I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
~
6
9
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v14.
i
3
.
pp
682
-
6
9
2
682
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Self
-
d
ev
elo
pment
mo
dera
tes t
h
e im
pa
ct
o
f
dig
ital
lit
e
ra
cy
and
talent on
huma
n
error
Achm
a
d
M
irza
1
,
I
s
n
urha
di
I
s
nu
rha
d
i
2
,
M
u
ha
m
m
a
d
I
chs
a
n
H
a
djr
i
2
1
D
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
P
r
o
g
r
a
m i
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
of
E
c
o
n
o
mi
c
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
S
r
i
w
i
j
a
y
a
,
P
a
l
e
mb
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
of
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
S
r
i
w
i
j
a
y
a
,
P
a
l
e
mb
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
1
4
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
8
,
2
0
2
5
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
p
u
b
li
c
se
rv
ice
s
a
re
imp
o
rtan
t
f
o
r
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
s
a
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
re
d
i
b
il
it
y
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
to
e
x
p
lo
re
t
h
e
in
flu
e
n
c
e
of
d
ig
it
a
l
l
it
e
ra
c
y
,
u
n
d
e
ru
ti
li
z
e
d
tale
n
t,
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
e
rro
r
on
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
of
p
u
b
li
c
se
rv
ice
s,
wit
h
se
lf
-
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
v
a
ria
b
le.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
wit
h
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s
o
f
th
e
Trad
e
Offic
e
o
f
S
o
u
th
S
u
m
a
tra
P
ro
v
i
n
c
e
.
Th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
u
se
d
wa
s
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis,
wh
ich
wa
s
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
u
sin
g
p
a
rti
a
l
le
a
st
sq
u
a
re
s
str
u
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(P
LS
-
S
E
M
).
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
of
th
is
stu
d
y
sh
o
w
th
a
t
d
ig
i
tal
li
tera
c
y
a
n
d
se
lf
-
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
lay
an
imp
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
re
d
u
c
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
e
rro
r
a
n
d
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
of
p
u
b
li
c
s
e
rv
ice
s.
Th
e
se
fi
n
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
p
u
b
li
c
se
c
to
r,
fo
c
u
sin
g
on
im
p
ro
v
in
g
d
ig
it
a
l
li
tera
c
y
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
se
lf
-
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital liter
ac
y
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
Ser
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
Un
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
ts
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC
BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ach
m
ad
Mir
za
Do
cto
r
al
Pro
g
r
a
m
in
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t Scie
n
ce
,
Facu
lty
of
E
co
n
o
m
ics,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Sriwijay
a
Palem
b
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
0
1
0
2
3
6
2
2
2
2
7
0
0
2
@
s
tu
d
en
t.u
n
s
r
i.a
c.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Pu
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
h
av
e
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
b
asic
s
er
v
ices
n
ee
d
ed
by
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
of
life
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ef
lects
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
of
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
but
also
b
u
ild
s
p
u
b
lic
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
p
r
ac
tice,
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
d
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
lim
it
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
,
talen
ts
th
at
ar
e
not
u
tili
ze
d
o
p
tim
ally
,
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
.
Un
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
t
alen
t
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
'
s
s
co
p
e
can
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
talen
ts
an
d
s
k
ills
of
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
ex
is
tin
g
talen
t
is
not
o
p
tim
ized
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
ten
tial
t
h
at
can
be
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
ca
n
be
m
is
s
ed
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
h
ar
m
o
n
ize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
of
in
d
iv
id
u
al
talen
ts
wi
th
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ev
er
y
em
p
lo
y
ee
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
o
p
tim
ally
in
th
is
d
ig
ital
er
a
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
g
ap
am
o
n
g
civ
il
s
er
v
an
ts
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ier
to
d
i
g
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
Desp
ite
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
eq
u
ip
civ
il
s
er
v
an
ts
with
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
l
ac
k
of
willin
g
n
ess
to
lear
n
an
d
s
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Maj
or
o
b
s
tacle
s
ar
e
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
of
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
in
d
ig
ital
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
u
n
ev
e
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ar
e
ex
ac
er
b
ated
by
a
la
ck
of
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
cr
itical
g
ap
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
w
ith
in
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
a
tten
tio
n
to
d
ig
ital
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
men
t m
o
d
era
tes th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
ta
len
t
o
n
h
u
ma
n
err
o
r
(
A
ch
ma
d
Mir
z
a
)
683
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
s
,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
how
u
n
tap
p
e
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
o
te
n
tial
(
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t)
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
of
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
s
h
in
d
er
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
o
le
of
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
er
at
o
r
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
ese
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
r
em
ain
s
u
n
clea
r
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
licitly
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
ese
is
s
u
es
wi
th
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
th
e
T
r
a
d
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
So
u
t
h
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
h
as
a
f
f
e
c
ted
how
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
s
e
r
v
i
c
es
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
can
now
u
s
e
a
v
a
r
i
et
y
of
t
o
o
l
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
to
s
p
e
e
d
up
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
l
i
ta
t
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
es
.
S
u
c
h
as
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
to
m
a
k
e
it
e
a
s
i
e
r
f
o
r
p
e
o
p
l
e
to
m
a
k
e
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
or
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
In
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
ia
h
as
a
ls
o
h
a
d
an
i
m
p
a
c
t
on
t
h
e
way
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
e
r
v
i
ce
s
.
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
is
now
p
a
y
i
n
g
more
a
tt
en
t
i
o
n
to
v
a
l
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
it
y
,
so
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
t
i
o
n
s
m
u
s
t
be
a
b
l
e
to
t
a
i
l
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
s
e
r
v
i
c
es
to
m
a
t
c
h
t
h
o
s
e
v
al
u
e
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
li
t
e
r
ac
y
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
to
e
n
a
b
l
e
b
u
r
e
a
u
c
r
a
t
i
c
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
e
c
is
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
es
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
th
in
g
f
o
r
b
u
r
ea
u
c
r
atic
lead
er
s
to
be
ab
le
to
lead
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
well
an
d
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
th
e
ev
er
-
e
v
o
l
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
er
a
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Di
g
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
al
s
o
allo
w
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
lead
er
s
to
o
b
tain
a
n
d
a
n
aly
z
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
an
d
q
u
ick
ly
so
th
at
th
ey
can
m
a
k
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
L
ac
k
of
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
can
lead
to
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
in
p
u
t
er
r
o
r
s
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
er
r
o
r
s
,
or
m
is
tak
es
in
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
on
in
co
r
r
ec
t
or
in
co
m
p
lete
d
ata.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
till
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
at
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
o
l
e
of
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
ar
ia
b
le
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
as
not
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
can
o
cc
u
r
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tex
ts
,
b
o
th
in
d
aily
life
,
wo
r
k
,
an
d
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
of
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
[
2
8
]
.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
ca
n
h
a
v
e
a
b
ig
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
on
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
can
lead
to
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
of
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
s
er
v
ice,
s
u
ch
as
d
elay
s
,
d
ef
ec
ts
in
p
r
o
d
u
cts
or
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
,
a
n
d
ev
e
n
ac
cid
e
n
ts
th
at
th
r
ea
ten
t
h
e
s
af
ety
of
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
No
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
or
p
o
licies
can
also
h
u
r
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
can
r
esu
lt
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
q
u
ality
of
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
or
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
d
af
f
ec
t
cu
s
to
m
e
r
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
or
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
In
a
d
d
itio
n
,
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
ca
n
also
af
f
ec
t
em
p
lo
y
e
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
if
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
f
i
x
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
r
is
k
of
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
s
k
ills
in
f
o
llo
win
g
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
p
o
licies
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Pu
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
eo
p
le'
s
q
u
ality
of
life
,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
of
th
ese
s
er
v
ices
is
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
th
er
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
e
r
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
do
not
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
how
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
also
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le.
Mo
s
t
ex
i
s
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ten
d
to
f
o
cu
s
on
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
k
ills
tr
ain
in
g
,
b
u
t
f
ew
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
at
g
ap
by
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
how
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
ew
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
by
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
how
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
can
a
f
f
ec
t
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices,
as
well
as
how
s
el
f
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
can
m
o
d
er
ate
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ag
e
n
ci
es
in
So
u
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
ich
h
as
not
b
ee
n
wid
ely
r
esear
ch
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
ef
f
ec
ts
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
on
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
how
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
how
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
co
llectiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
co
n
tex
t.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
e
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
(
T
PB
)
s
tates
th
at
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
b
eh
av
io
r
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
by
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
b
eh
av
e,
w
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
of
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
[
3
8
]
.
In
th
i
s
co
n
tex
t,
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
em
p
lo
y
ee
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices,
wh
ich
can
u
ltima
tely
r
ed
u
ce
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
e
d
ac
tio
n
(
T
R
A)
st
ates
th
at
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ac
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
by
s
u
b
jecti
v
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
n
o
r
m
s
[
3
9
]
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
can
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
of
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
wh
ile
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
can
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
u
b
jectiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
682
-
6
9
2
684
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
u
s
e
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
(T
AM
)
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
by
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
of
ea
s
e
of
u
s
e
an
d
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
of
u
s
ab
ilit
y
[
4
0
]
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
can
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
of
ea
s
e
of
u
s
e
of
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
can
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
of
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
of
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
r
ef
e
r
s
to
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Hig
h
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
allo
ws
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
o
p
er
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
of
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Un
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
s
k
ills
of
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
to
th
ei
r
f
u
ll
p
o
t
en
tial
in
th
eir
jo
b
s
.
Op
tim
al
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
talen
t
c
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
can
be
ca
u
s
ed
by
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
lack
of
tr
ain
in
g
,
lim
ited
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
a
n
d
a
lack
of
talen
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
R
e
d
u
cin
g
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
is
t
h
e
k
e
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ic
es.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
by
wh
ich
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
r
ef
in
e
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
r
ea
ch
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial.
In
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
of
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
in
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice,
r
e
d
u
ce
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
of
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
on
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
with
an
em
p
h
asis
on
th
e
r
o
le
of
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
er
atio
n
v
ar
ia
b
le.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
s
tatem
en
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ate
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
k
ills
or
talen
ts
in
th
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
er
v
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
of
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
test
ed
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
can
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
of
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
R
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
by
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
tale
n
t
can
be
r
e
d
u
ce
d
,
allo
win
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
m
ak
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
t
h
e
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
by
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
tal
en
ts
th
at
m
ay
be
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
how
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
af
f
ec
ts
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
as
well
as
d
etailin
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
of
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
th
ese
im
p
ac
ts
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
ticip
ate
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
an
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
of
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
em
p
lo
y
ee
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
of
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
m
ain
v
ar
ia
b
les
of
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
se
r
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
with
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
tin
g
as
a
m
o
d
er
atio
n
v
ar
ia
b
le
th
at
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
s
er
v
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
B
ased
on
th
e
r
e
v
iew
of
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
as
we
ll
as
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
c
h
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
as
in
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les,
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
as
a
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
with
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
er
ati
o
n
v
a
r
iab
le,
t
h
en
em
p
ir
ically
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
of
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
R
esear
ch
th
in
k
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
men
t m
o
d
era
tes th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
ta
len
t
o
n
h
u
ma
n
err
o
r
(
A
ch
ma
d
Mir
z
a
)
685
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
s
u
r
v
ey
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
at
th
e
T
r
ad
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
So
u
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ts
of
all
s
tate
civ
il
ap
p
ar
atu
s
(
SC
A)
wh
o
wo
r
k
at
th
e
T
r
ad
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
So
u
t
h
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
in
ce
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
was
tak
en
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
b
ased
on
ce
r
tain
cr
iter
ia
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
m
ain
v
ar
iab
les
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
n
am
ely
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
a
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
a
d
ap
ted
a
well
-
test
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
s
am
p
les
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
207
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
e
p
r
ese
n
tativ
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
of
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
Data
was
co
llected
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
co
m
p
iled
b
ased
on
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
,
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
ts
of
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
each
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
e
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
le.
i)
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
:
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
ca
le
th
at
as
s
es
s
es
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ea
r
ch
,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
ii)
Un
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
:
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
ca
le
th
at
ass
ess
es
t
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
an
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
'
s
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
s
k
ills
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
.
iii)
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
:
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ca
le
th
at
ass
es
s
es
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
ty
p
e
of
m
is
tak
es
m
ad
e
by
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
out
th
ei
r
d
u
ties
.
iv
)
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
:
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
ca
le
th
at
ass
ess
es
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
'
in
itiativ
es
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
v)
Ser
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
:
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ca
le
th
at
ass
ess
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
by
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
of
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
can
be
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
ab
le
1.
Var
iab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ef
in
itio
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
A
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
U
n
d
e
r
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
t
a
l
e
n
t
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
s
k
i
l
l
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
H
u
ma
n
e
r
r
o
r
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
of
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
r
r
o
r
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
S
e
l
f
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
f
o
r
s
k
i
l
l
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
men
t
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
p
u
b
l
i
c
ser
v
i
c
e
s
[
6
]
,
[
2
0
]
T
h
e
d
ata
was
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
of
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
talen
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
que
s
tio
n
n
air
e
is
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ef
er
to
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
l
is
h
ed
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
liter
atu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
d
escr
ib
ed
by
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
s
o
cial
an
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
al
r
esear
c
h
.
By
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
d
ata
co
llectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices
in
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
:
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
,
wh
ich
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
test
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els
with
m
u
l
tip
le
laten
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
in
d
icato
r
s
,
as
well
as
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
h
a
n
d
le
non
-
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
test
in
g
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
to
test
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
ts
,
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Mo
d
er
atio
n
test
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
s
ee
th
e
r
o
le
of
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
m
o
d
er
a
tin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
of
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
e:
i)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
test
in
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
of
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
,
an
d
ii)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
test
in
g
to
test
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
with
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
v
ar
iab
le.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics
of
re
s
po
nd
ent
s
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
ed
was
th
e
S
C
A
of
th
e
T
r
ad
e
O
f
f
ice
o
f
So
u
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
wh
ich
am
o
u
n
ted
to
2
0
7
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
es
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
co
n
s
is
ted
of
v
ar
io
u
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
e
r
,
ag
e,
wo
r
k
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
,
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
jo
b
titl
e.
Ma
le
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
n
u
m
b
e
r
ed
86
or
4
2
%,
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
682
-
6
9
2
686
121
or
5
8
%.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
ed
55
-
60
y
ea
r
s
wer
e
24
p
eo
p
le
(
1
1
.
7
%),
31
p
eo
p
le
ag
ed
45
-
54
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
1
5
%),
69
p
e
o
p
le
a
g
ed
35
-
44
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
3
3
.
3
%),
43
p
eo
p
le
ag
e
d
30
-
34
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
2
0
.
7
%),
an
d
th
e
r
est
ag
e
d
<3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
40
p
eo
p
le
(
1
9
.
3
%).
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
d
o
cto
r
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
S3
)
as
m
a
n
y
as
1
or
0
.
5
%,
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
S2
)
as
m
an
y
as
76
or
3
6
.
8
%,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
b
ac
h
elo
r
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
m
an
y
as
92
or
4
4
.
4
%,
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
a
d
ip
lo
m
a
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
D3
)
as
m
an
y
as
14
or
6
.
7
%,
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l/v
o
ca
tio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
as
m
u
ch
as
24
or
1
1
.
6
%.
4
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del
a
na
ly
s
is
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
test
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
on
each
in
d
icato
r
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
ar
ia
b
le.
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
er
e
was
no
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
v
alu
e
of
<0
.
7
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
with
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
R
el
iab
il
ity
on
b
o
th
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
an
d
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
all
in
d
icato
r
s
in
all
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
good
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
,
so
th
ey
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
can
be
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
,
or
C
FA
,
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
with
Sm
ar
tPLS
-
4
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2,
w
h
er
e
all
in
d
icato
r
s
in
each
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
alu
e
,
wh
ic
h
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
,
so
th
at
it
can
be
s
aid
to
be
v
alid
.
Ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
of
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
of
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
can
be
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
in
th
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
tab
le
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
of
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
an
d
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
is
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
ll m
o
d
els
T
ab
le
2.
Dir
ec
t
in
f
l
u
en
ce
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
a
mp
l
e
(O)
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
→
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
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Ap
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N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
men
t m
o
d
era
tes th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
ta
len
t
o
n
h
u
ma
n
err
o
r
(
A
ch
ma
d
Mir
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a
)
687
T
h
e
p
at
h
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
s
h
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wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
ca
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e
s
ee
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v
a
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o
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ig
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al
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le.
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h
is
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iv
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er
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ice
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ad
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er
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ice
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tiv
en
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Ou
r
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
ev
e
r
al
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
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p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
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h
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ican
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,
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I
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ter
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ly
,
s
elf
-
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p
m
en
t
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
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e
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d
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ital
liter
ac
y
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d
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ice
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elf
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ev
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m
e
n
t
en
h
an
c
es
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
n
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
ex
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
an
d
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les is
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
m
o
d
er
at
io
n
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
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v
a
r
i
a
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O
r
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g
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a
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s
a
mp
l
e
(O)
P
v
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l
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s
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f
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4
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H
u
ma
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4
B
ased
o
n
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a
b
le
3
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
el
f
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
b
y
0
.
0
7
8
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
n
s
er
v
ic
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
e
r
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
e
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
Mo
d
er
at
io
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
tale
n
t
h
ar
m
e
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
b
y
-
0
.
0
4
5
.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
d
id
n
o
t
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
s
tr
o
n
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
af
f
ec
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
Mo
d
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
0
.
0
6
2
.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
also
d
id
n
o
t
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
h
u
m
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
n
o
t
s
tr
o
n
g
en
o
u
g
h
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
o
n
s
er
v
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
[
3
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
tal
en
t
s
h
o
ws
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
th
an
ex
p
ec
t
ed
,
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
4
2
]
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
o
ten
ti
al
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
c
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
atig
u
e
o
r
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icatin
g
d
ig
ita
l
liter
ac
y
'
s
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
id
e
n
tifie
d
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
2
]
,
o
u
r
r
esu
lt
s
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ig
h
t
m
itig
ate
t
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
c
o
n
tr
ast
with
ea
r
lie
r
r
esear
ch
,
w
h
ich
ty
p
ically
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
er
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
m
ig
h
t
i
n
d
icat
e
u
n
iq
u
e
r
esil
ien
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
u
f
f
er
s
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
s
tu
d
ie
d
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
t
ilized
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
on
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
with
s
e
lf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
a
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
v
a
r
iab
le.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ew
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
til
ized
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
ills
th
is
g
ap
by
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
h
o
w
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
a
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices
in
th
is
d
ig
ital
er
a.
R
ad
o
v
an
o
v
ić
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
s
tated
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
A
g
o
o
d
lev
el
of
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
can
h
elp
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
by
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
can
u
s
e
th
e
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
,
wh
ile
th
e
u
s
e
of
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
can
h
elp
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
682
-
6
9
2
688
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
or
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
b
etter
m
ee
t
cu
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
1
]
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
il
ls
ar
e
b
etter
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
s
er
v
ice
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
.
Un
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
wh
ich
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ate
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
s
k
ill
s
or
talen
ts
in
th
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
on
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices
[
6
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
can
lead
to
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
ten
tial
of
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
is
not
o
p
tim
ized
,
h
in
d
er
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
c
r
ea
tiv
e
id
ea
s
a
r
e
not
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
ated
,
an
d
ca
u
s
e
em
p
lo
y
e
e
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
can
af
f
ec
t
m
o
r
ale
an
d
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
to
q
u
ality
s
er
v
ice
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
W
h
at'
s
m
o
r
e,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
can
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
p
ec
ialized
s
k
ills
ar
e
not
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
d
,
cr
ea
tin
g
co
m
p
eten
c
y
g
ap
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
waste
of
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
To
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
can
i
m
p
lem
en
t
r
eg
u
la
r
talen
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
em
p
lo
y
ee
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
talen
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
th
eir
talen
t
[
3
7
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
be
twee
n
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
of
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
esp
ec
ially
r
elat
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
or
task
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
can
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
of
s
er
v
ice
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
k
in
d
of
er
r
o
r
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
l
o
s
s
es
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
an
d
d
am
ag
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
of
th
e
s
er
v
ice.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
also
cr
ea
tes
un
ce
r
tai
n
ty
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
an
x
iety
a
b
o
u
t
s
er
v
ice
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
2
8
]
.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
c
an
also
be
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
can
lear
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
ch
m
is
tak
es
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ch
an
g
es
in
p
r
o
c
ess
es,
tr
ain
in
g
,
or
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
s
im
ilar
m
is
tak
es
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
W
ith
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
tr
ain
in
g
,
g
o
o
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
of
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
s
can
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
of
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
th
at
can
in
t
er
f
er
e
with
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
wh
ile
s
tim
u
latin
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
c
ar
ef
u
l
m
an
ag
em
en
t
of
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
0
.
0
7
8
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
of
0
.
0
1
4
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ir
ec
tly
by
0
.
4
9
9
with
a
p
-
v
alu
e
of
0
.
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
ac
ts
as
a
q
u
asi
-
m
o
d
er
ato
r
(
Ps
eu
d
o
-
m
o
d
er
atio
n
)
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
er
atio
n
v
ar
iab
le
d
o
es
not
c
h
an
g
e
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
of
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
th
e
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
v
ar
iab
le
,
but
o
n
l
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
or
wea
k
en
s
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
c
an
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
of
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
on
se
r
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
W
h
en
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
k
ills
an
d
talen
ts
,
th
is
can
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
of
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
talen
ts
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
By
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
b
ein
g
b
etter
ab
le
to
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
task
s
g
iv
en
,
f
illi
n
g
s
k
ill
g
ap
s
,
an
d
m
ak
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
5
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
can
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
of
s
er
v
ice
by
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
ls
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
wh
en
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
f
ee
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
th
is
can
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
of
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
.
It
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
how
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
can
cr
e
ate
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
wh
er
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
can
r
esp
o
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
p
o
ten
tia
l
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
[
6
2
]
,
[
6
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
not
o
n
ly
a
s
tep
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
k
ills
but
also
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
v
a
r
iab
le
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
o
p
tim
ize
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
,
u
ltima
tely
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
th
e
m
in
is
tr
y
as
a
w
h
o
le.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
li
es
in
ex
p
licitly
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
ef
f
ec
ts
of
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
on
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
by
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
lar
g
e
ly
ex
am
in
e
d
th
ese
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
is
o
latio
n
with
o
u
t
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
how
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
ig
h
t
alter
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
by
em
p
ir
ically
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
of
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
but
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
itig
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
of
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
ese
n
u
an
ce
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
al
u
ab
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
i
es
in
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
wh
o
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
d
ig
ita
l
liter
ac
y
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
icien
cy
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
wh
er
e
em
p
lo
y
e
es
wh
o
f
ee
l
th
at
th
eir
s
k
ills
a
r
e
n
o
t
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
o
p
tim
ally
t
en
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
less
th
an
o
p
tim
al
s
er
v
ices.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
s
h
o
wn
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
d
id
not
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
in
m
o
d
er
a
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
or
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
on
s
er
v
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
s
ev
e
r
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
by
[
3
6
]
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
at
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
can
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ic
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
te
n
d
s
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
by
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
can
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
s
er
v
ice
q
u
al
ity
,
wh
ich
h
as
not
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
co
n
te
x
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
on
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ar
e
also
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
men
t m
o
d
era
tes th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
a
n
d
ta
len
t
o
n
h
u
ma
n
err
o
r
(
A
ch
ma
d
Mir
z
a
)
689
with
r
esear
ch
[
5
7
]
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
en
h
an
cin
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
k
ills
can
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
d
id
not
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
in
m
o
d
er
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
,
wh
ich
d
if
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
of
s
ev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
can
r
e
d
u
ce
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al
er
r
o
r
s
[
2
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
be
n
o
ted
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
on
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
of
th
e
T
r
a
d
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
So
u
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
in
ce
,
wh
i
ch
m
ay
not
be
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
of
th
e
en
tire
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
.
In
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
w
er
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al,
wh
ich
d
o
es
not
allo
w
f
o
r
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
to
be
d
r
aw
n
.
F
u
tu
r
e
l
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
m
a
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
of
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
of
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
th
e
T
r
ad
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
So
u
th
Su
m
at
r
a
Pro
v
in
ce
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
r
e
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
n
atu
r
e
of
th
e
d
ata
lim
its
our
a
b
ilit
y
to
in
f
er
ca
u
s
ality
co
n
clu
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
of
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
in
clu
d
in
g
b
r
o
a
d
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
am
p
les
to
en
h
an
ce
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
ca
u
s
al
in
f
e
r
en
ce
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
on
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
E
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
with
a
good
lev
el
of
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ten
d
to
be
ab
le
to
ca
r
r
y
out
th
e
ir
d
u
ties
more
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
er
r
o
r
r
ates
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
er
v
ice
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
.
Un
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
wh
o
f
ee
l
th
at
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
ar
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
u
ti
lized
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
less
th
an
o
p
tim
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
u
r
t
th
e
q
u
ality
of
th
e
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Hu
m
an
er
r
o
r
n
eg
ativ
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
s
er
v
ices.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
m
is
tak
es,
wh
eth
er
d
u
e
to
lack
of
a
tten
tio
n
,
f
atig
u
e
,
or
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
can
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
q
u
ality
of
s
er
v
ic
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Self
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
was
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
E
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
wh
o
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
in
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ten
d
to
be
b
etter
a
b
le
to
u
ti
lize
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
d
id
not
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
a
te
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
in
ter
m
s
of
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
In
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
W
h
ile
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
talen
t
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ir
ec
tly
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
r
o
le
of
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
can
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ef
in
itiv
e
p
r
o
o
f
of
th
e
v
al
u
e
of
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
an
k
y
o
u
to
all
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
at
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
in
ce
,
esp
ec
i
ally
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
no
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
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[
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