I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
7
84
~
7
92
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
7
84
-
7
92
784
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sulphur
co
rros
io
n in tra
nsfo
rmer i
nsula
ting o
ils: it
s
eff
ec
ts,
detec
tion met
ho
ds, and
mitiga
tion
stra
tegies
Nur
I
zy
a
n H
us
ni
na
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ulk
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li
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Sh
a
rin A
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irul
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him
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nfo
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ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
24
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
May
22
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
8
,
2
0
2
5
Oil
-
imm
e
rse
d
tran
sfo
rm
e
rs
a
re
su
b
jec
ted
to
e
lec
tri
c
a
l,
th
e
r
m
a
l,
a
n
d
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
stre
ss
e
s
o
v
e
r
ti
m
e
,
w
h
ich
in
e
v
it
a
b
l
y
a
ffe
c
t
th
e
in
su
lati
n
g
o
i
l
a
n
d
p
a
p
e
r
in
su
lati
o
n
.
Th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
su
lp
h
u
r
c
o
rr
o
sio
n
a
lso
d
e
g
ra
d
e
s
th
e
in
su
lati
n
g
o
il
a
n
d
p
a
p
e
r
in
s
u
latio
n
.
S
u
l
p
h
u
r
c
o
rro
si
o
n
in
i
n
su
lati
n
g
o
il
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
re
v
a
len
t
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
y
e
a
rs,
a
s
it
c
u
lmi
n
a
tes
in
th
e
fa
il
u
re
o
f
o
il
-
imm
e
rse
d
tran
sfo
rm
e
rs.
Th
e
lo
n
g
e
v
it
y
o
f
o
il
-
imm
e
rse
d
tran
sf
o
rm
e
rs
is
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
in
teg
ri
ty
o
f
th
e
in
su
lati
n
g
o
il
a
n
d
p
a
p
e
r
in
su
lati
o
n
,
w
h
ic
h
c
a
n
d
e
terio
ra
te
o
win
g
t
o
su
lp
h
u
r
c
o
rr
o
sio
n
.
Th
e
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
su
l
p
h
id
e
(
Cu
2
S
)
c
a
n
re
su
lt
in
t
ra
n
sfo
rm
e
r
m
a
lfu
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
wh
ich
is
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
issu
e
fo
r
tra
n
sfo
rm
e
r
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
re
rs
a
n
d
o
p
e
ra
to
rs.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
a
c
o
n
c
ise
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
su
lp
h
u
r
c
o
rro
sio
n
,
it
s
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
it
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
.
It
is
b
e
li
e
v
e
d
th
a
t
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
wi
ll
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
su
l
p
h
u
r
c
o
rro
sio
n
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
i
ls,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
b
e
st
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
fo
r
su
lp
h
u
r
c
o
rro
sio
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
se
rv
e
a
s
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
tran
sfo
rm
e
r
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ad
d
itiv
es
An
tio
x
id
an
ts
E
lem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
Me
tal
p
ass
iv
ato
r
s
Su
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sh
ar
in
Ab
Gh
an
i
E
lectr
ical
Ass
et
C
o
n
d
itio
n
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
e
-
A
MCM)
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
it
i T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
Du
r
ian
T
u
n
g
g
al
-
7
6
1
0
0
,
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
s
h
ar
in
ag
@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
:
o
il
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
an
d
d
r
y
-
ty
p
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
ese
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
eir
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
]
.
Oil
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
elec
tr
icity
to
elec
tr
ical
s
u
b
s
t
atio
n
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
u
latin
g
o
i
l
tr
an
s
f
er
s
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
e
s
an
d
win
d
in
g
s
to
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
’
s
n
atu
r
ally
o
r
ar
tific
ia
lly
co
o
led
ex
ter
io
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
as
a
co
o
lin
g
m
e
d
iu
m
th
an
air
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
h
as
two
p
ar
ts
:
p
r
im
ar
y
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
m
in
o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
s
u
la
tio
n
is
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
r
e
an
d
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
win
d
in
g
s
,
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
win
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
.
Min
o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
c
o
v
er
s
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
tu
r
n
s
,
l
ay
er
s
,
lam
in
atio
n
s
,
j
o
in
ts
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
.
Kr
a
f
t
p
ap
er
is
u
s
ed
to
i
n
s
u
late
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Oil
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
ar
e
s
ev
er
ely
d
am
a
g
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
an
d
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
[7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Su
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
c
r
ea
tes
a
lo
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
p
ath
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ap
er
i
n
s
u
latio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
ten
tial
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
.
Dis
s
o
lv
ed
co
p
p
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
i
n
s
u
latin
g
o
il
,
wh
ile
co
p
p
er
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
c
an
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
in
s
u
l
atio
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer in
s
u
la
tin
g
o
ils
:
its
effec
ts
,
d
etec
tio
n
…
(
N
u
r
I
z
ya
n
Hu
s
n
i
n
a
Zu
lkefli
)
785
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
in
lar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
an
d
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
em
ain
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
an
d
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
u
latin
g
o
il
a
r
e
e
v
alu
ated
o
n
a
p
er
io
d
ic
b
asis
.
F
iltra
tio
n
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ca
n
s
o
m
etim
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
C
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
e
ca
n
s
ev
er
el
y
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
af
e
an
d
s
tab
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
o
il
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
o
f
co
p
p
er
win
d
in
g
f
ailu
r
e
s
d
u
e
to
s
u
l
p
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
.
Var
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ele
m
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
a
g
ein
g
p
er
io
d
[
9
]
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
t
h
e
k
r
af
t
p
ap
er
,
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
i
ls
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
n
ten
t
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
in
er
al
o
ils
(
T
MO
s
)
f
alls
with
in
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
-
0
.
5
0
0
%.
Su
lp
h
u
r
is
in
ten
tio
n
ally
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
T
MO
s
as
an
an
tio
x
id
an
t,
n
a
m
ely
d
ib
en
z
y
l
d
is
u
lp
h
id
e
(
DB
DS)
,
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
T
MO
s
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Ox
id
atio
n
an
d
c
o
p
p
e
r
d
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
b
ec
au
s
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
m
etal
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
o
ten
t
o
il
o
x
id
atio
n
ca
taly
s
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
is
s
u
e
was
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
d
eb
ated
i
n
1
9
5
8
.
T
h
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
c
o
p
p
e
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
ly
o
x
id
izin
g
o
ils
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
v
er
tim
e
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
is
ed
to
d
etec
t
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
i
n
T
MO
s
.
Ass
ess
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
is
cr
u
cial
to
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
c
au
s
es
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
is
ess
en
tial
as
ea
r
ly
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ev
er
e
d
am
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
tim
e
o
f
o
il
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Failu
r
e
o
f
co
p
p
er
win
d
in
g
s
in
o
il
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
d
u
e
to
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
[
9
]
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DS U
S
E
D
T
O
DE
T
E
CT
SUL
P
H
UR
CO
R
RO
SI
O
N
I
N
T
RAN
SFO
RM
E
R
M
I
NE
R
AL
O
I
L
S
I
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
o
v
er
lo
ad
o
r
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
in
in
-
s
er
v
ice
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
th
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
T
MO
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
an
tio
x
id
an
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
9
6
s
tan
d
a
r
d
,
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
e
r
m
is
s
ib
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
ils
is
5
p
p
m
.
C
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
ar
is
es
wh
en
s
u
lp
h
u
r
m
o
lecu
les
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
with
th
e
co
p
p
er
wir
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
s
u
lp
h
id
e
(
C
u
2
S).
T
h
e
Cu
2
S
p
en
etr
ates
an
d
d
eg
r
a
d
e
s
th
e
p
ap
er
in
s
u
latio
n
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
its
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
is
e
v
en
tu
ally
lead
s
t
o
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
il
in
s
u
latio
n
o
v
e
r
tim
e
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
MO
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
itial
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
task
is
ex
ec
u
ted
b
y
th
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
o
ar
e
i
n
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
T
MO
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Acc
eler
ated
ag
ein
g
test
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
wit
h
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Yan
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
DB
DS
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
o
n
co
p
p
e
r
af
ter
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
.
Activ
ated
alu
m
in
a,
m
o
lecu
lar
s
iev
e,
an
d
s
ilica
g
el
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
h
ib
ited
th
e
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
DB
DS
co
n
c
e
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
a
f
ter
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
D
B
DS
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
th
e
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
er
i
o
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
th
e
a
d
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
u
s
in
g
s
ilica
g
el.
Sil
ica
g
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
DB
DS
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
24
to
2
0
0
p
p
m
in
~4
8
h
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
DB
DS a
ctiv
ity
d
ec
r
ea
s
es a
f
ter
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
t
r
ea
tm
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sam
ar
asin
g
h
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
o
n
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
a
n
g
er
s
(
OL
T
C
s
)
ar
e
a
v
ital
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
o
n
t
h
e
O
L
T
C
tap
s
elec
to
r
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
elem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
,
m
o
is
tu
r
e
lev
els,
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
E
v
en
at
lo
w
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
elem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
to
s
ilv
er
,
an
d
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
h
ig
h
er
m
o
is
tu
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
OL
T
C
ca
n
f
ail
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
b
u
ild
-
u
p
o
f
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e.
C
o
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
s
u
ch
as
elem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
,
m
er
ca
p
ta
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
u
lp
h
id
es
r
ea
ct
with
th
e
s
ilv
er
co
atin
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
OL
T
C
tap
s
elec
to
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ilv
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
7
84
-
7
92
786
ato
m
ic
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
o
r
s
am
p
le
A
(
in
d
icatin
g
o
n
ly
s
ilv
er
)
a
n
d
s
am
p
le
C
(
in
d
icatin
g
b
o
t
h
s
ilv
er
an
d
co
p
p
e
r
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
th
at
th
e
r
ate
o
f
s
ilv
e
r
s
u
lp
h
id
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
p
p
er
.
Scan
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
-
e
n
er
g
y
-
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
x
-
r
ay
(
SEM
–
E
DX)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
s
3
,
wh
er
e
co
p
p
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
o
n
c
o
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
es
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
,
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
(
cl
u
m
p
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
(
d
e
n
d
r
ite
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
,
an
d
f
la
k
es
o
f
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
OL
T
C
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
lay
er
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
f
r
ictio
n
al
f
o
r
ce
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
f
lak
es
to
d
etac
h
an
d
m
ix
with
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
a
ctiv
ity
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
o
f
(
a
)
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
DB
DS in
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
af
ter
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
[
2
4
]
an
d
(
b
)
a
to
m
ic
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
ilv
er
-
on
-
s
ilv
er
m
etal
s
tr
ip
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
SEM
–
E
DX
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
[
2
5
]
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
al
y
zin
g
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
o
n
OL
T
C
b
y
u
s
in
g
SEM
–
E
D
X
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
o
f
(
a)
Cu
2
S
o
n
co
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
es
,
(
b
)
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
i
d
e
(
clu
m
p
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
,
(
c
)
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
(
d
en
d
r
ite
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
,
an
d
(
d
)
f
la
k
es o
f
s
ilv
er
s
u
lp
h
id
e
[
2
5
]
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
ST
UDI
E
S O
N
SUL
P
H
UR
CO
RRO
SI
O
N
I
N
T
RAN
SFO
RM
E
R
M
I
NE
R
AL
O
I
L
S
Ma
n
y
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
s
u
l
p
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
o
i
l
-
im
m
er
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
llectiv
ely
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
co
p
p
er
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
in
s
u
latio
n
d
e
g
r
ad
at
io
n
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
cts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
(
s
u
c
h
as
t
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e)
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ad
d
itiv
es,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
u
lp
h
u
r
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
in
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
mer in
s
u
la
tin
g
o
ils
:
its
effec
ts
,
d
etec
tio
n
…
(
N
u
r
I
z
ya
n
Hu
s
n
i
n
a
Zu
lkefli
)
787
s
tu
d
y
b
y
J
ab
er
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
,
q
u
alitativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
E
C
6
2
5
3
5
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
liq
u
id
–
liq
u
id
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
g
as
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
ap
h
y
–
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
liq
u
id
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
ap
h
y
(
GC
/HPLC)
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
an
tio
x
id
an
ts
2
,
6
-
D
i
-
ter
t
-
b
u
ty
l
-
p
-
cr
eso
l
(
DB
PC
)
an
d
2
,
6
-
D
i
-
ter
t
-
b
u
ty
l
p
h
e
n
o
l
(
DB
P)
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
m
etal
p
ass
iv
ato
r
b
en
zo
t
r
iazo
le
(
B
T
A)
an
d
c
o
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
DB
DS
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
wer
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
ew
T
MO
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
9
6
s
tan
d
a
r
d
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
ag
ed
at
1
5
0
°C
o
v
er
a
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
5
d
a
y
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
ac
ce
le
r
ated
ag
ein
g
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
liq
u
id
-
liq
u
id
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ap
p
e
ar
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
a
n
y
ad
d
itiv
es
th
at
r
em
ai
n
in
th
e
T
MO
,
an
d
it
is
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
f
r
ac
tio
n
s
as
lo
w
a
s
1
m
g
/L
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
of
d
i
s
s
o
lv
ed
co
p
p
e
r
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
tim
e
o
v
e
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
5
0
0
h
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
co
p
p
er
in
th
e
ad
d
itiv
e
-
f
r
ee
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
(
with
o
u
t
m
etal
p
ass
iv
ato
r
)
s
h
o
ws a
m
ar
k
e
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
r
esp
ec
t to
th
e
h
ea
t
in
g
tim
e.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
ly
s
elec
tiv
e
a
d
s
o
r
b
en
t
s
(
HSA)
to
r
em
o
v
e
elem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
[
3
3
]
.
A
k
in
etic
m
o
d
e
l
was
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
o
r
p
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
p
o
ten
t
ial
r
ate
-
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
tep
s
s
u
ch
as
m
as
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
r
aw
m
ater
ial
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
i
t
with
HSA.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
im
p
r
eg
n
at
in
g
th
e
r
aw
m
ate
r
ial
with
s
ilv
er
io
n
s
o
n
a
s
ilico
n
d
io
x
id
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
u
s
in
g
a
n
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
c
o
n
tain
in
g
am
m
o
n
ia
as
a
co
m
p
lex
in
g
ag
en
t
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ad
s
o
r
b
e
n
t
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
elem
en
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
an
d
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
(
in
cl
u
d
in
g
DB
DS)
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
e
o
il
r
etain
s
its
d
esira
b
le
q
u
alities
af
ter
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
m
ak
in
g
it su
itab
le
f
o
r
r
e
u
s
e
in
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
HSA
in
r
em
o
v
in
g
elem
e
n
tal
s
u
lp
h
u
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il,
b
ett
er
s
im
u
late
o
n
-
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
ab
n
o
r
m
al
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
(
1
1
0
k
V)
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
s
u
cc
ess
iv
ely
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
lp
h
u
r
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
a
b
u
s
h
in
g
m
o
d
el
at
1
3
0
°C
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
DB
DS
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
4
0
d
ay
s
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
r
ep
lic
ate
a
r
ea
l
-
life
b
u
s
h
in
g
m
o
d
el
b
y
tig
h
tly
win
d
in
g
a
co
p
p
er
r
o
d
with
f
iv
e
lay
er
s
o
f
p
ap
er
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
o
n
e
lay
e
r
o
f
alu
m
in
iu
m
f
o
il.
T
o
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
co
p
p
e
r
r
o
d
was w
r
ap
p
ed
with
two
lay
er
s
o
f
alu
m
in
i
u
m
f
o
il a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ed
with
a
co
tto
n
th
r
ea
d
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
r
ee
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
s
tep
s
.
First,
th
e
p
a
p
er
in
s
u
latio
n
a
n
d
T
MO
wer
e
d
r
ied
at
9
0
°C
an
d
5
0
Pa
f
o
r
4
8
h
.
Seco
n
d
,
DB
DS
was
ad
d
ed
in
to
th
e
T
MO
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
s
,
th
e
T
MO
a
n
d
p
ap
er
in
s
u
latio
n
wer
e
m
ix
ed
an
d
p
lace
d
in
co
n
tain
e
r
s
at
4
0
°C
an
d
5
0
Pa
f
o
r
2
4
h
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
tain
er
s
wer
e
h
er
m
etica
lly
s
ea
led
an
d
p
lace
d
in
a
v
ac
u
u
m
c
h
am
b
er
at
1
3
0
°C
an
d
5
0
Pa
f
o
r
7
-
4
0
d
ay
s
.
Dis
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
en
a
n
d
co
p
p
er
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
Cu
2
S
.
Sin
ce
Cu
2
S
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ea
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
c
o
p
p
er
an
d
DB
DS,
a
h
ig
h
e
r
o
x
y
g
e
n
co
n
ten
t
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
at
e
its
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
c
o
p
p
e
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
i
n
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il.
No
ch
an
g
es
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
e
r
m
al
ag
ein
g
test
at
1
4
0
°C
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
c
o
il
win
d
in
g
s
,
ea
ch
wi
th
a
len
g
t
h
,
th
ick
n
ess
,
an
d
wi
d
th
o
f
1
6
,
0
.
2
,
a
n
d
1
.
4
cm
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
co
il
win
d
in
g
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
e
ctio
n
was
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
p
iece
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
1
0
cm
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
was
a
3
cm
b
en
t
p
o
r
tio
n
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
a
n
g
le
o
f
3
0
°
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
[
4
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
ac
tiv
ity
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
il
o
f
(
a
)
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
c
o
p
p
er
le
v
els in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
air
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
[
3
2
]
an
d
(
b
)
ef
f
ec
ts
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