
5
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
6
7
7
2
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
OF
AUTH
O
RS
Cha
n
d
o
lu
S
a
i
De
e
p
a
k
ha
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
JN
TU
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
fr
o
m
JN
TU
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
9
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
i
n
g
as
an
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
sa
id
e
e
p
a
k
9
5
.
c
h
a
n
d
o
l
u
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ma
d
h
u
Ba
b
u
T
h
iruv
e
e
d
u
la
ha
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
JN
TU
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
NIT
Ca
li
c
u
t
in
2
0
1
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
P
h
.
D.
at
A
n
n
a
m
a
lai
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
as
an
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
n
d
HOD
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
d
h
u
m
k
4
4
8
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
ca
s
c
a
d
ed
mu
ltil
ev
el
in
ve
r
ter w
ith
3
3
-
leve
ls
u
s
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
… (
C
h
a
n
d
o
lu
S
a
i D
ee
p
a
k
)
935
Ba
n
d
a
r
i
Ra
h
u
l
Te
ja
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Di
p
lo
m
a
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
fro
m
JN
G
P
Ja
wa
h
a
rlal
Ne
h
ru
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
ic,
Ra
m
a
n
th
a
p
u
r,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia
,
in
2
0
2
2
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
it
sm
e
ra
h
u
lmb
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Supe
G
o
wth
a
m
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
In
term
e
d
iate
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
t
h
e
fr
o
m
S
ri
G
a
y
a
th
r
i
Ju
n
io
r
Co
l
leg
e
,
Ra
n
g
a
re
d
d
y
,
I
n
d
i
a
in
2
0
2
1
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
su
p
e
g
o
wt
h
a
m
2
3
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
th
a
m
b
h
a
m
p
a
ll
y
Viv
e
k
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Dip
lo
m
a
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
fr
o
m
JITS
Jy
o
th
is
h
m
a
th
i
In
stit
u
te
of
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ka
rimn
a
g
a
r,
In
d
ia
,
in
2
0
2
2
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
v
iv
e
k
st
h
a
m
b
a
m
p
a
ll
y
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Pa
n
u
g
a
n
ti
Ye
shwa
n
th
K
u
m
a
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Dip
lo
m
a
(E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
fr
o
m
T.
R.
R.
Co
ll
e
g
e
of
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia
,
in
2
0
2
1
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
y
a
sh
wa
n
th
y
a
sh
.
1
7
1
5
@e
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.