I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
8
86
~
8
93
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
8
86
-
8
93
886
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
T
e
st
r
i
g d
e
ve
l
op
m
e
n
t
f
or
l
oad
t
e
st
of
p
i
p
e
sad
d
l
e
su
p
p
or
t
M
u
h
am
m
ad
A
r
i
f
R
ayh
an
1
, M
oh
d
S
h
u
k
r
i
Y
ob
1
, M
oh
d
Ju
z
ai
la
A
b
d
L
at
if
1
, O
j
o K
u
r
d
i
2
,
F
u
d
h
ai
l
A
b
d
u
l
M
u
n
ir
3
1
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
M
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
kni
ka
l
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
M
e
l
a
k
a
, M
e
l
a
ka
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
M
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, D
i
pone
gor
o
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, S
e
m
a
r
a
ng, I
ndone
s
i
a
.
3
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
M
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
knol
ogi
P
E
T
R
O
N
A
S
, P
e
r
a
k, M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
N
ov 8, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
M
a
y 21, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
un 10, 2025
Pipe
saddle
support
is
a
structure
commonly
used
to
support
horizont
al
steel
pipe.
It
prevents
direct
contact
between
the
pipe
and
the
support.
Pipe saddle
support
can
experience
displacement
due
to
pipe
movement
and
insuf
ficient
stress
analysis.
Given
these
concerns,
conducting
a
load
test
is
esse
ntial
to
determine
the
stress
on
pipe
saddle
supports.
However,
a
universal
testing
machine
(UTM)
is
not
suitable
for
this
purpose
due
to
the
size
limi
tation.
Therefore,
this
study
proposed
a
test
rig
setup
for
th
e
pipe
saddle
s
upport
load
test.
The
test
rig
consists
of
a
portal
frame
secured
by
an
under
ground
locking
system
featuring
a
strong
floor.
Additionally,
an
actual
pipe
is
utilized to replicate actual loading conditions on the pipe
saddle suppo
rt. The
applied
load
is
measured
using
a
load
cell,
with
a
custom
-
designed
bracket
to
ensure
precise
load
transfer.
Finally,
the
pipe
saddle
support
speci
men
is
bolted
to
a
base
support
to
maintain
stability
during
the
load
test.
Stress
analysis
using
finite
element
a
nalysis
(FEA)
demonstrated
that
the
tes
t
rig
is
suitable for con
ducting load tests
on the specimens
with a maximum
f
orce of
80 kN. FEA confirmed that
the
test rig ope
rates within
a safe
ty factor
of
1.3.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
F
in
it
e
e
le
m
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
L
oa
d t
e
s
t
M
il
d s
te
e
l
P
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
T
e
s
t
r
ig
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
M
ohd S
hukr
i
Y
ob
F
a
c
ul
ty
of
M
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
T
e
kni
ka
l
M
a
la
ys
ia
M
e
la
ka
T
U
43 s
t.
, M
e
la
ka
, M
a
la
ys
ia
E
m
a
il
:
m
s
hukr
iy
@
ut
e
m
.e
du.my
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
is
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
to
s
uppo
r
t
hor
iz
ont
a
l
s
te
e
l
pi
p
e
s
f
r
om
be
n
e
a
th
[
1]
–
[
3]
.
I
t
f
unc
ti
ons
by
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
in
g
lo
a
ds
f
r
om
a
dj
a
c
e
nt
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
by
pr
e
ve
nt
in
g
di
r
e
c
t
c
ont
a
c
t
be
twe
e
n
th
e
pi
pe
a
nd
th
e
s
uppor
t
[
4]
.
P
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
a
r
e
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
u
s
e
d
w
he
n
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
s
uppor
t
is
r
e
qui
r
e
d
a
t
th
e
a
tt
a
c
hm
e
nt
poi
nt
be
twe
e
n t
he
s
li
ppe
r
a
nd t
he
pi
pe
[
5]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
in
th
e
c
a
s
e
s
tu
dy
by
N
ut
ha
na
pa
t
i
e
t
al
.
[
6]
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
is
s
ue
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
w
e
r
e
id
e
nt
if
ie
d.
P
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
c
a
n
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
s
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
due
to
th
e
pi
pe
's
s
udde
n
m
ove
m
e
nt
a
nd
in
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
s
tr
e
s
s
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
th
e
f
a
il
ur
e
of
th
e
pi
pe
r
a
c
k
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
be
c
om
e
s
a
n
in
e
vi
ta
bl
e
out
c
om
e
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y, t
he
r
e
i
s
a
l
a
c
k of
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
f
or
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
de
s
ig
n
a
nd a
na
ly
s
i
s
[
7]
. G
iv
e
n
th
e
s
e
c
on
c
e
r
ns
,
lo
a
d
te
s
ti
ng
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
th
e
s
tr
e
s
s
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
of
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
ts
a
nd
is
a
ls
o
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
e
ns
ur
e
t
he
s
a
f
e
ty
of
t
he
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
[
8]
, [
9]
.
A
l
oa
d
te
s
t
c
a
n
be
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
w
it
h
a
uni
ve
r
s
a
l
te
s
ti
ng
m
a
c
hi
ne
(
U
T
M
)
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
U
T
M
is
de
s
ig
ne
d f
or
s
ta
nda
r
d
-
s
ha
pe
d s
pe
c
im
e
ns
. T
h
e
S
hi
m
a
dz
u A
G
X
-
V
2 s
e
r
ie
s
, f
or
i
ns
ta
nc
e
, a
c
c
om
m
oda
te
s
opt
im
a
l
s
pe
c
im
e
n
s
i
z
e
s
up
to
790
m
m
or
31
in
c
he
s
.
I
n
c
om
pa
r
is
on,
pi
pe
s
iz
e
s
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
oi
l
a
nd
ga
s
in
dus
tr
y
c
a
n
r
a
nge
up
to
48
in
c
he
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
un
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
te
s
ti
ng
w
it
h
a
U
T
M
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
to
pe
r
f
or
m
a
lo
a
d
te
s
t
f
or
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t,
it
r
e
qui
r
e
d
a
n
a
c
tu
a
l
pi
p
e
w
a
s
r
e
q
ui
r
e
d
f
or
a
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
r
e
s
ul
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
T
e
s
t
r
ig
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
f
or
l
oad te
s
t
of
pi
pe
s
addl
e
s
uppo
r
t
(
M
uhamm
ad A
r
if
R
ay
han
)
887
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
pi
pe
s
uppor
ts
ha
s
s
how
n
th
a
t
c
u
s
to
m
te
s
t
r
ig
s
a
r
e
of
te
n
bui
lt
to
m
e
e
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
te
s
ti
ng
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
[
10]
,
[
11]
. M
or
e
ove
r
, due
t
o pr
a
c
ti
c
a
li
ty
a
nd
c
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
, pe
r
f
or
m
in
g
a
lo
a
d t
e
s
t
on s
c
a
le
d
m
ode
ls
is
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
to
va
li
da
te
th
e
f
ul
l
s
c
a
le
d
de
s
ig
n
[
12]
.
A
t
e
s
t
r
ig
f
or
a
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
3
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
te
s
t
f
r
a
m
e
w
a
s
de
ve
lo
pe
d
i
n
a
s
tu
dy
[
13]
,
w
hi
le
th
e
m
a
jo
r
it
y
o
f
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
onl
y
pr
ovi
de
d
te
s
t
s
f
or
a
2
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
f
r
a
m
e
.
A
no
th
e
r
s
tu
dy
[
14]
us
e
d
a
c
us
to
m
s
e
tu
p t
o m
a
tc
h t
he
bounda
r
y c
ondi
ti
ons
a
nd a
ppl
ie
d
a
lo
a
d
to
th
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
T
e
s
t
r
ig
s
m
us
t
be
r
ig
id
a
nd
s
tr
ong
e
nough
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
y
do
no
t
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
th
e
te
s
t
r
e
s
ul
ts
[
15]
,
[
16]
.
S
tu
di
e
s
on
te
s
t
r
ig
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
ha
v
e
us
e
d
s
a
f
e
ty
f
a
c
to
r
s
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
om
1.25
to
3,
de
pe
ndi
ng
on
th
e
r
ig
'
s
s
iz
e
.
T
hi
s
s
a
f
e
ty
f
a
c
to
r
is
c
hos
e
n
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
w
a
s
n
ot
ove
r
lo
a
de
d
dur
in
g
th
e
lo
a
d
te
s
t
[
17]
–
[
19]
.
T
he
s
e
s
tu
di
e
s
of
f
e
r
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
th
e
f
a
br
ic
a
ti
on
of
te
s
t
r
ig
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
y
do
not
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
s
e
tu
p
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y de
s
ig
ne
d f
or
t
e
s
ti
ng pipe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
d
e
ve
lo
p
a
te
s
t
r
ig
f
or
c
onduc
ti
ng
lo
a
d
te
s
t
s
on
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
,
w
it
h
th
e
goa
l
of
pr
ovi
di
ng
gr
e
a
te
r
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
to
a
c
c
om
m
oda
te
p
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
ts
w
it
h s
iz
e
s
up
to
48
in
c
he
s
.
T
hi
s
te
s
t
r
ig
is
in
te
nde
d
to
ha
ndl
e
lo
a
d
te
s
t
s
f
or
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
w
it
h
c
a
pa
c
it
ie
s
up
to
80
kN
.
A
n
a
c
tu
a
l
pi
pe
w
il
l
be
us
e
d t
o pr
ovi
de
a
n
a
c
tu
a
l
lo
a
di
ng c
ondi
ti
on t
o t
he
p
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
s
pe
c
im
e
n. M
or
e
ov
e
r
, f
in
it
e
e
le
m
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
(
F
E
A
)
w
il
l
be
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
pr
io
r
to
f
a
br
ic
a
ti
on
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
c
onf
id
e
nc
e
f
or
pr
e
di
c
ti
ng
th
e
s
tr
e
s
s
[
20]
–
[
23]
.
F
E
A
w
il
l
be
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
on
e
a
c
h
in
di
vi
dua
l
c
om
pone
nt
to
s
im
pl
if
y
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
[
24]
.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
is
to
pr
ovi
de
a
n
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
m
e
th
od
of
pe
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
lo
a
d
te
s
t
f
or
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t.
2.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
F
ig
ur
e
1
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
th
a
t
s
how
s
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
th
e
lo
a
d
te
s
t
of
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t.
P
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
m
ode
l
w
a
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
us
in
g
c
om
put
e
r
-
a
id
e
d
de
s
ig
n
(
C
A
D
)
s
of
twa
r
e
.
O
nc
e
th
e
m
ode
l’
s
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
th
e
m
a
xi
m
um
lo
a
d
a
r
e
c
onf
ir
m
e
d,
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
w
il
l
be
de
s
ig
ne
d
w
it
h
a
c
a
pa
c
it
y of
t
he
m
ode
l’
s
m
a
xi
m
um
l
oa
d.
F
ig
ur
e
1. F
lo
w
c
ha
r
t
di
a
gr
a
m
of
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
lo
a
d t
e
s
t
r
ig
s
tu
dy
2.1. P
ip
e
s
ad
d
le
s
u
p
p
or
t
t
e
s
t
r
ig
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
F
ig
ur
e
2
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
m
ode
l
th
a
t
w
il
l
be
t
e
s
te
d.
F
or
th
is
s
tu
dy,
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
6
-
in
c
h
in
ne
r
di
a
m
e
te
r
,
w
it
h
a
ll
th
e
pl
a
te
th
i
c
kne
s
se
s
be
in
g
2
m
m
.
T
he
c
om
pone
nt
s
of
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
a
r
e
c
onne
c
te
d
by
w
e
ld
e
d
jo
in
ts
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
in
in
dus
tr
ia
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
ts
a
r
e
po
s
it
io
ne
d
on
to
p
of
pi
pe
r
a
c
ks
w
hi
le
th
e
s
a
dd
le
pl
a
te
c
r
a
dl
es
th
e
pi
pe
.
T
o
te
s
t
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
c
ondi
ti
ons
,
th
e
ba
s
e
pl
a
te
of
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
s
houl
d
be
bol
te
d
to
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
s
uppor
t
ba
s
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
, a
n a
c
tu
a
l
pi
pe
i
s
u
s
e
d t
o a
ppl
y t
he
l
oa
d on top of
t
he
s
a
ddl
e
pl
a
te
.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
F
E
A
w
a
s
c
onduc
te
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
lo
a
d
to
f
a
il
th
e
m
ode
l.
F
a
il
ur
e
is
d
e
f
in
e
d
w
he
n
th
e
m
ode
l’
s
V
on
M
is
e
s
s
tr
e
s
s
e
xc
e
e
d
s
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l’
s
yi
e
ld
s
tr
e
ngt
h
of
250
M
P
a
.
F
ig
ur
e
3
i
ll
us
tr
a
te
s
th
e
f
ix
e
d
s
uppor
t
a
nd
th
e
m
e
th
od
f
or
a
ppl
yi
ng
lo
a
d
on
th
e
m
ode
l.
I
t
s
ho
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
dow
nw
a
r
d
f
o
r
c
e
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
a
ppl
ie
d
to
t
he
s
a
ddl
e
pl
a
te
w
hi
le
t
he
ba
s
e
pl
a
te
a
c
t
s
a
s
a
f
ix
e
d s
uppor
t.
F
E
A
i
ndi
c
a
te
d t
ha
t
a
f
or
c
e
of
80 kN is
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
in
duc
e
f
a
il
ur
e
in
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
m
ode
l.
A
ddi
ti
ona
l
ly
,
f
or
th
is
s
tu
dy,
s
tr
e
s
s
va
lu
e
s
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
s
houl
d not e
xc
e
e
d 200 M
P
a
t
o m
a
in
ta
in
a
s
a
f
e
ty
f
a
c
to
r
of
1.25. C
om
pl
yi
ng
w
it
h
th
is
s
a
f
e
ty
f
a
c
to
r
i
s
i
m
por
ta
nt
to
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
s
a
f
e
ty
of
t
he
ope
r
a
to
r
a
nd
en
s
ur
e
i
t
do
es
not
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y of
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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:
2252
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8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
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i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
886
-
893
888
F
ig
ur
e
2. P
ip
e
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
m
ode
l
F
ig
ur
e
3. B
ounda
r
y c
ondi
ti
on of
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t
m
ode
l
2.2. S
e
t
u
p
of
p
ip
e
s
ad
d
le
s
u
p
p
or
t
t
e
s
t
r
ig
A
p
or
ta
l
f
r
a
m
e
is
c
om
m
onl
y
u
s
e
d
f
or
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
te
s
t
r
ig
,
e
it
he
r
s
ta
ti
c
or
dyna
m
ic
lo
a
d
te
s
t
[
25]
–
[
28]
.
I
n t
hi
s
s
tu
dy,
th
e
por
ta
l
f
r
a
m
e
c
ons
is
t
s
of
a
c
ol
um
n,
a
be
a
m
,
a
nd
a
f
la
t
ba
r
.
T
he
I
-
be
a
m
t
ype
i
s
us
e
d
f
or
th
e
c
ol
um
n
a
nd
b
e
a
m
to
pr
ovi
de
s
tr
uc
tu
r
a
l
r
ig
id
it
y
to
th
e
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
,
c
ons
id
e
r
in
g
th
e
l
a
r
ge
lo
a
d
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
f
a
il
th
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
T
he
por
ta
l
f
r
a
m
e
is
s
e
c
ur
e
d
by
th
e
unde
r
gr
ound
lo
c
ki
ng
s
ys
te
m
,
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
4.
T
hi
s
s
y
s
te
m
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
s
tr
ong
f
lo
or
,
f
la
t
ba
r
,
s
tu
d,
a
nd
lo
c
k
pl
a
te
.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
e
tu
p
c
onduc
te
d
by
T
a
nghe
tt
i
e
t
al
.
[
29]
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n
I
-
be
a
m
th
a
t
is
lo
c
ke
d
to
th
e
s
tr
ong
f
lo
or
f
or
s
he
a
r
pl
a
tf
or
m
te
s
ti
ng.
T
h
e
I
-
be
a
m
th
a
t
w
a
s
a
tt
a
c
he
d
to
th
e
s
tr
ong
f
lo
or
w
a
s
s
e
t
to
f
r
e
e
ly
m
ove
hor
iz
ont
a
ll
y.
I
n
c
om
pa
r
is
on,
th
is
s
tu
dy
pr
ovi
de
s
a
f
ix
e
d
m
ove
m
e
nt
f
or
th
e
I
-
be
a
m
,
e
it
he
r
hor
iz
ont
a
l
or
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
,
due
to
th
e
pur
pos
e
of
th
e
te
s
t,
w
hi
c
h
is
a
s
ta
ti
c
lo
a
d
te
s
t.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
is
por
ta
l
f
r
a
m
e
is
e
qui
ppe
d
w
it
h
a
hydr
a
ul
ic
s
y
s
te
m
f
or
a
ppl
yi
ng
lo
a
d
to
th
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
T
h
e
s
e
c
ond
s
e
c
ti
on
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
is
de
s
ig
n
e
d
to
s
uppor
t
th
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
I
t
c
ont
a
in
s
a
s
uppor
t
ba
s
e
to
s
e
c
ur
e
ly
pl
a
c
e
th
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
T
h
e
s
pe
c
im
e
n
w
il
l
be
b
ol
te
d
to
th
is
s
uppor
t
ba
s
e
to
e
ns
ur
e
s
ta
bi
li
ty
th
r
oughout
th
e
te
s
ti
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
L
a
s
tl
y,
th
e
th
ir
d
s
e
c
ti
on
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
is
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
a
ppl
y
a
lo
a
d
to
th
e
pi
pe
s
a
ddl
e
s
uppor
t.
I
t
c
on
s
is
ts
of
a
pi
pe
th
a
t
r
e
s
ts
di
r
e
c
tl
y
on
to
p
of
th
e
s
a
ddl
e
pl
a
te
.
A
lo
a
d
c
e
ll
br
a
c
ke
t
is
pos
it
io
ne
d on top of
t
he
pi
pe
t
o d
is
tr
ib
ut
e
t
he
l
oa
d f
r
om
th
e
lo
a
d c
e
ll
t
o t
he
pi
pe
. F
ig
ur
e
5
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
ove
r
a
ll
t
e
s
t
r
ig
de
s
ig
n of
t
he
s
e
tu
p.
F
ig
ur
e
4. U
nde
r
gr
ound loc
ki
ng me
c
ha
ni
s
m
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
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S
N
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2252
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T
e
s
t
r
ig
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
f
or
l
oad te
s
t
of
pi
pe
s
addl
e
s
uppo
r
t
(
M
uhamm
ad A
r
if
R
ay
han
)
889
F
ig
ur
e
5. T
e
s
t
r
ig
ove
r
a
ll
s
e
tu
p
2.3. F
E
A
of
t
e
s
t
r
ig
c
o
m
p
on
e
n
t
s
F
ol
lo
w
in
g
th
e
s
e
tu
p
of
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
,
th
e
lo
a
d
f
lo
w
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
c
om
pone
nt
is
de
f
in
e
d
a
nd
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
T
hi
s
f
lo
w
c
o
r
r
e
s
ponds
to
th
e
m
a
xi
m
um
lo
a
d
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
c
a
us
e
f
a
il
ur
e
in
th
e
m
ode
l.
T
he
lo
a
d
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
is
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
by
th
e
pos
it
io
ni
ng
a
nd
th
e
to
ta
l
num
be
r
of
c
om
pone
nt
s
in
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
.
T
he
f
lo
w
or
ig
in
a
te
s
f
r
om
th
e
hydr
a
ul
ic
s
ys
te
m
,
w
hi
c
h
a
ppl
ie
s
f
or
c
e
to
t
he
pi
pe
a
nd
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
it
e
xe
r
ts
f
or
c
e
on
th
e
por
ta
l
f
r
a
m
e
a
nd
th
e
lo
c
k
pl
a
te
,
w
hi
c
h
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
th
e
und
e
r
gr
ound
lo
c
ki
ng
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
s
t
he
a
ppl
ie
d l
oa
d
s
(
F
a
)
a
nd t
he
numbe
r
of
t
e
s
t
r
ig
c
om
pone
nt
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
6. T
e
s
t
r
ig
l
oa
d f
lo
w
T
a
bl
e
1. N
um
be
r
of
c
om
pone
nt
s
a
nd
a
ppl
ie
d l
oa
d t
o
th
e
te
s
t
r
ig
No
P
a
r
t
s
N
um
be
r
of
c
om
pone
nt
s
F
a
(
kN
)
1
L
oa
d c
e
l
l
br
a
c
ke
t
1
80
2
P
i
pe
6 i
nc
h
1
80
3
D
oubl
e
be
a
m
f
r
a
m
e
1
80
4
C
ol
um
n f
r
a
m
e
2
40
5
F
l
a
t
ba
r
4
20
6
S
uppor
t
ba
s
e
1
80
7
L
oc
k pl
a
t
e
8
10
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
886
-
893
890
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
O
nc
e
th
e
lo
a
d
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I
t
s
how
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17]
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[
19]
,
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a
ll
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
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J
A
dv A
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c
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,
V
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.
14
, N
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3
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be
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25
:
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892
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[
M
S
Y
]
.
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ta
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R
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R
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C
E
S
[
1]
C
.
D
.
B
i
s
bos
,
K
.
T
hom
opoul
os
,
a
nd
M
.
T
z
a
f
e
r
opoul
os
,
“
C
om
put
i
ng
t
he
f
r
i
c
t
i
ona
l
c
ont
a
c
t
l
oa
ds
of
hor
i
z
ont
a
l
s
t
e
e
l
pi
pe
s
,
l
oos
e
l
y
r
e
s
t
i
ng
on
s
a
ddl
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
e
s
s
ur
e
V
e
s
s
e
l
s
and
P
i
pi
ng
,
v
ol
.
58,
no.
1,
pp.
75
–
85,
1994,
doi
:
10.1016/
0308
-
0161(
94)
90010
-
8.
[
2]
K
.
T
hom
opoul
os
a
nd
C
.
D
.
B
i
s
bo
s
,
“
U
ni
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
c
ont
a
c
t
s
t
r
e
s
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E
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on
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or
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n
a
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r
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r
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Soc
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V
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r
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V
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a
r
ge
s
i
z
e
t
i
l
t
i
ng
pa
d
j
our
na
l
be
a
r
i
n
gs
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
:
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
, vol
. 744, no. 1, S
e
p. 2016, doi
:
10.1088/
1742
-
6596/
744/
1/
012159.
[
23]
A
.
K
.
H
a
bt
e
m
a
r
i
a
m
,
V
.
Z
a
be
l
,
C
.
K
önke
,
M
.
J
.
B
i
a
n
c
o,
a
nd
F
.
T
a
r
t
a
gl
i
one
,
“
S
t
udy
of
s
e
i
s
m
i
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
n
pi
pe
l
i
ne
s
u
s
i
ng
G
e
ne
r
a
l
i
z
e
d B
e
a
m
T
he
or
y,”
A
ppr
i
m
us
V
e
r
l
ag
,
2020.
[
24]
M
.
S
.
Y
ob,
S
.
M
a
ns
or
,
a
nd
R
.
S
ul
a
i
m
a
n,
“
J
oi
nt
s
t
i
f
f
ne
s
s
of
3D
s
pa
c
e
f
r
a
m
e
t
hi
n
w
a
l
l
e
d
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
j
oi
nt
c
ons
i
de
r
i
ng
l
oc
a
l
buc
k
l
i
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
,”
A
ppl
i
e
d M
e
c
hani
c
s
and M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 660, pp. 773
–
777, O
c
t
. 2014, d
oi
:
10.4028/
w
w
w
.s
c
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
.ne
t
/
A
M
M
.660.773.
[
25]
S
.
L
a
us
t
s
e
n,
E
.
L
und,
L
.
K
ühl
m
e
i
e
r
,
a
nd
O
.
T
.
T
hom
s
e
n,
“
D
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
a
hi
gh
-
f
i
de
l
i
t
y
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
s
ubs
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
t
e
s
t
r
i
g
f
o
r
gr
i
d
-
s
c
or
e
d s
a
ndw
i
c
h pa
ne
l
s
i
n w
i
nd t
ur
bi
ne
bl
a
de
s
,”
St
r
ai
n
, vol
. 50, no. 2, pp.
111
–
131, A
pr
. 2014, doi
:
10.1111/
s
t
r
.12072.
[
26]
J
.
N
or
m
a
n
a
nd
A
.
C
r
e
w
e
,
“
D
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
o
f
a
nove
l
t
e
s
t
r
i
g f
or
pe
r
f
or
m
i
ng
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
s
uppor
t
t
e
s
t
i
ng
of
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
s
,”
T
he
14t
h W
or
l
d C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on E
ar
t
hquak
e
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng O
c
t
obe
r
12
-
17, 2008, B
e
i
j
i
ng, C
hi
na
, 2008.
[
27]
R
.
L
i
u
e
t
al
.
,
“
F
ul
l
-
s
c
a
l
e
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
t
he
be
ndi
ng
f
a
t
i
gue
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
pos
t
-
t
e
ns
i
one
d
pr
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
d
c
on
c
r
e
t
e
pi
pe
pi
l
e
s
,”
O
c
e
an E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
. 260, S
e
p. 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.oc
e
a
n
e
ng.2022.
112025.
[
28]
Z
.
H
ua
ng
,
X
.
Q
i
a
n
,
Z
.
S
u,
D
.
C
.
P
h
a
m
,
a
nd
N
.
S
r
i
dha
r
,
“
E
x
pe
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
a
n
d
d
a
m
a
ge
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
o
f
l
a
r
ge
-
s
c
a
l
e
d
f
i
l
a
m
e
nt
w
oun
d c
om
pos
i
t
e
p
i
pe
s
,”
C
om
p
os
i
t
e
s
P
ar
t
B
:
E
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
n
g
,
vo
l
.
18
4,
M
a
r
.
202
0,
d
oi
:
1
0.1
01
6/
j
.c
om
pos
i
t
e
s
b
.2
019
.1
076
39
.
[
29]
G
.
T
a
nghe
t
t
i
,
R
.
J
.
G
oode
y,
S
.
D
i
va
l
l
,
A
.
M
.
M
c
N
a
m
a
r
a
,
a
nd
B
.
M
c
K
i
nl
e
y,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
a
l
a
r
ge
s
he
a
r
box
f
or
t
e
s
t
i
ng w
or
ki
ng pl
a
t
f
or
m
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
,”
17t
h E
ur
ope
an
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on Soi
l
M
e
c
han
i
c
s
and G
e
ot
e
c
hni
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, E
C
SM
G
E
2019
-
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
, vol
. 2019
-
S
e
pt
e
, 2019, doi
:
10.32075/
17E
C
S
M
G
E
-
2019
-
0267.
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I
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:
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8814
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oad te
s
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pi
pe
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addl
e
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uppo
r
t
(
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uhamm
ad A
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if
R
ay
han
)
893
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Muhammad
Arif
Rayhan
is
currently
a
master'
s
student
in
mechanical
engineerin
g
at
Universi
ti
Teknikal
Malaysia
Melaka
(UTeM).
He
hol
ds
a
bachelor'
s
degree
in
mechanic
al
engineer
ing
from
Diponegoro
University
(2024).
He
ca
n
be
contacte
d
at
email:
muhammadar
ifray@gmail.com
.
Mohd S
hukri
Yob
ha
s
a
Ph.D. de
gree
in Mec
hanica
l Engine
ering
f
rom Un
iversit
i
Teknologi
Malaysia
(UTM),
Malaysia
(2016),
a
master’s
degree
fro
m
University
Kebangsa
an
Malaysia
(2010),
and
a
bachelor’s
degree
from
Univers
i
ti
Teknologi
Malaysia
(2007).
His
research
interest
include
structural
engineering,
stress
analysis,
and
F
EA.
He
can
be
contacted
at email
:
mshukriy@utem.edu.my
.
Mohd
Juzaila
Abd
Latif
holds
a
Ph.D.
degree
from
the
Unive
rsity
of
Leeds
(2011),
a
master’s
degree
from
the
University
of
Wales
Swansea
(
2005),
and
a
bachelor’s
degree
from
Plymouth
Stata
College,
Plymouth.
His
research
inte
r
est
include
engineerin
g,
materials
science,
computer
science,
health
care
sciences
and
ser
vices,
mathematica
l
and
computat
ional b
iology
.
He can be contacted at email:
juzaila@utem.edu.my
.
Ojo
Kurdi
holds
a
Ph.D.
from
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia
(U
TM)
(2016),
a
Master
of
Engineering
from
Bandung
Institute
of
Technology
(ITB)
(
2002),
and
a
Bachelor
o
f
Engineering
from
Diponegoro
University
(1997).
His
research
in
terests
include
material
strength,
failure
analysis,
statics,
machine
elements,
and
numerical
methods,
with
a
focus
on
stress
analysis
in
electric
buses
and
fiber
optic
sensors.
He
can
be
contacted
at
email:
ojokurdi@
ft.undip.ac.id
.
Fudhail
Abdul
Munir
holds
a
Ph.D.
degree
from
Yamaguchi
Un
iversity,
Japan
(2016),
a
master’s
degree
from
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia
(2009),
and
a
bachelor’s
degree
from
the
International
Islamic
University
Malaysia.
His
research
inter
ests
include
engineering,
physics, public, environmental and occupational hea
lth, thermodynamics, materials science.
He
can be cont
acted at em
ail:
fudhail.mu
nir@
utp.edu.my
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.