I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
9
36
~
9
44
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
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44
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rg
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n
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o
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ra
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i
li
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.
K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
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atter
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C
h
ar
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in
g
p
r
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co
ls
E
lectr
ic
v
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s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
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E
lectr
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v
eh
icles
L
ith
iu
m
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io
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b
atter
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T
h
er
m
al
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an
a
g
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en
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T
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s
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c
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rticle
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n
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CC B
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C
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A
uth
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:
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[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
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imp
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[
4
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[
7
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.
T
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p
lay
b
etwe
en
f
ast ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
b
atter
y
l
o
n
g
e
v
ity
is
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ch
allen
g
e
t
h
at
d
em
an
d
s
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
h
ile
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
atter
y
c
h
em
is
tr
y
,
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
c
h
ar
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
o
licies
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
u
n
d
er
f
ast
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
V
b
atter
ies.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
q
u
an
tify
in
g
its
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
m
itig
at
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
is
w
o
r
k
s
ee
k
s
to
i
n
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
a
s
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
b
ala
n
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
with
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
o
f
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
h
er
ein
ar
e
in
ten
d
e
d
to
g
u
id
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
n
ex
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
2.
T
H
E
M
E
CH
AN
I
S
M
S O
F
B
AT
T
E
RY
D
E
G
RADA
T
I
O
N
DURING
F
AS
T
CH
ARG
I
N
G
2
.
1
.
E
lev
a
t
ed
t
em
pera
t
ure
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lith
i
u
m
p
l
a
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
to
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies.
Hig
h
c
h
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
ts
r
esu
lt
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ati
o
n
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
h
ea
t
ar
is
es
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
r
esis
tiv
e
h
ea
tin
g
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as Jo
u
le
h
ea
tin
g
,
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es a
n
d
el
ec
tr
o
ly
te.
E
lev
ate
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ac
ce
ler
ate
s
id
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
s
o
lid
elec
tr
o
ly
te
in
ter
p
h
ase
(
SEI
)
lay
er
.
T
h
ese
r
ea
ctio
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ep
lete
ac
tiv
e
lith
i
u
m
an
d
elec
tr
o
ly
te
m
ater
ials
b
u
t
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
'
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ac
er
b
atin
g
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
y
cles.
Per
s
is
ten
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ca
n
lead
t
o
t
h
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
,
a
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
e
th
at
p
o
s
es
s
af
ety
r
is
k
s
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
th
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
th
u
s
c
r
u
cial
to
m
ain
tain
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
with
in
a
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
an
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
L
it
hiu
m
p
la
t
ing
L
ith
iu
m
p
latin
g
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
e
n
th
e
r
ate
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
in
ter
ca
latio
n
in
to
t
h
e
an
o
d
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
s
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial.
Du
r
in
g
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
th
e
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ities
d
r
iv
e
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
s
t
o
d
ep
o
s
it
as
m
etallic
lith
iu
m
o
n
th
e
an
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
n
s
tead
o
f
b
ein
g
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
in
ter
ca
lated
.
L
ith
iu
m
p
latin
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lith
iu
m
av
aila
b
le
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
u
t
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
en
d
r
ite
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
d
en
d
r
ites
ca
n
p
e
n
etr
ate
th
e
s
ep
ar
ato
r
,
p
o
ten
tially
ca
u
s
in
g
in
ter
n
al
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
Facto
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
h
ig
h
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
an
d
r
ap
i
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
ex
a
ce
r
b
ate
lith
iu
m
p
latin
g
.
R
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
r
e
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
,
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
an
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
is
is
s
u
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
ith
i
u
m
p
latin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
2
.
3
.
M
ec
ha
nica
l
s
t
re
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
s
tr
ess
in
b
atter
y
elec
tr
o
d
es
.
R
ep
ea
ted
c
y
cles
o
f
f
ast
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
d
u
c
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
ess
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
elec
tr
o
d
es.
Du
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
in
ter
ca
latio
n
ca
u
s
es
th
e
an
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
to
ex
p
an
d
,
wh
ile
d
e
-
in
ter
ca
latio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
lea
d
s
to
co
n
t
r
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ex
p
an
s
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
g
e
n
er
ate
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
ain
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
936
-
9
4
4
938
o
f
m
icr
o
-
cr
ac
k
s
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial.
Ov
er
tim
e,
th
ese
m
icr
o
-
cr
ac
k
s
g
r
o
w,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
a
n
d
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
co
n
tact
b
etwe
en
ac
tiv
e
m
ater
i
als
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
llecto
r
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
d
eg
r
ad
es
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
esig
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
lex
ib
le
b
in
d
er
s
an
d
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
m
ater
ials
,
ar
e
b
ein
g
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
ch
a
n
ical
s
tr
ess
in
b
atter
y
elec
tr
o
d
es
2
.
4
.
E
lect
ro
ly
t
e
d
ec
o
m
po
s
it
i
o
n
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
in
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
io
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
b
e
twee
n
th
e
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
ca
t
h
o
d
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
an
d
v
o
ltag
es
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
t
h
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te.
Dec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
m
ay
f
o
r
m
d
ep
o
s
its
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
e
d
in
g
io
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
ca
n
r
elea
s
e
g
ases
,
lead
in
g
to
s
w
ellin
g
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
leak
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
Stab
ilizin
g
a
d
d
itiv
es
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies ca
n
h
elp
m
itig
ate
th
ese
is
s
u
es
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
5
.
Acc
eler
a
t
ed
a
g
ing
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lid
elec
t
ro
ly
t
e
inte
rpha
s
e
l
a
y
er
T
h
e
SEI
l
ay
er
is
a
p
as
s
iv
atio
n
f
ilm
th
at
f
o
r
m
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
an
o
d
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
ch
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles.
W
h
ile
th
e
S
E
I
lay
er
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tab
ili
zin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
,
its
g
r
o
wth
is
ex
ac
er
b
ated
u
n
d
er
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
ep
ea
ted
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
a
t
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ca
u
s
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
b
r
ea
k
in
g
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
SEI
lay
e
r
,
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
ac
tiv
e
lith
iu
m
an
d
elec
tr
o
ly
te
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
it
s
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
s
tab
le
SEI
lay
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ly
te
ad
d
itiv
es a
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
atin
g
s
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
3.
Q
UANTI
F
Y
I
NG
T
H
E
I
M
P
ACT O
F
F
AST
CH
A
RG
I
N
G
O
N
B
AT
T
E
RY
L
O
NG
E
V
I
T
Y
3
.
1
.
Cy
cle
life
re
du
ct
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
atter
y
c
y
cle
life
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles
a
b
atter
y
ca
n
u
n
d
er
g
o
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
c
h
in
g
its
en
d
-
of
-
life
cr
iter
i
o
n
,
ty
p
ically
d
ef
in
ed
as
8
0
%
o
f
its
o
r
ig
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
atter
ies
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
a
y
s
ee
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
cy
cle
life
b
y
u
p
to
5
0
0
-
1
,
0
0
0
cy
cles
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
s
in
g
s
lo
wer
,
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
ated
d
eg
r
ad
a
tio
n
is
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
ele
v
ated
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
lith
iu
m
p
latin
g
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
m
ater
ials
d
u
r
in
g
r
a
p
id
io
n
tr
a
n
s
f
er
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
atter
y
cy
cle
life
r
ed
u
ctio
n
3
.
2
.
Ca
pa
ci
t
y
f
a
de
C
ap
ac
ity
f
ad
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
g
r
a
d
u
al
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
ch
ar
g
e
a
b
atter
y
ca
n
h
o
ld
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
ex
ac
er
b
ates
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ad
e
d
u
e
to
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
SEI
la
y
er
,
lith
iu
m
p
latin
g
,
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
2
1
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
b
atter
ies
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
o
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f fa
s
t
ch
a
r
g
in
g
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
b
a
tter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
in
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles (
P
era
ttu
r
N
a
g
a
b
u
s
h
a
n
a
m)
939
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
c
ap
ac
ity
lo
s
s
r
ate
th
at
i
s
1
.
5
-
2
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
ch
ar
g
ed
with
s
lo
wer
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
T
h
is
ac
ce
ler
ated
c
ap
ac
ity
f
a
d
e
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
o
f
E
Vs,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
.
3
.
3
.
I
ncre
a
s
ed
inte
rna
l r
esis
t
a
nce
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
in
ter
n
a
l
r
esis
tan
ce
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
SEI
lay
er
th
ick
en
i
n
g
,
elec
tr
o
l
y
te
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
th
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
ac
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
2
2
]
.
Hig
h
er
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
b
atte
r
y
b
u
t
also
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
A
h
ig
h
er
r
esis
tan
ce
also
r
esu
lts
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
y
,
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
Vs.
3
.
4
.
T
herm
a
l deg
r
a
da
t
io
n
Fre
q
u
en
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
d
u
r
in
g
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ac
ce
ler
ates
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
cr
itical
b
atter
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
er
m
al
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
g
as
p
o
ck
ets,
s
wellin
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll,
an
d
in
ex
tr
em
e
ca
s
es,
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
b
atter
ies
with
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
th
e
r
m
al
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le,
with
s
o
m
e
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
u
p
to
a
3
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
life
s
p
an
u
n
d
er
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ess
en
tial to
m
itig
ate
th
e
th
er
m
al
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
5
.
Va
ri
a
bil
it
y
a
cr
o
s
s
c
hemis
t
ries
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
n
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ch
em
is
tr
ies.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
lith
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
L
FP
)
b
at
ter
ies
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
m
o
r
e
r
esis
tan
t
to
th
er
m
al
an
d
ch
em
ical
d
eg
r
ad
ati
o
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
ick
el
m
an
g
an
ese
co
b
alt
(
NM
C
)
b
atter
ies.
H
o
wev
er
,
NM
C
b
atter
ies
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
er
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ities
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
l
e
to
th
e
s
tr
es
s
es
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
b
atter
y
c
h
em
is
tr
y
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
3
.
6
.
User
beha
v
io
r
a
nd
cha
rg
ing
pa
t
t
er
ns
User
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
f
ast
c
h
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
SOC
r
an
g
e
u
s
ed
,
also
p
la
y
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
B
atter
ies
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ch
ar
g
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
SOC
to
a
h
ig
h
SOC
u
s
in
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
g
r
ea
ter
d
eg
r
ad
ati
o
n
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
ch
ar
g
e
d
with
in
a
m
o
d
er
ate
SOC
r
an
g
e.
E
d
u
ca
tin
g
u
s
er
s
o
n
b
est
p
r
ac
tices,
s
u
ch
as
lim
itin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
to
o
cc
asio
n
al
o
r
e
m
er
g
e
n
cy
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
x
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
[
2
7
]
.
4.
M
I
T
I
G
A
T
I
O
N
S
T
RA
T
E
G
I
E
S
4
.
1
.
Adv
a
nced
ba
t
t
er
y
ma
t
e
ria
ls
Dev
elo
p
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
ater
ials
is
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Heat
-
r
esis
tan
t
elec
tr
o
ly
tes
ca
n
with
s
tan
d
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
with
o
u
t
d
eg
r
ad
in
g
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
Stab
le
SEI
lay
er
s
ca
n
p
r
ev
en
t
lith
iu
m
p
latin
g
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
cy
clin
g
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
elec
t
r
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
n
ick
el
-
r
ich
ca
th
o
d
es
an
d
s
il
ico
n
-
d
o
p
ed
an
o
d
es
ca
n
en
d
u
r
e
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
t
r
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
a
p
id
io
n
tr
an
s
f
er
d
u
r
in
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
On
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
to
n
o
v
el
m
ater
ials
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
elec
tr
o
ly
tes
an
d
h
ig
h
-
en
tr
o
p
y
allo
y
s
,
h
o
ld
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
4
.
2
.
Ada
ptiv
e
cha
r
g
ing
pro
t
o
co
ls
Sm
ar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
ess
p
lace
d
o
n
b
atter
ies
d
u
r
in
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
ese
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
SO
C
,
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
n
b
e
s
lo
wed
as
th
e
b
atter
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
,
m
i
n
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
v
er
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
[
2
9
]
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
b
ei
n
g
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
e
d
ict
o
p
ti
m
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
e
n
ab
l
in
g
a
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
ast ch
a
r
g
in
g
th
at
m
ax
im
izes lo
n
g
ev
it
y
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
p
ee
d
.
4
.
3
.
T
herm
a
l
m
a
na
g
em
ent
s
y
s
t
em
s
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
th
er
m
al
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
e
h
ea
t
g
en
e
r
ated
d
u
r
in
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
s
u
ch
as
liq
u
id
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
h
ase
-
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ials
,
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
d
is
s
ip
ate
h
ea
t
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
e
b
atter
y
with
in
its
o
p
tim
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
teg
r
ated
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el
h
ea
t
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
r
s
o
r
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
er
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
936
-
9
4
4
940
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
r
c
o
s
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
.
4
.
4
.
P
re
-
cha
rg
ing
co
nd
it
io
nin
g
Pre
-
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
b
ef
o
r
e
in
itiatin
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
itig
ate
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
is
k
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
war
m
in
g
a
b
atter
y
to
its
o
p
tim
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
in
c
o
ld
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
o
r
co
o
lin
g
it
in
h
o
t
clim
ates
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
ess
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
Pre
-
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
o
f
ten
in
te
g
r
ated
with
v
eh
icle
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
in
ter
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
is
p
r
im
e
d
f
o
r
ef
f
i
cien
t
an
d
s
af
e
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
in
tellig
en
t
p
r
e
-
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
ca
n
a
d
ap
t
to
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ag
e
an
d
h
ea
lth
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
tailo
r
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
e
x
ten
d
its
life
s
p
an
.
4
.
5
.
O
pti
m
izing
cha
rg
ing
inf
ra
s
t
ruct
ure
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
C
h
ar
g
er
s
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
d
eliv
e
r
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
th
at
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
b
atter
y
wea
r
.
Gr
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
in
te
llig
en
tl
y
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
p
ea
k
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
av
o
id
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
(
V
2
G)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
a
b
les
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
f
l
o
w,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
tab
ilize
th
e
g
r
id
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
atter
y
u
s
ag
e.
4
.
6
.
User
educa
t
io
n a
nd
beha
v
io
ra
l int
er
v
ent
io
ns
E
d
u
ca
tin
g
E
V
u
s
er
s
o
n
b
est
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
is
an
o
f
ten
-
o
v
er
lo
o
k
e
d
b
u
t
h
ig
h
ly
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
b
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
u
s
e
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ar
in
g
ly
,
r
eser
v
in
g
it
f
o
r
lo
n
g
tr
i
p
s
o
r
em
er
g
en
cies,
wh
ile
r
ely
in
g
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
d
aily
n
ee
d
s
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
h
a
b
its
,
s
u
ch
as
av
o
id
in
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
to
1
0
0
%
o
r
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
u
n
d
er
2
0
%,
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
.
Ve
h
icle
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
-
ap
p
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
,
u
s
er
m
a
n
u
al
s
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
au
to
m
a
k
er
s
,
b
atter
y
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
,
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
is
v
ital
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
o
lis
tic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Stan
d
ar
d
izin
g
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
p
o
w
er
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
5.
T
H
E
RO
L
E
O
F
ST
ANDA
R
DS A
ND
P
O
L
I
CI
E
S
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
f
as
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
o
licies
[
3
6
]
–
[
4
0
]
.
B
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
c
lear
g
u
id
elin
es
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
th
ey
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
f
ast
-
ch
an
g
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
v
o
lv
es
in
a
m
an
n
er
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
5
.
1
.
E
s
t
a
bli
s
hin
g
cha
rg
ing
s
t
a
nd
a
rds
Un
if
ied
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
m
p
at
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
E
V
m
o
d
els
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Stan
d
ar
d
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
(
C
C
S)
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
d
e
m
o
v
e
(
C
HAd
eM
O
)
h
av
e
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
f
ast
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
b
u
t
f
u
r
th
er
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
i
n
im
ize
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies.
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ca
n
m
an
d
ate
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
th
at
d
e
f
in
e
p
o
wer
lev
els,
co
n
n
ec
to
r
d
esig
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
ter
f
ac
es,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
g
lo
b
al
m
ar
k
ets.
5
.
2
.
Reg
ula
t
ing
cha
rg
ing
ra
t
es
Fas
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
u
b
jects
b
atter
ies
to
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
es,
wh
ich
ac
ce
ler
ate
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
ca
n
im
p
o
s
e
lim
its
o
n
m
ax
im
u
m
allo
wa
b
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
to
b
alan
ce
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
with
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
wh
ile
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tier
ed
ch
a
r
g
in
g
r
ates
b
ased
o
n
b
atter
y
ag
e
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
to
m
itig
ate
s
tr
ess
o
n
o
ld
er
b
atter
ies.
5
.
3
.
I
nc
ent
iv
izing
re
s
ea
rc
h a
nd
dev
elo
pm
ent
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
f
u
n
d
in
g
r
esear
c
h
in
t
o
ad
v
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Pu
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
c
an
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
n
ce
n
tiv
es
f
o
r
au
to
m
ak
er
s
an
d
b
atter
y
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
to
ad
o
p
t th
ese
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ca
n
d
r
iv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
wid
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
5
.
4
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
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Ap
p
l Sci
I
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N:
2252
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8
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1
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Th
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I
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I
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t J Ad
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Vo
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14
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No
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Sep
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:
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s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
f
o
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
m
it
i
g
a
ti
o
n
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
d
e
sig
n
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
d
rra
d
h
i
k
a
d
o
ra
.
e
e
e
@g
c
e
t.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
Th
a
n
ik
a
n
ti
S
u
d
h
a
k
a
r
Ba
b
u
is
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
C
h
a
it
a
n
y
a
Bh
a
ra
th
i
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(CBI
T)
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
.
Wi
th
a
P
h
.
D.
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
a
s
p
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
i
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
re
s
o
u
rc
e
s
,
h
e
b
rin
g
s
o
v
e
r
1
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
d
i
v
e
rse
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
sp
a
n
n
in
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia,
in
d
u
stry
,
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
.
H
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
6
6
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
re
p
u
ted
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
5
6
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
i
n
S
CI.
His
c
o
n
t
rib
u
ti
o
n
s
s
p
a
n
a
wid
e
a
rra
y
o
f
d
o
m
a
in
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
ri
th
m
s,
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
s,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
d
riv
e
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
is
re
c
o
g
n
ize
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
m
u
lt
i
p
le
a
wa
rd
s,
in
c
l
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
“
Yo
u
n
g
F
a
c
u
lt
y
i
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
2
0
1
8
”
b
y
Ve
n
u
s
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
v
e
ra
l
b
e
st
p
a
p
e
r
a
c
c
o
lad
e
s
a
t
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
S
u
d
h
a
k
a
rb
a
b
u
_
e
e
e
@c
b
it
.
a
c
.
in
.
Va
d
th
y
a
J
a
g
a
n
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
Tela
n
g
a
n
a
S
tate
,
In
d
ia,
in
1
9
8
5
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
C.
V.R
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
Tela
n
g
a
n
a
S
tate
,
i
n
2
0
0
7
,
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
Driv
e
s
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
fro
m
th
e
In
d
ian
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ro
o
r
k
e
e
,
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
1
1
.
F
ro
m
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
1
to
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
3
,
h
e
wo
rk
e
d
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
at
S
h
a
rd
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
G
re
a
ter No
id
a
,
Uttar P
ra
d
e
sh
.
Th
e
n
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
fro
m
th
e
I
n
d
ian
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
R
o
o
r
k
e
e
,
Uttara
k
h
a
n
d
,
In
d
ia
,
i
n
2
0
1
8
.
H
e
wo
rk
e
d
a
s
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
fro
m
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
8
to
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
2
3
at
Vi
g
n
a
n
a
Bh
a
ra
th
i
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(VBIT)
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
Tela
n
g
a
n
a
S
tate
,
In
d
ia.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
VBIT
si
n
c
e
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
th
e
RP
S
p
r
o
jec
t
t
it
led
“
An
a
ly
sis,
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
e
x
trem
e
-
b
o
o
st
q
u
a
si
Z
-
so
u
rc
e
in
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
”
sa
n
c
ti
o
n
e
d
b
y
AICTE.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
v
e
l
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
o
n
Z
-
so
u
rc
e
in
v
e
rters
,
a
n
d
DC
-
DC co
n
v
e
rters
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jag
a
n
.
ii
tr@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Va
r
ik
u
p
p
a
la
Ma
n
o
h
a
r
is p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
P
G
S
tu
d
e
n
t
i
n
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Dr.
P
a
u
l
Ra
j
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
In
d
ia.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
t
h
e
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
d
ip
l
o
m
a
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
fro
m
th
e
G
o
v
t
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
i
c
C
o
ll
e
g
e
.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
v
a
rio
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
He
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icle
at
T
e
e
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
o
h
a
rv
a
rik
u
p
p
a
la1
4
3
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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