I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
793
~
803
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v14.
i
3
.
pp793
-
803
793
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
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.c
om
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o
-
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i
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n
d
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ab
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h
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e
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m
m
a S
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t
r
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E
d
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at
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at
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H
ar
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on
o
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e
pa
r
t
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e
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of
C
he
m
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ngi
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i
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F
a
c
ul
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ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y of
S
u
r
a
ba
ya
, S
ur
a
ba
ya
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ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
S
e
p 16, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
M
a
y 23, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
un 8, 2025
Asphalt,
a
crucial
component
of
transporta
tion
infrastruc
ture,
particul
arly
in
regions
with
high
traffic
loads
and
extreme
clim
ates,
often
l
ac
ks
the
necessary
elasticity,
strength,
and
durability.
Various
asphalt
modifier
s
have
been
explored,
but
many
struggle
with
cost,
thermal
stability
,
and
environm
ental
impact.
This
study,
however,
investi
gates
maleic
-
m
odified
rosin ester,
a gum rosi
n derivativ
e,
as a sust
ainable
and cost
-
effective
asphalt
modifier.
The
base
asphalt
was
heated
to
150
-
190
°
C,
sheared
at
10
0
rpm,
and
combined
with
4
-
20%
maleic
rosin
ester
and
sulfur.
The
m
odified
asphalt
was
subjected
to
tests,
includi
ng
penetrati
on,
softenin
g
point,
ductility,
density,
kinematic
viscosity,
Fourier
transform
infrare
d
(
FTIR),
and
dynamic
shear
rheometer
(DSR)
tests.
The
results
are
promising,
showing
that
maleic
rosin
ester
enhances
penetration
resistan
c
e
and
softening
points
while
maintaining
ductility
and
viscosity
within
acc
eptable
limits.
Chemical
analysis
confirmed
improved
adhesion,
crosslinkin
g,
and
thermal
stability,
making
the
mod
ified
asphalt
mor
e
deformation
-
re
sistant.
This
suggests
that
maleic
-
modified
rosin
ester
is
a
viable
alternat
ive
to
synthetic
polymers,
offering
improved
durability
and
sustainabilit
y.
The
enhanced
durabili
ty
of
the
modifi
ed
asphalt
provides
confidence
in
its
long
-
term
performance,
making
it
a
reliable
choice
for
transpo
rtation
infrastruc
ture.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
s
pha
lt
pe
n 60/70
M
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
M
odi
f
ie
d a
s
pha
lt
P
e
ne
tr
a
ti
on
S
of
te
ni
ng point
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g
A
u
th
or
:
E
m
m
a
S
a
vi
tr
i
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
he
m
ic
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g,
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y of
S
ur
a
ba
ya
R
a
ya
K
a
li
r
ungkut, T
e
nggi
li
s
, S
ur
a
ba
y
a
60290, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
s
a
vi
tr
i_
m
a
@
s
ta
f
f
.uba
ya
.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
r
a
pi
d
popula
ti
on
gr
ow
th
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
e
xpa
n
s
io
n
in
I
ndone
s
ia
a
nd
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
ot
he
r
A
s
ia
n
c
ount
r
ie
s
ha
ve
le
d
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
r
ow
di
ng,
w
hi
c
h,
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
it
h
th
e
hi
gh
vol
um
e
o
f
la
nd
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on,
ha
s
r
e
s
ul
te
d
in
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
pa
ve
m
e
nt
is
s
ue
s
.
T
he
e
xt
r
e
m
e
e
qua
to
r
ia
l
c
li
m
a
te
,
in
di
c
a
te
d
by
h
ig
h
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
a
nd
in
te
ns
e
r
a
in
f
a
ll
,
ha
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
th
e
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
of
r
oa
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
a
s
pha
lt
pa
ve
m
e
nt
f
a
il
ur
e
s
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
is
s
ue
.
C
om
m
on
ty
pe
s
of
r
oa
d
f
a
il
ur
e
s
in
c
lu
de
r
ut
ti
ng
due
to
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
a
ds
,
f
a
ti
gue
c
r
a
c
ki
ng
f
r
om
c
yc
li
c
s
tr
e
s
s
,
a
nd
th
e
r
m
a
l
c
r
a
c
ki
ng
due
to
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
f
lu
c
tu
a
ti
ons
[
1]
.
T
he
s
e
i
s
s
ue
s
le
a
d
to
hi
gh
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
c
o
s
ts
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nt
r
e
pa
ir
s
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
e
c
onomi
c
bur
de
ns
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
na
ti
ons
.
C
on
s
e
que
nt
ly
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
a
nd
hi
gh
-
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
th
a
t
c
a
n e
nha
nc
e
r
oa
d dur
a
bi
li
ty
unde
r
s
e
v
e
r
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
a
n
d l
oa
di
ng c
ondi
ti
ons
[
2]
–
[
5]
.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
m
odi
f
yi
ng
a
s
pha
lt
w
it
h
a
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
s
ub
s
ta
nc
e
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
lo
nge
vi
ty
of
a
s
pha
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
a
nd,
c
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
a
s
pha
lt
pa
ve
m
e
nt
s
to
pr
e
ve
nt
r
oa
d
pa
ve
m
e
nt
f
a
il
ur
e
.
V
a
r
io
us
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
xpl
or
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
ir
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
a
lt
e
r
in
g
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
bi
nde
r
w
it
h
s
ynt
he
ti
c
pol
ym
e
r
s
or
c
he
m
ic
a
l
s
[
6]
–
[
10]
,
in
c
or
por
a
ti
ng
c
r
um
b
r
ubbe
r
[
11]
,
f
ib
e
r
s
[
12]
,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
793
-
803
794
bi
om
a
s
s
-
de
r
iv
e
d
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
[
13]
in
to
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
[
14]
,
a
m
ong
ot
he
r
s
[
15]
.
M
a
hm
ood
a
nd
K
a
tt
a
n
[
16]
f
ound
th
a
t
a
ddi
ng
a
lo
w
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ti
on
of
s
ty
r
e
ne
-
but
a
di
e
ne
-
s
ty
r
e
ne
(
S
B
S
)
a
t
5
-
10%
to
a
s
pha
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
e
nha
nc
e
d
th
e
c
om
pos
it
e
'
s
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y, pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
, a
nd t
e
ns
il
e
s
tr
e
ngt
h. H
ow
e
ve
r
, S
B
S
i
s
e
xpe
ns
iv
e
, l
im
it
in
g i
ts
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
f
or
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
in
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
c
ount
r
ie
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
w
a
te
r
s
ta
bi
li
ty
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
im
pr
ove
d
w
i
th
th
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
o
f
gl
a
s
s
,
nyl
on,
a
nd
pol
ye
s
te
r
f
ib
e
r
s
.
V
a
r
io
us
s
ynt
he
ti
c
a
nd
na
tu
r
a
l
f
ib
e
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
oc
onut
,
c
or
n,
pa
lm
,
a
nd
s
is
a
l
,
im
pr
ove
d
th
e
te
ns
il
e
s
tr
e
ngt
h
a
nd
c
r
a
c
ki
ng
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
[
17]
,
[
18]
.
P
ol
ye
s
te
r
f
ib
e
r
s
in
th
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
not
a
bl
y
im
pr
ove
d
lo
w
-
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
dur
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
r
a
c
ki
ng
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
[
19]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
na
tu
r
a
l
f
ib
e
r
s
te
nd
to
a
bs
or
b
w
a
te
r
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
w
e
a
ke
n
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
a
tr
ix
ove
r
ti
m
e
.
T
hi
s
c
oul
d
le
a
d
to
pr
e
m
a
tu
r
e
d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y
to
lo
s
s
of
a
dh
e
s
io
n
b
e
twe
e
n
bi
nde
r
a
nd
a
ggr
e
ga
te
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
c
onc
e
r
ns
h
a
ve
be
e
n
r
a
i
s
e
d r
e
ga
r
di
ng
th
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
im
pa
c
t
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
of
s
ynt
he
ti
c
f
ib
e
r
.
B
io
m
a
s
s
-
de
r
iv
e
d
a
s
pha
lt
m
odi
f
ie
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
w
a
s
te
ve
ge
ta
bl
e
oi
ls
a
nd
bi
oba
s
e
d
pol
ym
e
r
s
,
ha
ve
be
e
n
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
a
s
pha
lt
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
s
e
m
odi
f
ie
r
s
of
te
n
f
a
c
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
gi
ng
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ongoing
ne
e
d f
or
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
nd de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
i
n t
he
f
ie
ld
of
a
s
ph
a
lt
t
e
c
hn
ol
ogy
[
18]
–
[
20]
.
D
e
s
pi
te
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n a
s
pha
lt
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on us
in
g va
r
io
us
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
, i
nc
lu
di
ng s
ynt
he
ti
c
pol
ym
e
r
s
,
f
ib
e
r
s
,
a
nd
bi
om
a
s
s
-
de
r
iv
e
d
s
ub
s
ta
nc
e
s
,
a
not
a
bl
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
p r
e
m
a
in
s
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
a
s
a
n
a
s
pha
lt
m
odi
f
ie
r
.
W
hi
le
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
us
e
of
pi
ne
r
e
s
in
de
r
iv
a
ti
ve
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
r
ude
pi
ne
r
e
s
in
a
nd
gum
r
os
in
,
to
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
a
s
pha
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
s
[
20]
,
th
e
y
di
d
not
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
on
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
a
nd
r
he
ol
ogi
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
. R
os
in
e
s
te
r
i
s
a
pr
om
is
in
g m
a
te
r
ia
l
f
o
r
e
nha
nc
in
g t
h
e
qua
li
ty
of
a
s
pha
lt
. I
t
i
s
a
na
tu
r
a
l,
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
,
lo
w
-
c
os
t,
th
e
r
m
a
ll
y
s
ta
bl
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
odi
f
ie
r
de
r
iv
e
d
f
r
om
pi
ne
r
e
s
in
a
nd
r
e
a
di
ly
m
odi
f
ia
bl
e
th
r
ough
c
he
m
ic
a
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
P
in
e
r
e
s
in
,
m
a
in
ly
f
r
om
tr
opi
c
a
l
r
e
gi
ons
,
is
a
va
lu
a
bl
e
a
nd
a
bunda
nt
r
e
s
our
c
e
w
it
h
a
w
id
e
r
a
nge
of
pot
e
nt
ia
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
20]
–
[
22]
.
R
os
in
e
s
te
r
e
xhi
bi
ts
vi
s
c
o
e
la
s
t
ic
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
c
om
bi
ni
ng
th
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
bot
h
s
ol
id
s
a
nd
li
qui
ds
.
I
ts
v
e
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
m
a
ke
s
it
a
va
lu
a
bl
e
c
om
pone
nt
in
va
r
io
us
in
du
s
tr
ie
s
[
23]
.
T
h
e
a
ddi
ti
on
of
m
a
le
ic
a
nhydr
id
e
to
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
ha
s
be
e
n
f
ound
to
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
th
e
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
a
nd
c
r
ys
ta
ll
iz
a
ti
on
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
a
li
pha
ti
c
pol
ye
s
te
r
s
.
T
hi
s
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
is
pr
im
a
r
il
y
due
to
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
pol
a
r
f
unc
ti
ona
l
gr
oups
s
uc
h
a
s
c
a
r
boxyli
c
a
c
id
gr
oups
(
-
C
O
O
H
)
or
a
nhydr
id
e
(
-
C
O
C
O
-
)
,
w
hi
c
h
e
nha
nc
e
a
dhe
s
io
n
a
nd
f
or
m
s
tr
ong
c
he
m
ic
a
l
bonds
w
it
h
pol
a
r
c
om
pounds
.
T
he
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
a
ls
o
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
id
e
a
l
f
or
he
a
t
-
r
e
s
is
ta
nt
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd
r
e
s
is
ta
nt
to
oxi
da
ti
on
due
to
th
e
f
or
m
a
ti
on
of
s
ta
bl
e
c
he
m
ic
a
l
bonds
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
m
a
le
ic
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
pr
om
ot
e
s
c
r
os
s
li
nki
ng
w
it
hi
n
th
e
r
e
s
in
'
s
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
r
obus
t
th
r
e
e
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
ne
twor
k
th
a
t
f
ur
th
e
r
e
nha
nc
e
s
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd
in
hi
bi
ts
oxi
da
ti
on
a
t
e
le
va
te
d
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
[
22
]
,
[
24]
.
M
a
le
ic
a
nhydr
id
e
gr
oups
c
a
n
im
pr
ove
th
e
r
e
s
in
'
s
gl
a
s
s
tr
a
ns
it
io
n
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
(
T
g)
.
T
hi
s
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
c
a
n
r
e
s
ul
t
in
a
hi
ghe
r
m
e
lt
in
g
or
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
by
r
e
duc
in
g
it
s
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
il
it
y
to
de
f
or
m
a
ti
on
o
r
f
lo
w
a
t
hi
gh
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
[
25]
.
I
t
e
nha
nc
e
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
e
c
onomi
c
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
a
nd
m
a
ki
ng
it
a
pr
o
m
is
in
g
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
na
ti
ons
.
I
t
a
ls
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
l
im
it
a
ti
ons
obs
e
r
ve
d i
n c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
bi
o
-
ba
s
e
d a
s
ph
a
lt
m
odi
f
ie
r
s
.
T
he
c
om
m
onl
y
us
e
d
ba
s
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
in
hi
ghw
a
y
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
is
th
e
60/
70
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
a
s
pha
lt
ty
pe
(
A
s
pha
lt
pe
n
60/
70)
w
it
h
a
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
va
lu
e
of
48
°C
.
I
n
r
e
s
pons
e
to
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
e
a
th
e
r
c
ondi
ti
ons
a
nd high t
r
a
f
f
ic
l
oa
ds
, t
he
a
ddi
ti
on o
f
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
i
e
d a
s
pha
lt
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ge
d a
s
a
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
a
nd c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
f
or
pr
oduc
in
g
a
s
ui
ta
bl
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
s
pha
lt
bi
nde
r
.
B
y
c
om
bi
ni
ng
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
a
nd
s
ul
f
ur
in
th
e
pr
ope
r
m
a
s
s
r
a
ti
o
w
it
h
a
s
ph
a
lt
a
nd
c
a
r
r
yi
ng
out
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
t
a
s
ui
ta
bl
e
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
,
w
e
c
a
n
pr
oduc
e
a
n
im
pr
ove
d
a
s
ph
a
lt
bi
nde
r
a
t
a
lo
w
e
r
c
os
t.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
s
th
e
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
us
in
g
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
on
th
e
vi
s
c
os
it
y,
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
,
a
nd
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
of
a
s
pha
lt
, pr
ovi
di
ng va
lu
a
bl
e
i
ns
ig
ht
s
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on pr
oj
e
c
ts
.
2.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
2.1.
R
aw
m
at
e
r
ia
ls
PT
.
D
hi
s
a
M
a
nungg
a
l
K
a
r
ya
of
S
ur
a
ba
ya
,
I
ndone
s
ia
,
pr
ovi
de
d
th
e
60
-
70
pe
n
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
,
a
nd
it
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
de
x
te
s
t
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
r
e
li
s
te
d
in
T
a
bl
e
1
.
T
he
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
w
a
s
pr
ovi
de
d
by
PT
.
I
ndopic
r
i,
a
ls
o
lo
c
a
te
d
in
S
ur
a
ba
ya
,
I
ndone
s
ia
,
a
nd
it
s
te
c
h
ni
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
a
r
e
li
s
te
d
in
T
a
bl
e
2
.
B
ot
h
th
e
60/
70
pe
n
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
a
nd
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
a
r
e
us
e
d
w
it
hout
pr
io
r
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
.
S
ul
f
ur
w
a
s
s
uppl
ie
d
by
B
r
a
ta
c
he
m
S
ur
a
ba
ya
.
2.2
.
P
r
e
p
ar
at
io
n
m
e
t
h
od
T
he
p
r
e
pa
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
m
od
if
ie
d
a
s
p
ha
l
t
f
ol
lo
w
s
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
c
p
r
oc
e
s
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
o
pt
im
a
l
d
is
pe
r
s
i
on,
c
he
m
ic
a
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
o
n,
a
nd
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
n
t
[
26
]
.
F
i
r
s
t
,
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
is
he
a
te
d
to
1
50
-
1
90
°C
a
nd
s
he
a
r
e
d
a
t
1
00
r
pm
.
I
t
is
e
q
ui
p
pe
d
w
it
h
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
o
nt
r
ol
t
o
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
u
ni
f
o
r
m
bl
e
nd
in
g
a
nd
p
r
e
ve
n
t
pr
e
m
a
t
u
r
e
de
g
r
a
d
a
t
io
n
o
f
c
om
po
ne
n
ts
.
T
he
n
,
4
-
2
0
w
t.
%
o
f
m
a
le
ic
-
m
od
i
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
w
a
s
gr
a
dua
ll
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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a
hom
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i
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he
e
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e
r
im
e
nt
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l
va
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i
a
t
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f
m
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if
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os
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it
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a
s
e
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s
pha
lt
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r
e
de
ta
il
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
3
.
T
a
bl
e
1
.
T
he
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
U
ni
t
M
e
a
s
ur
e
d
va
l
ue
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
P
e
ne
t
r
a
t
i
on (
25 °
C
)
0.1 m
m
66
60
-
70
S
of
t
e
ni
ng
poi
nt
°C
49.5
48
-
56
D
uc
t
i
l
i
t
y (
25 °
C
)
cm
140
≥
100
D
e
ns
i
t
y
g/
m
L
1.03
1.01
-
1.06
K
i
ne
m
a
t
i
c
vi
s
c
os
i
t
y
c
s
t
495
-
T
a
bl
e
2
.
T
he
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
U
ni
t
P
r
ope
r
t
i
e
s
A
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
V
i
s
c
os
i
t
y (
G
a
r
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r
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i
n t
ol
ue
ne
)
-
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Z4
A
c
i
d va
l
ue
m
g K
O
H
/
g
≤
35
C
ol
or
(
G
a
r
dne
r
)
-
≤3
S
of
t
e
ni
ng poi
nt
°C
130±
5
T
a
bl
e
3
.
T
he
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
m
a
s
s
r
a
ti
o e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
S
a
m
pl
e
P
e
n 60/
70 ba
s
e
a
s
ph
a
l
t
(
%
)
R
os
i
n
e
s
t
e
r
(%)
S
ul
phur
(
%
)
A
100
0
0
B
96
4
0.0013
C
95
5
0.0013
D
90
10
0.0013
E
85
15
0.0013
F
80
20
0.0013
2.3.
C
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
iz
at
io
n
of
m
od
if
ie
d
as
p
h
al
t
A
f
te
r
th
e
pr
oduc
ti
on
of
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
m
ix
tu
r
e
,
phys
ic
a
l
te
s
ts
w
e
r
e
c
onduc
te
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
va
r
io
us
ke
y
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
te
s
ts
in
c
lu
de
d
m
e
a
s
ur
in
g
a
s
ph
a
lt
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
a
t
25
°C
,
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
gr
a
vi
ty
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
a
t
135
°C
,
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
, a
nd
te
s
ti
ng
duc
ti
li
ty
a
t
25
°
C
.
E
a
c
h of
t
he
s
e
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
w
a
s
t
e
s
te
d unde
r
s
pe
c
if
ic
I
ndone
s
ia
n N
a
ti
ona
l
S
ta
nda
r
ds
:
S
N
I
2456: 2011
f
or
a
s
pha
lt
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on,
S
N
I
2441:
2011
f
or
s
pe
c
if
ic
gr
a
vi
ty
,
S
N
I
03
-
6641
-
2000
f
or
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
os
it
y,
S
N
I
2434:
2011
f
or
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
,
a
nd
S
N
I
2442:
2011
f
o
r
duc
ti
li
ty
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
s
e
te
s
ts
w
e
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
ul
ly
a
na
ly
z
e
d
to
e
ns
ur
e
t
he
a
s
ph
a
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
m
e
t
th
e
qua
li
ty
a
nd pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
s
e
t
by t
he
s
e
n
a
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
d
s
.
F
our
ie
r
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
in
f
r
a
r
e
d
(
F
T
I
R
)
s
pe
c
tr
os
c
opy
is
a
va
lu
a
bl
e
to
ol
f
or
a
na
ly
z
in
g
th
e
c
ha
nge
s
in
f
unc
ti
ona
l
gr
oups
a
nd
m
ol
e
c
ul
a
r
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
in
a
s
pha
lt
a
f
te
r
a
ddi
ng
m
odi
f
ie
r
s
.
T
hi
s
te
c
hni
que
he
lp
s
to
r
e
ve
a
l
th
e
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
of
th
e
a
ddi
ti
ve
s
on
th
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
.
T
he
F
T
I
R
s
pe
c
tr
a
of
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
s
,
bi
nde
r
s
,
a
nd
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
s
w
e
r
e
obt
a
in
e
d
us
in
g
a
C
a
r
y
630
F
T
I
R
s
pe
c
tr
om
e
te
r
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
d
by
A
gi
le
nt
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
(
C
a
li
f
or
ni
a
,
U
S
A
)
.
T
he
s
c
a
nni
ng
r
a
nge
f
or
th
e
F
T
I
R
a
na
ly
s
i
s
w
a
s
f
r
om
4
,
000
-
650
c
m
−1
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
r
e
le
va
nt
in
f
r
a
r
e
d
a
bs
o
r
pt
io
n
ba
nds
.
T
he
s
pe
c
tr
om
e
te
r
w
a
s
s
e
t
to
a
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n of
4 c
m
−1
, a
ll
ow
in
g f
or
pr
e
c
is
e
a
nd de
ta
il
e
d s
p
e
c
tr
a
l
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on.
T
he
dyna
m
ic
s
he
a
r
r
he
om
e
te
r
(
D
S
R
)
te
s
t
m
e
th
od
w
a
s
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
a
na
ly
z
e
th
e
vi
s
c
oe
la
s
ti
c
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
bot
h
a
s
pha
lt
a
nd
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
.
T
hi
s
te
s
t
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
ke
y
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
r
ut
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
(
G
*/
s
in
δ
)
a
nd
pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
(
δ
)
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
hi
gh
-
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
. F
or
t
he
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
, t
he
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
c
onduc
t
e
d a
t
52, 5
8, 64, a
nd 70 °C
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
. I
n c
ont
r
a
s
t,
t
he
m
odi
f
ie
d a
s
pha
lt
w
a
s
t
e
s
te
d a
t
a
br
oa
de
r
r
a
nge
of
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
, i
nc
lu
di
ng 52, 58, 64,
70, a
nd 76 °C
. T
he
D
S
R
te
s
t
w
a
s
c
ondu
c
te
d a
t
a
m
e
a
n f
r
e
que
nc
y of
1.59 Hz
t
o obta
in
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd c
ons
i
s
te
nt
r
e
s
ul
ts
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
e
xpl
or
e
s
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
th
e
m
a
s
s
r
a
ti
o
of
m
odi
f
ie
d
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
a
nd
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
on
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
phys
ic
a
l
a
nd c
he
m
ic
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
. T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h f
oc
us
e
s
on unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng how va
r
ia
ti
ons
i
n
th
e
s
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
th
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
ix
tu
r
e
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
th
e
m
a
s
s
r
a
ti
o
a
nd
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
,
ot
he
r
ke
y
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
ul
f
ur
c
om
p
os
it
io
n,
m
ix
in
g
dur
a
ti
on,
a
nd
s
he
a
r
s
p
e
e
d,
a
r
e
a
ls
o
be
in
g
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d.
B
y
e
xa
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
i
de
nt
if
ie
s
th
e
opt
im
a
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
f
or
m
odi
f
yi
n
g
a
s
pha
lt
t
o i
m
pr
ove
i
ts
qua
li
ty
a
nd dur
a
bi
li
ty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
793
-
803
796
3.1.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
m
al
e
ic
r
os
in
e
s
t
e
r
m
as
s
r
at
io
on
p
h
ys
ic
al
p
r
op
e
r
t
ie
s
of
m
od
if
ie
d
as
p
h
al
t
T
he
s
tu
dy
a
im
e
d
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
how
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
t
e
r
'
s
c
o
m
pos
it
io
n
a
f
f
e
c
ts
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
. T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
nvol
ve
d m
ix
in
g 60/70 bas
e
a
s
pha
lt
w
it
h m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
a
nd s
ul
f
ur
a
t
a
s
h
e
a
r
s
pe
e
d
of
100
r
pm
a
nd
a
m
ix
in
g
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
of
190
°C
f
or
1
hour
.
D
ur
in
g
th
e
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
,
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
u
s
e
d
w
a
s
a
60/
70
pe
n
ba
s
e
,
a
nd
th
e
c
om
pos
it
io
n
r
a
nge
d
f
r
om
80
to
100%
.
T
he
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
us
e
d
r
a
nge
d
f
r
om
0
-
20%
, w
hi
le
th
e
s
ul
f
ur
, w
hi
c
h
a
c
ts
a
s
a
c
r
os
s
li
nki
ng a
ge
nt
, w
a
s
e
it
he
r
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
0.0013%
or
not
us
e
d. S
ul
f
u
r
c
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
e
la
s
ti
c
it
y
a
nd
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
of
a
s
pha
lt
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
m
or
e
r
e
s
is
ta
nt
to
c
r
a
c
ki
ng,
d
e
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
a
nd r
ut
ti
ng.
T
a
bl
e
4
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
phys
ic
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
m
a
le
ic
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
a
nd
c
om
pa
r
e
s
it
w
it
h
th
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
of
s
ynt
he
ti
c
e
la
s
to
m
e
r
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
.
T
he
ke
y
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
na
ly
z
e
d
in
c
lu
de
p
e
ne
tr
a
ti
on
a
t
25
°
C
,
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
os
it
y
a
t
1
35
°C
,
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
,
duc
ti
li
ty
a
t
25
°
C
,
a
nd
s
pe
c
if
ic
de
ns
it
y.
B
a
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
ha
s
a
hi
gh
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
va
lu
e
(
66
m
m
)
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
it
s
r
e
la
ti
ve
s
of
tn
e
s
s
.
A
s
th
e
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
ont
e
nt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
gr
a
dua
ll
y
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
4
m
m
a
t
20%
r
os
in
e
s
t
e
r
.
T
he
95:
5 a
nd 96:4 c
om
pos
it
io
ns
m
e
e
t
th
e
m
in
im
um
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
(
≥40 m
m
)
, m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
opt
im
a
l
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
r
e
qui
r
in
g
ba
la
nc
e
d
ha
r
dne
s
s
a
nd
f
le
xi
bi
li
ty
.
C
om
pos
it
io
ns
w
it
h
>
10%
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
be
c
om
e
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
ly
ha
r
d,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
c
a
us
e
br
it
tl
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
c
r
a
c
ki
ng
unde
r
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
tr
e
s
s
.
W
e
f
ound
th
a
t
th
e
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
vi
s
c
os
it
y
of
a
s
ph
a
lt
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
ha
r
de
r
.
I
t
c
or
r
e
la
te
s
w
it
h
in
c
or
por
a
ti
ng
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
,
w
hi
c
h
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
gr
e
a
te
r
ha
r
dne
s
s
in
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
s
ys
te
m
. M
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
is
a
s
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
c
r
os
s
li
nki
ng,
e
nc
our
a
gi
ng
th
e
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
a
th
r
e
e
-
di
m
e
ns
io
na
l
ne
twor
k
w
it
hi
n
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
.
D
ue
to
it
s
a
c
id
gr
oup,
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
a
n
r
e
le
a
s
e
pr
ot
ons
(
H
+
)
,
in
it
ia
ti
ng
a
r
e
a
c
ti
on
w
it
h
a
s
pha
lt
m
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
c
ont
a
in
in
g
c
a
r
boxyli
c
gr
oups
(
C
O
O
H
)
.
T
hi
s
c
r
os
s
li
nki
ng
e
nha
n
c
e
s
th
e
s
tr
e
ngt
h
a
nd
s
ta
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
but
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
ly
m
a
ke
s
it
ha
r
de
r
a
nd
le
s
s
pe
n
e
tr
a
bl
e
.
T
he
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
s
a
nd
c
a
r
boxyli
c
gr
oups
in
a
s
ph
a
lt
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pa
c
ts
th
e
vi
s
c
oe
la
s
ti
c
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l,
th
us
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
va
lu
e
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
r
e
f
in
di
ngs
th
a
t
a
li
gn
w
it
h
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
14
]
,
[
27]
,
[
28]
w
he
r
e
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
e
xhi
bi
t
s
i
m
pr
ove
d
ha
r
dne
s
s
a
nd
r
ut
ti
ng
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
,
but
ne
e
d
s
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on t
o pr
e
ve
nt
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
r
ig
id
it
y.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
T
a
bl
e
4
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
th
e
m
o
di
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
pe
n
60/
70.
A
ll
c
om
pos
it
io
ns
m
e
e
t
th
e
vi
s
c
os
it
y
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
(
≤3
,
000
c
S
t)
.
T
h
e
vi
s
c
os
it
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
ont
e
nt
f
r
om
495
c
S
t
i
n
th
e
100:
0
(
A
)
c
om
po
s
it
io
n
to
956
c
S
t
in
th
e
90:
10
(
D
)
c
om
pos
it
io
n,
s
how
in
g
a
m
or
e
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
ne
two
r
k
due
to
e
nha
nc
e
d
m
ol
e
c
ul
a
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
t
20%
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
(
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,
vi
s
c
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s
it
y
dr
ops
to
152
c
S
t,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
in
di
c
a
te
a
c
h
a
nge
in
th
e
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l'
s
f
lo
w
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
pos
s
ib
ly
due
to
ph
a
s
e
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
or
r
e
duc
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d
c
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
a
t
hi
gh
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
le
ve
ls
.
O
ur
f
in
di
ngs
c
onf
ir
m
th
a
t
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
in
m
ode
r
a
te
a
m
ount
s
,
but
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
us
e
m
a
y
di
s
r
upt
opt
im
a
l
f
lo
w
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
.
T
he
in
c
or
por
a
ti
on
of
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
le
a
ds
to
a
n
e
nha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
in
a
s
pha
lt
vi
s
c
os
it
y
.
N
ot
onl
y
do
e
s
th
e
m
ol
e
c
ul
a
r
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
of
r
o
s
in
e
s
te
r
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
t
o
hi
g
he
r
vi
s
c
os
i
ty
,
b
ut
th
e
c
he
m
i
c
a
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
s
b
e
twe
e
n
r
o
s
in
e
s
te
r
a
nd
a
s
p
ha
lt
m
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
a
ls
o
s
ubs
ti
tu
te
a
m
or
e
c
om
pl
e
x
a
nd
in
te
r
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
m
ol
e
c
u
la
r
n
e
twor
k,
th
u
s
e
l
e
va
t
in
g
a
s
ph
a
lt
vi
s
c
os
i
ty
. T
hi
s
bon
di
ng
le
a
ds
t
o
s
tr
onge
r
i
nt
e
r
m
ol
e
c
u
la
r
in
t
e
r
a
c
ti
on
s
a
nd
im
pr
ov
e
d
c
o
he
s
io
n
a
m
ong
a
s
ph
a
lt
m
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
,
f
ur
th
e
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
a
s
ph
a
lt
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y.
A
r
a
ba
ni
e
t
al
.
[
29]
f
ound
th
a
t
a
c
i
d
-
tr
e
a
te
d a
s
p
ha
lt
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
vi
s
c
os
it
y,
im
pr
o
vi
ng
r
ut
ti
ng
r
e
s
i
s
ta
n
c
e
b
ut
s
om
e
ti
m
e
s
m
a
ki
n
g
m
ix
in
g
di
f
f
ic
ul
t.
K
a
r
a
ha
n
ç
e
r
[
26]
a
l
s
o
not
e
d
th
a
t
r
o
s
in
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
ur
in
g
a
g
e
nt
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
s
ph
a
lt
vi
s
c
os
i
ty
,
s
im
il
a
r
to
th
e
tr
e
nd ob
s
e
r
ve
d
in
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy
.
A
dd
in
g
r
os
i
n
e
s
te
r
to
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
c
a
n
e
nh
a
nc
e
th
e
s
of
te
n
in
g
po
in
t,
a
s
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
t
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
4
.
T
he
c
o
m
p
os
i
ti
ons
f
r
o
m
96
:4
(
B
)
on
w
a
r
ds
m
e
e
t
th
is
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
n
t,
w
i
th
t
he
s
of
te
n
in
g
po
in
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
a
s
th
e
e
la
s
t
om
e
r
c
on
te
n
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
in
di
c
a
t
in
g
im
p
r
ov
e
d
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
.
A
d
di
ng
4
-
20
%
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
a
n
e
l
e
va
te
th
e
s
of
te
n
in
g
po
in
t
o
f
m
o
di
f
ie
d
a
s
p
ha
l
t
by
up
t
o
33
%
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
t
he
s
of
te
n
in
g
poi
nt
o
f
t
he
ba
s
e
p
e
n
60
/7
0
a
s
pha
lt
.
C
om
pos
it
io
n
s
B
-
F
(
≥4
%
r
os
i
n
e
s
te
r
)
m
e
e
t
th
e
s
o
f
t
e
ni
ng
poi
nt
r
e
qu
i
r
e
m
e
nt
,
c
on
f
i
r
m
i
ng
th
a
t
r
os
i
n
e
s
te
r
e
nha
nc
e
s
hi
gh
-
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
ta
bi
li
ty
.
R
os
i
n
e
s
te
r
m
od
i
f
ic
a
ti
ons
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
l
y
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
he
a
t
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
,
m
a
k
in
g
i
t
c
om
p
a
r
a
bl
e
t
o
s
y
nt
he
t
ic
p
ol
ym
e
r
s
.
I
t
a
li
gne
d
w
it
h
J
ia
e
t
al
.
[
12
]
s
h
ow
e
d
t
ha
t
s
yn
th
e
ti
c
f
ib
e
r
-
r
e
i
nf
or
c
e
d
a
s
pha
lt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
th
e
s
of
te
n
in
g
p
oi
n
t
but
s
om
e
ti
m
e
s
r
e
duc
e
d
du
c
t
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
Y
a
n
e
t
al
.
[
30
]
f
oun
d
t
ha
t
pe
t
r
o
le
u
m
r
e
s
in
m
od
if
ic
a
ti
ons
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
th
e
s
o
f
te
ni
ng
p
oi
n
t
by
u
p
to
1
5%
.
T
hi
s
s
i
tu
a
ti
on
oc
c
ur
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
m
a
ke
s
th
e
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
tr
uc
t
ur
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
ns
id
e
t
he
a
s
p
ha
lt
de
ns
e
r
,
m
o
r
e
s
ta
b
le
,
a
nd
i
m
p
r
o
ve
s
th
e
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
a
l
s
t
r
e
n
gt
h
a
n
d
t
he
hi
g
h
-
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
p
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r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
m
od
i
f
ie
d
a
s
p
ha
lt
.
T
he
s
t
udy
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
of
m
o
di
f
i
e
d
a
s
pha
lt
to
hi
gh
-
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
de
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
is
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
y
i
m
p
r
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d
by
i
nc
o
r
p
or
a
t
in
g
m
odi
f
ie
d
r
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in
e
s
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r
.
A
hi
ghe
r
r
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in
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c
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nha
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s
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s
of
te
n
in
g
p
oi
nt
of
m
o
di
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d
a
s
p
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lt
.
T
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s
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pr
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m
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96:
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95:
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90:
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D
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85:
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E
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P
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S
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T
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lt
ve
r
y
br
it
tl
e
,
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
r
e
duc
in
g
duc
ti
li
ty
to
98.6%
of
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
duc
ti
li
ty
va
lu
e
.
T
hi
s
i
s
c
on
s
is
te
nt
w
it
h
th
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
tr
e
nds
,
w
h
e
r
e
c
om
pos
it
io
ns
f
r
om
100:
0
(
A
)
to
90:
10
(
D
)
m
a
in
ta
in
a
hi
gh
duc
ti
li
ty
,
e
xc
e
e
di
ng
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
d
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
t
15
-
20%
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
,
duc
ti
li
ty
dr
ops
dr
a
s
ti
c
a
ll
y,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
br
it
tl
e
a
nd
s
us
c
e
pt
ib
le
to
c
r
a
c
ki
ng.
T
he
tr
e
nd
is
s
im
il
a
r
to
M
a
hm
ood
a
nd
A
hm
e
d
[
17]
,
w
ho
obs
e
r
ve
d
th
a
t
na
tu
r
a
l
f
ib
e
r
s
e
nh
a
nc
e
d
te
ns
il
e
s
tr
e
ngt
h
but
r
e
duc
e
d
duc
ti
li
ty
.
K
a
r
a
ha
nç
e
r
[
26]
a
ls
o
f
ound
th
a
t
r
os
in
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
ha
r
dne
s
s
but
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
du
c
ti
li
ty
.
I
t
c
onf
ir
m
s
th
a
t
m
ode
r
a
te
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
ont
e
nt
m
a
in
ta
in
s
du
c
ti
li
ty
, but
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
c
ont
e
nt
le
a
d
s
to
br
it
tl
e
ne
s
s
.
T
he
s
p
e
c
if
ic
gr
a
vi
ty
of
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
due
to
th
e
hi
ghe
r
s
pe
c
if
ic
gr
a
vi
ty
of
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
th
a
n
a
s
pha
lt
.
C
ons
e
qu
e
nt
ly
,
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
om
po
s
it
io
n
le
a
ds
to
hi
gh
e
r
s
pe
c
if
ic
gr
a
vi
ty
in
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
th
a
n
in
th
e
ba
s
e
pe
n
60/
70
a
s
pha
lt
.
A
ll
c
om
pos
it
io
ns
m
e
e
t
th
e
m
in
im
um
s
pe
c
if
ic
de
ns
it
y
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
of
≥1,
w
it
h
va
lu
e
s
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
om
1.03
-
1.05,
c
onf
i
r
m
in
g
t
ha
t
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
doe
s
not
ne
ga
ti
ve
ly
im
pa
c
t
c
om
pa
c
ti
on.
I
t
ha
d
s
im
il
a
r
r
e
s
ul
ts
to
G
uha
a
nd
A
s
s
a
f
[
15]
in
th
a
t
c
e
m
e
nt
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
ha
d
a
s
im
il
a
r
de
ns
it
y i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
,
w
hi
c
h i
m
pr
ove
d l
oa
d
-
be
a
r
in
g c
a
pa
c
it
y.
T
he
s
tu
dy
f
o
und
th
a
t
a
d
di
ng
m
a
le
ic
-
m
od
if
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
nt
ly
e
nha
nc
e
d
pe
ne
t
r
a
t
io
n
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
,
s
o
f
te
ni
ng
po
in
t,
a
n
d
vi
s
c
os
i
ty
w
h
il
e
m
a
i
nt
a
in
in
g
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
d
uc
t
il
it
y
a
nd
de
ns
i
ty
.
D
uc
t
i
li
ty
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
r
e
m
e
t
w
he
n
th
e
c
om
pos
i
ti
on
c
o
nt
a
in
s
u
p
to
10
%
r
os
in
e
s
t
e
r
;
be
y
on
d
th
is
th
r
e
s
h
ol
d,
t
he
duc
t
il
i
ty
o
f
th
e
m
od
if
ie
d
a
s
p
ha
l
t
f
a
ll
s
s
h
or
t
of
te
c
h
ni
c
a
l
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
,
in
d
ic
a
ti
ng
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
r
i
tt
le
n
e
s
s
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
t
he
96
:4
(
B
)
a
nd
9
5:
5
(
C
)
c
om
pos
it
io
ns
o
f
f
e
r
th
e
be
s
t
ove
r
a
l
l
ba
la
nc
e
,
m
e
e
ti
ng
a
l
l
te
c
hni
c
a
l
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
n
ts
a
nd
pr
ov
id
in
g
a
f
a
vo
r
a
b
le
c
om
bi
na
t
io
n
of
pe
n
e
tr
a
t
io
n
,
vi
s
c
os
i
ty
,
s
o
f
t
e
ni
ng
po
in
t,
du
c
t
il
it
y,
a
nd
de
ns
i
ty
.
I
n
c
o
nt
r
a
s
t,
c
om
p
os
i
ti
ons
w
it
h
h
ig
he
r
m
a
le
i
c
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
c
o
nt
e
nt
,
s
uc
h
a
s
85
:1
5
(
E
)
,
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
te
di
m
i
ni
s
hi
ng
r
e
tu
r
ns
in
pe
ne
t
r
a
ti
on
a
n
d
duc
ti
li
ty
,
w
h
ic
h
c
oul
d
ne
g
a
t
iv
e
ly
i
m
pa
c
t
t
he
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
in
pr
a
c
t
ic
a
l
a
pp
li
c
a
t
io
ns
.
T
he
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
r
e
in
li
ne
w
it
h
S
B
S
-
m
od
if
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
f
o
r
it
s
a
bi
li
ty
t
o
im
p
r
ove
pe
ne
t
r
a
t
io
n
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
te
ni
ng
po
in
t
[
26
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
i
t
is
c
os
tl
y
a
n
d
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
ta
l
ly
c
ha
l
le
n
gi
ng.
M
a
le
ic
-
m
o
di
f
ie
d
r
os
in
e
s
t
e
r
is
a
v
ia
b
le
a
l
te
r
na
t
iv
e
t
o
s
y
nt
h
e
t
ic
po
ly
m
e
r
s
,
w
hi
le
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
a
n
d c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n.
3.2.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
m
ix
in
g t
e
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
on
t
h
e
p
h
ys
ic
al
p
r
op
e
r
t
ie
s
of
m
od
if
ie
d
as
p
h
al
t
T
he
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
a
t
w
hi
c
h
a
s
pha
lt
i
s
m
ix
e
d
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pa
c
ts
it
s
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
a
nd
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
va
r
io
us
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
c
om
pone
nt
s
m
a
y
not
m
ix
pr
ope
r
ly
w
he
n
th
e
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
is
to
o
lo
w
,
le
a
di
ng
to
a
r
ough
a
nd
in
c
ons
is
te
nt
m
ix
tu
r
e
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
e
xc
e
s
s
iv
e
ly
hi
g
h
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
to
a
ge
pr
e
m
a
tu
r
e
ly
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
it
s
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
v
e
s
ti
ga
t
e
d
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
va
r
yi
ng
m
ix
in
g
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
at
190,
170,
a
nd
150
°C
on
a
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
c
om
pos
it
io
n
of
96%
60/
70
ba
s
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
,
4%
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
,
a
nd
0.0013%
s
ul
f
ur
.
T
he
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
in
c
lu
de
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on,
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
os
it
y,
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
,
duc
ti
li
ty
,
a
nd
de
ns
it
y,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
in
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
’
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
dur
a
bi
li
ty
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
,
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
d
in
T
a
bl
e
5
,
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
a
t
th
e
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
a
t
25
°C
r
e
m
a
in
s
c
lo
s
e
to
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
va
lu
e
of
≥40,
w
it
h r
e
a
di
ngs
of
39, 44, a
nd 42 f
or
t
he
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
.
T
hi
s
s
ugge
s
ts
a
m
in
or
va
r
ia
ti
on i
n pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
but
is
s
ti
ll
w
it
hi
n
th
e
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
r
a
nge
f
or
good
w
or
ka
bi
li
ty
.
S
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
y,
a
t
150
°C
,
th
e
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
va
lu
e
is
lo
w
e
r
th
a
n
a
t
170
°C
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
th
a
t
th
e
hi
ghe
r
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
a
t
th
is
lo
w
e
r
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
hi
nde
r
s
th
e
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
a
nd
a
s
ph
a
lt
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
poor
e
r
hom
oge
ne
it
y.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
,
a
t
190
°C
,
w
hi
le
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
vi
s
c
os
it
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
e
xc
e
pt
io
na
ll
y
hi
gh
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
m
a
y
le
a
d
to
a
s
ph
a
lt
c
oa
gul
a
ti
on,
oxi
da
ti
on,
a
nd
th
e
lo
s
s
of
vol
a
ti
le
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
a
ha
r
de
r
a
s
pha
lt
w
it
h
a
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on
va
lu
e
. T
he
t
a
bl
e
f
ur
th
e
r
i
ll
us
tr
a
te
s
t
ha
t
th
e
opt
im
a
l
m
ix
in
g t
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
f
or
t
h
is
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
s
pha
lt
c
om
pos
it
io
n i
s
a
r
ound 170
°C
, w
he
r
e
t
he
pe
ne
tr
a
ti
on va
lu
e
m
e
e
ts
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
d
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ti
on of
≥40.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
ki
ne
m
a
ti
c
vi
s
c
os
it
y
a
t
135
°C
r
e
m
a
in
s
w
e
ll
be
l
ow
th
e
m
a
xi
m
um
a
ll
ow
a
bl
e
l
im
it
o
f
≤3
,
000
c
S
t
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
te
s
te
d
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
,
th
ough
it
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
li
ght
ly
a
s
th
e
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
om
766.2
c
S
t
a
t
190
°C
to
827.7
c
S
t
a
t
150
°C
.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l
m
a
in
ta
in
s
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
lo
w
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
f
or
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
e
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
s
li
ght
ly
e
xc
e
e
ds
th
e
m
in
im
um
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ti
on
of
≥54
°C
,
s
ugg
e
s
ti
ng
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l
e
xhi
bi
ts
good
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
ta
bi
li
ty
.
T
hi
s
c
on
s
is
te
nc
y
a
c
r
os
s
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
th
e
s
of
te
ni
ng
poi
nt
is
r
e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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dv A
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:
2252
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m
m
a Sav
it
r
i)
799
e
nha
nc
e
s
it
s
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
to
va
r
io
us
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
. T
he
s
e
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
im
pr
ove
d r
oa
d l
if
e
s
pa
n a
nd pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
, pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
i
n f
le
xi
bl
e
pa
ve
m
e
nt
s
.
3.3.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
ad
d
in
g m
al
e
ic
r
o
s
in
e
s
t
e
r
on
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
i
c
al
c
h
an
ge
s
of
m
od
if
ie
d
as
p
h
al
t
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
a
ddi
ng
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
on
th
e
c
he
m
ic
a
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
1
.
T
he
f
ig
ur
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
F
T
I
R
s
pe
c
tr
a
f
or
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
,
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
,
a
nd
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
-
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
.
T
he
a
n
a
ly
s
is
c
ove
r
s
th
e
w
a
v
e
num
be
r
r
a
nge
f
r
om
400
to
3
,
900
c
m
-
1
,
ty
pi
c
a
l
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
f
unc
ti
ona
l
gr
oups
a
nd
bonds
in
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
.
I
n
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
s
pe
c
tr
um
,
th
e
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng
vi
br
a
ti
on
of
it
s
f
unc
ti
ona
l
gr
oups
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
e
m
a
in
s
ub
s
ta
nc
e
s
e
xi
s
ti
ng
in
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
a
r
e
lo
ng
-
c
ha
in
a
lk
a
ne
s
,
a
li
pha
ti
c
hydr
oc
a
r
bons
,
a
r
om
a
ti
c
c
om
pounds
,
a
nd
va
r
io
us
de
r
iv
a
ti
ve
s
.
I
t
ha
s
pe
a
ks
a
t
2
,
920
a
nd
2
,
851
c
m
-
1
,
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
C
H
3
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng
a
nd
C
-
H
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
a
li
pha
ti
c
bonds
a
nd
m
e
th
yl
e
ne
gr
oups
in
hydr
oc
a
r
bon
c
ha
in
s
,
a
m
a
jo
r
c
om
pone
nt
in
a
s
ph
a
lt
.
T
he
pe
a
k
a
t
1
,
457
c
m
-
1
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
a
r
om
a
ti
c
C
=
C
bond
s
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
in
g
th
e
a
r
om
a
ti
c
f
r
a
c
ti
on
in
a
s
pha
lt
a
nd
C
-
H
be
ndi
ng
vi
br
a
ti
ons
.
T
h
e
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
how
s
a
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
s
im
pl
e
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
m
a
in
ly
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
s
a
tu
r
a
te
d
hydr
oc
a
r
bons
w
it
h
f
e
w
e
r
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
ons
or
a
ddi
ti
ve
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
p
e
a
ks
a
t
29
27
a
nd
2868
c
m
-
1
a
ls
o
in
di
c
a
te
C
H
3
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng
a
nd a
li
pha
ti
c
C
-
H
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng vibr
a
ti
on.
F
ig
ur
e
1
.
F
T
I
R
s
pe
c
tr
um
a
na
ly
s
is
of
a
s
pha
lt
, m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
,
a
nd modi
f
ie
d a
s
pha
lt
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
pe
a
ks
a
t
1,848,
1,749,
1,727,
a
nd
1,036
c
m
-
1
a
r
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
C
=
O
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng
(
bot
h
s
ym
m
e
tr
ic
a
nd
a
s
ym
m
e
tr
ic
)
,
ty
pi
c
a
l
of
e
s
te
r
gr
oups
,
in
d
ic
a
ti
ng
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
th
e
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
.
T
he
m
odi
f
ie
d a
s
pha
lt
s
how
s
s
im
il
a
r
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
t
o t
he
m
a
le
ic
r
os
in
e
s
te
r
but
w
it
h
m
or
e
di
s
ti
nc
t
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
n t
h
e
f
in
ge
r
pr
in
t
r
e
gi
on
(
unde
r
1,500
c
m
-
1
)
.
T
he
a
bs
or
pt
io
n
pe
a
k
a
t
1,025.91
c
m
-
1
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng
vi
br
a
ti
on of
a
li
pha
ti
c
s
ul
f
ox
id
e
a
nd be
nz
yl
s
ul
f
oxi
de
. T
he
S
-
O
gr
oup is
pol
a
r
. A
f
te
r
de
pol
a
r
iz
a
ti
on oc
c
ur
s
, t
he
gr
oup
w
il
l
in
te
r
a
c
t
w
it
h
ot
he
r
di
pol
e
gr
oups
in
th
e
m
a
tr
ix
a
s
pha
lt
,
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
of
th
e
a
s
ph
a
lt
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
th
e
pe
a
k
a
t
1,127
c
m
-
1
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
e
s
C
-
C
s
tr
e
tc
hi
ng.
L
a
s
tl
y,
th
e
C
-
O
-
C
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
is
de
not
e
d
by
pe
a
ks
a
t
905
c
m
-
1
.
T
he
a
ppe
a
r
a
n
c
e
of
ne
w
pe
a
ks
or
s
hi
f
ts
in
e
x
is
ti
ng
one
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
a
lt
e
r
e
d
th
e
c
he
m
ic
a
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
pos
s
ib
ly
in
vol
vi
ng
th
e
in
tr
oduc
ti
on
of
va
r
io
us
c
he
m
ic
a
l
gr
oups
th
a
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
’
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
3.4.
D
yn
am
ic
s
h
e
ar
r
h
e
om
e
t
e
r
a
n
al
ys
is
F
ig
ur
e
2
de
s
c
r
ib
e
s
th
e
va
r
ia
ti
ons
in
th
e
r
ut
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
a
nd
pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
f
or
bot
h
ba
s
e
a
nd
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
a
s
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
ha
nge
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
(
a
)
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
e
r
ut
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
f
or
bot
h
ty
pe
s
of
a
s
pha
lt
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
s
th
e
t
e
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
hi
s
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l
b
e
c
om
e
s
s
of
te
r
a
nd
m
or
e
f
lu
id
a
s
it
w
a
r
m
s
up.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
is
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
be
c
om
e
s
m
or
e
gr
a
dua
l
ove
r
ti
m
e
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
on
th
e
a
s
pha
lt
'
s
r
ut
ti
ng
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
.
C
om
pa
r
e
d
to
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
,
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
f
or
m
e
xhi
bi
ts
a
m
uc
h
hi
ghe
r
r
ut
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
,
s
ig
ni
f
y
in
g
s
upe
r
io
r
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
to
r
ut
ti
ng.
T
he
m
odi
f
ic
a
ti
on
im
pr
ove
s
th
e
s
ti
f
f
ne
s
s
a
nd
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
to
d
e
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
t
hi
ghe
r
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
.
A
hi
gh
e
r
va
lu
e
of
th
e
r
ut
ti
ng
f
a
c
to
r
in
di
c
a
t
e
s
b
e
tt
e
r
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
to
r
ut
ti
ng.
I
t
ha
s
a
n
a
dva
nt
a
g
e
in
a
nt
i
-
r
ut
ti
ng
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
unde
r
hi
gh
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
nd
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
s
tu
di
e
s
on
ot
he
r
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
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s
, s
u
c
h
a
s
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e
in
c
or
por
a
ti
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pol
ym
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ve
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m
ons
tr
a
te
d
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
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gh
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te
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pe
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a
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e
.
F
or
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s
ta
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e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
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s
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t
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to
a
s
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in
c
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a
s
e
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e
c
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pl
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s
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a
r
m
odul
us
(
G
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a
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de
c
r
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a
s
e
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th
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pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
(
δ
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,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
400
900
1
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b
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l
t
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20
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H
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[
33]
.
I
n
F
ig
ur
e
2(
b)
,
it
is
e
vi
de
nt
th
a
t
a
s
th
e
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
th
e
pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
of
e
a
c
h
a
s
pha
lt
gr
a
dua
ll
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
. T
he
pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
of
th
e
b
a
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
is
m
or
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
th
a
n
th
a
t
of
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
e
xhi
bi
ts
m
or
e
li
qui
d
-
li
ke
be
ha
vi
or
a
nd
ha
s
vi
s
c
ous
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
.
T
hi
s
im
pl
ie
s
th
a
t
th
e
ba
s
e
a
s
pha
lt
m
a
y
be
m
or
e
s
u
s
c
e
pt
ib
le
to
de
f
or
m
a
ti
on
or
r
ut
ti
ng
unde
r
lo
a
d.
O
n
th
e
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
th
e
pha
s
e
a
ngl
e
of
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
s
ugge
s
ti
ng
th
a
t
th
e
m
odi
f
ie
r
a
nd
th
e
m
a
tr
ix
a
s
pha
lt
c
r
e
a
te
a
m
or
e
s
ta
bl
e
in
te
r
na
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
f
te
r
bl
e
ndi
ng,
le
a
di
ng
to
im
pr
ove
d
r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
to
pe
r
m
a
ne
nt
de
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
T
he
te
m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
-
s
e
ns
in
g
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
m
odi
f
ie
d
a
s
pha
lt
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s
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d.
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t
s
how
s
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vi
s
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c
pr
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ti
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s
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s
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ta
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m
a
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lo
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t
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n
s
it
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it
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m
pe
r
a
tu
r
e
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y,
th
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
of
a
s
pha
lt
in
te
r
m
s
of
te
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
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e
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it
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ha
s
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e
n
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nha
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d.
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he
D
S
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r
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s
ul
ts
f
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th
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dy,
w
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c
h
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m
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ig
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(
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pe
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C
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ons
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us
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bl
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o
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t
-
e
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f
ic
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s
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m
odi
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ie
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.
I
t
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
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ke
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ti
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60/
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s
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d
a
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e
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ts
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xc
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e
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h
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l
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pe
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if
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to
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e
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upon r
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[
1]
S
.
C
he
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
t
he
-
a
r
t
r
e
vi
e
w
of
a
s
pha
l
t
pa
ve
m
e
nt
s
ur
f
a
c
e
t
e
xt
ur
e
a
nd
i
t
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
t
e
c
hni
que
s
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
R
oad
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
. 2, no. 2, pp. 156
–
180, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
r
e
ng.2022.05.003
.
[
2]
J
.
L
i
,
X
.
X
i
a
o,
D
.
C
a
i
,
L
.
L
ou,
Y
.
S
hi
,
a
nd
F
.
X
i
a
o,
“
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
of
c
om
pos
i
t
e
pol
ym
e
r
i
z
e
d
a
s
pha
l
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
or
w
a
t
e
r
pr
oof
i
ng l
a
ye
r
i
n hi
gh
-
s
pe
e
d r
a
i
l
w
a
y s
ys
t
e
m
,”
T
r
ans
po
r
t
at
i
on G
e
ot
e
c
hni
c
s
, vol
. 37, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
ge
o.2022.100850.
[
3]
M
.
A
.
D
a
l
ha
t
,
“
W
a
t
e
r
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
nd
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
a
s
pha
l
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
i
c
r
oni
z
e
d
-
r
e
c
yc
l
e
d
-
pol
ypr
opyl
e
ne
w
a
s
t
e
:
s
upe
r
-
hydr
ophobi
c
i
t
y,”
C
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on and B
ui
l
di
ng M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 285, 2021, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
onbui
l
dm
a
t
.2021.122870.
[
4]
M
. A
. D
a
l
ha
t
a
nd A
. Y
. A
de
s
i
na
, “
U
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on of
m
i
c
r
oni
z
e
d r
e
c
y
c
l
e
d pol
ye
t
hyl
e
ne
w
a
s
t
e
t
o i
m
pr
ove
t
he
hydr
ophobi
c
i
t
y of
a
s
pha
l
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
,”
C
on
s
t
r
uc
t
i
on and B
ui
l
di
ng M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 240, 2020, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
onbui
l
dm
a
t
.2019.117966.
[
5]
M
.
A
.
D
a
l
ha
t
a
nd
A
.
Y
.
A
de
s
i
n
a
,
“
C
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
of
m
i
c
r
oni
z
e
d
t
i
r
e
r
ubbe
r
a
s
pha
l
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
f
or
i
m
p
r
ove
d
hydr
ophobi
c
i
t
y,”
J
our
nal
of
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
i
n C
i
v
i
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
. 31, no. 10, 20
19, doi
:
10.1061/
(
a
s
c
e
)
m
t
.1943
-
5533.0002875.
[
6]
J
.
W
.
K
i
m
,
K
.
K
i
m
,
a
nd
T
.
H
.
M
.
L
e
,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
r
ur
a
l
pa
ve
m
e
nt
s
w
i
t
h
S
B
S
-
m
odi
f
i
e
d
a
s
pha
l
t
bi
nde
r
s
a
nd
pe
t
r
ol
e
um
r
e
s
i
n,”
B
ui
l
di
ngs
, vol
. 14, no. 1, 2024, doi
:
10.3390/
bui
l
di
ngs
14010116.
[
7]
S
.
C
he
n,
E
.
J
i
n,
G
.
X
u,
S
.
Z
huo,
a
nd
X
.
C
he
n,
“
F
a
c
t
or
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
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ng
t
he
l
ow
-
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
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pr
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t
i
e
s
of
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yr
e
ne
-
but
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di
e
ne
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yr
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e
m
odi
f
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e
d a
s
pha
l
t
ba
s
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t
hogona
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T
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c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
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t
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a
l
i
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pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
pol
yur
e
t
ha
ne
-
m
odi
f
i
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bi
t
um
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m
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e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
m
e
t
hod,
a
nd
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
of
di
r
e
c
t
-
to
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pl
a
nt
S
B
S
m
odi
f
i
e
r
s
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a
s
pha
l
t
m
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vi
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c
a
r
bon
N
a
no
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t
ube
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m
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w
e
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n
r
ubbe
r
i
z
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d
a
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pol
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r
m
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f
i
e
d
a
s
pha
l
t
on
he
a
vy
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
pa
ve
m
e
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i
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nvi
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,”
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,
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t
yr
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r
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on t
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ut
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Sül
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nt
,”
J
our
nal
of
C
l
e
ane
r
P
r
oduc
t
i
on
, vol
. 380, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
c
l
e
pr
o.2022.135030.
[
29]
M
.
A
r
a
ba
ni
,
M
.
E
br
a
hi
m
i
,
M
.
M
.
S
ha
l
c
hi
a
n,
a
nd
M
.
M
.
R
a
hi
m
a
ba
di
,
“
I
nf
l
ue
nc
e
of
bi
om
a
s
s
-
m
odi
f
i
e
d
a
s
ph
a
l
t
bi
nde
r
on
r
ut
t
i
ng
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
,”
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n C
i
v
i
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
, vol
. 2024, 2024, doi
:
10.1155/
2024
/
8249248.
[
30]
C
. Y
a
n, T
. Z
ha
ng, K
. H
u, S
. T
. A
. G
i
l
l
a
ni
, a
nd
W
. Z
ha
ng, “
E
va
l
ua
t
i
on of
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
C
9 pe
t
r
ol
e
um
r
e
s
i
n on r
he
ol
ogi
c
a
l
be
ha
v
i
or
,
m
i
c
r
os
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
c
he
m
i
c
a
l
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
of
s
t
yr
e
ne
-
but
a
di
e
ne
-
s
t
yr
e
ne
m
odi
f
i
e
d
a
s
pha
l
t
,”
B
ui
l
di
ngs
,
vol
.
14,
no.
6,
2024,
doi
:
10.3390/
bui
l
di
ngs
14061599.
[
31]
A
.
A
qs
ha
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
e
que
nt
i
a
l
e
s
t
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
-
di
e
l
s
-
a
l
de
r
r
e
a
c
t
i
ons
f
or
i
m
pr
ovi
ng
pi
ne
r
os
i
n
dur
a
bi
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
hi
n
r
oa
d
m
a
r
ki
ng
pa
i
nt
,
”
M
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
, vol
. 28, no. 13, 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
m
ol
e
c
ul
e
s
28135236.
[
32]
Y
.
L
i
,
G
.
J
i
a
ng,
S
.
Y
a
n,
J
.
F
e
ng,
a
nd
D
.
L
i
,
“
P
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
of
hi
gh
-
vi
s
c
os
i
t
y
a
nd
hi
gh
-
e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
bi
t
um
e
n
(
H
V
E
-
M
B
)
m
odi
f
i
e
d w
i
t
h f
i
ve
a
ddi
t
i
ve
s
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 15, no. 19, 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u151914089.
[
33]
W
.
B
a
r
a
now
s
ka
,
M
.
R
z
e
pn
a
,
P
.
O
s
t
r
ow
s
ki
,
a
nd
H
.
L
e
w
a
ndow
s
ka
,
“
R
a
di
a
t
i
on
a
nd
r
a
di
c
a
l
gr
a
f
t
i
ng
c
om
pa
t
i
bi
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
pol
ym
e
r
s
f
or
i
m
pr
ove
d bi
t
um
i
nous
bi
nde
r
s
-
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
, vol
. 17, no. 7, 2024, doi
:
10.3390/
m
a
17071642.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Emma
Savitri
is
an
associate
professor
with
a
demonstrated
histo
ry
of
workin
g
in
the
Department
of
Chemical
Enginee
ring.
Skilled
in
polymer
s
cience
and
technology,
biomaterial
s
and
composite
s
,
and
photocatalyst
.
Strong
education
prof
essional
with
a
d
octora
l
degree
in
Chemical
Engineering
from
the
Institut
e
Technology
Sepul
uh
Nopember
Surabaya
in
2015.
Her
master
's
degree
in
Polymer
Science
and
Technology
fr
om
Aston
University
in
collaborat
ion
with
the
University
of
Birmingham
in
2005.
She
can
be
contacted
at
email:
savitri_ma@st
aff.ubaya.
ac.id.
Edy
Purwanto
is
a
candidate
Ph
.
D
.
degree
in
Chemical
Eng
ineering
fro
m
Adelaide University,
Australia. His research i
nterest includes
polymer
science and technology,
and chemi
cal reactio
n kinet
ics. He can
be contact
ed at emai
l:
edypurwant
o@
staff.ubay
a.ac.id.
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