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m
J
an
u
ar
y
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
2
,
u
s
in
g
f
ee
d
er
lo
ad
d
ata
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
h
o
ld
in
g
co
m
p
a
n
y
o
f
Nig
er
ia
(
P
HC
N)
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
d
aily
f
ee
d
e
r
f
ailu
r
es
wer
e
c
au
s
ed
b
y
in
ter
m
itt
en
t
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Uh
u
n
m
wan
g
h
o
an
d
E
s
eo
s
a
[
8
]
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
NE
PLAN
s
o
f
t
war
e
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
Po
r
t
Har
co
u
r
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PHC
N
f
o
r
th
e
C
h
o
b
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
N
E
PLAN
r
ev
ea
led
m
u
c
h
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
m
ad
e
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
u
tag
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
g
et
cr
itical
d
ata
f
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
r
esear
ch
an
d
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
th
e
Utilit
y
g
u
ar
an
tee
co
m
p
lete
r
e
co
r
d
in
g
o
f
all
d
ata
(
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
)
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
P
o
r
t
Har
co
u
r
t
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Ad
ef
ar
ati
et
a
l.
[
9
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
Ay
ed
e
3
3
0
/1
3
2
KV
in
jectio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
J
er
ich
o
,
I
jeb
u
o
d
e,
I
b
a
d
an
No
r
t
h
,
Sa
g
am
u
,
Ay
e
d
e,
an
d
I
s
ey
in
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
's
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
ai
lu
r
e
r
ate
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e
b
etwe
en
f
ailu
r
es
(
MT
B
F).
Og
h
en
eo
v
o
[
1
0
]
co
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
On
its
h
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
9
an
d
2
0
1
1
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
te
r
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
s
o
m
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
at
th
e
in
jectio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
E
T
AP
s
o
f
twar
e.
R
esear
ch
er
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
clu
s
io
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
'
s
r
ev
en
u
e.
Gaz
ijah
an
i
an
d
Saleh
i
[
1
1
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
i
n
ce
n
tiv
e
-
b
ased
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
s
t
-
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
a
r
k
et
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
E
MA
)
.
Gh
iasi
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
r
is
k
o
f
m
etr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
r
is
k
ev
alu
atio
n
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
o
b
le
m
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Hu
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
class
if
ied
o
u
tag
e
tim
e
lo
ad
p
o
in
ts
f
r
o
m
4
ty
p
es
to
7
ty
p
es
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
R
o
ch
a
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
an
aly
ze
d
r
e
liab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
in
v
o
lv
e
d
is
lan
d
in
g
d
y
n
am
ics
u
s
in
g
No
n
-
s
eq
u
en
tial
C
ar
lo
Mo
n
te
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
im
u
latio
n
with
a
co
m
p
lete
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
i
n
e
m
o
d
el
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es a
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Šn
ip
as
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
ap
p
lied
a
s
to
ch
asti
c
au
to
m
atic
n
etwo
r
k
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
a
p
p
li
ed
n
o
v
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
els
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
g
in
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
co
s
t
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
n
o
t
u
s
ed
.
Gaz
ijah
an
i
an
d
Saleh
i
[
1
8
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
in
teg
r
ated
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
tim
e
r
ate
s
m
ar
t d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
lan
n
in
g
.
T
ee
r
a
-
ac
h
ar
iy
a
k
u
l
an
d
R
er
k
p
r
ee
d
ap
o
n
g
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
tim
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
f
ee
d
er
'
s
f
u
tu
r
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
tim
e,
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
en
er
g
y
r
ates,
an
d
to
tal
s
er
v
ice
ar
ea
s
KVA.
T
h
e
g
am
e
th
eo
r
y
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
b
alan
ce
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
co
s
ts
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
Mir
h
o
s
s
ein
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
an
aly
tical
n
o
v
el
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
ew
r
e
liab
ilit
y
-
weig
h
ted
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
f
ac
to
r
.
Ab
b
asg
h
o
r
b
an
i
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
v
alid
ated
in
th
e
Kh
o
r
asan
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
I
r
an
.
Ma
h
d
av
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
in
th
e
ex
p
an
s
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ex
p
an
s
io
n
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
with
n
etwo
r
k
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
o
f
a
c
o
o
lin
g
to
wer
'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
a
s
team
tu
r
b
in
e
g
en
er
ato
r
was
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
u
s
in
g
m
eta
h
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
of
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
,
Ma
an
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
u
s
ed
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
al
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
m
ad
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
elem
en
ts
wh
ich
co
m
p
r
is
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
:
tu
r
b
in
e,
tu
r
b
in
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
,
g
en
er
ato
r
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
also
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
th
e
lack
o
f
wate
r
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
Ku
m
a
r
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
co
ld
r
eser
v
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
g
eo
m
etr
ically
d
is
p
er
s
ed
f
ailu
r
e,
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
g
u
i
d
elin
es.
I
n
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
g
r
i
d
s
w
i
t
h
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
o
u
t
a
g
e
c
o
s
t
e
s
t
i
m
a
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
D
G
u
n
i
t
s
,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
er
[
2
6
]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
r
el
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
G
a
zi
j
a
h
a
n
i
a
n
d
S
al
e
h
i
[
2
7
]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
it
y
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E
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c
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a
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it
y
-
b
a
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d
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
i
n
G
h
i
a
s
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
185
2
-
1
8
6
4
1854
i
n
c
e
n
t
i
v
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
-
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
D
R
)
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
r
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
J
a
y
a
p
p
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
r
i
s
k
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
e
t
r
o
p
o
li
t
a
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
is
t
i
c
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
r
is
k
s
a
n
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
cs
o
f
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
n
e
tw
o
r
k
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
W
h
en
ev
er
a
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lin
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
to
ac
t
q
u
ick
ly
,
is
o
late
th
e
f
au
lt
p
ar
t,
allo
w
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
f
au
lt
p
ar
ts
,
an
d
m
in
im
ize
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
ta
g
e.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
lo
s
er
an
d
s
witch
d
e
v
ices
m
ay
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
is
o
late
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
9
5
%
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
ar
ea
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
t
h
e
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
u
t
also
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
m
eth
o
d
in
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
APO
1
3
2
/3
3
KV
p
o
wer
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
in
Ab
u
ja,
Nig
er
ia
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
co
llec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
APO
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
1
8
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
y
s
tem
av
er
a
g
e
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
in
d
ex
(
SAI
DI
)
,
s
y
s
tem
av
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
d
ex
(
SAI
FI
)
,
cu
s
t
o
m
er
av
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
(
C
AI
DI
)
,
an
d
av
er
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
(
ASAI
)
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ap
p
ly
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ee
d
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
witch
es
o
r
r
ec
l
o
s
er
s
,
to
r
e
d
u
ce
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ich
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
in
liter
atu
r
e
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
ap
e
r
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
a
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
tate
o
f
MT
B
F
an
d
d
o
wn
tim
e
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
c
e
is
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
asce
r
tain
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
APO
1
3
2
/3
3
KV
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
in
th
e
Ab
u
ja
elec
tr
icity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
9
t
o
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
m
o
d
els
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
h
as
two
in
co
m
in
g
lin
es
th
at
lin
k
to
th
e
Natio
n
al
g
r
id
at
th
e
3
3
0
/1
3
2
KV
Kata
m
p
e
an
d
Ku
k
wab
a
(
Gwa
g
wala
d
a)
s
tatio
n
s
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
5
0
MV
A.
T
h
e
1
3
2
/3
3
k
V
Ap
o
Su
b
s
tatio
n
is
a
f
ee
d
er
s
tatio
n
th
at
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
Fed
e
r
al
C
ap
ital
T
er
r
ito
r
y
(
FC
T
)
in
Ab
u
ja,
Nig
er
ia.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
h
as
1
0
b
y
3
3
k
V
an
d
1
s
p
ar
e
o
u
tg
o
in
g
f
ee
d
e
r
lin
e,
wh
ic
h
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
H3
7
,
H3
5
,
H3
3
,
H3
1
,
H3
,
H7
,
H1
1
,
H1
3
,
H
1
5
,
H2
1
,
&
H
2
3
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
d
els
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
f
ast
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
f
ailu
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
es
d
o
wn
ti
m
e
an
d
o
u
tag
es
o
f
ea
c
h
f
ee
d
er
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
aily
o
u
tag
e
f
ee
d
er
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
m
ea
n
tim
e
to
r
ep
air
(
MT
T
R
)
,
Failu
r
e
r
ate,
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
d
ic
es,
an
d
MT
B
F.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
ba
bil
it
y
dis
t
ributio
n
m
o
dels
Pro
b
ab
ilit
y
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Mo
d
e
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
aly
s
is
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
in
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ices
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
b
eg
in
s
with
s
el
ec
tin
g
an
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
C
o
m
m
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
e:
−
E
x
p
o
n
e
n
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
Of
te
n
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
tim
e
b
etw
ee
n
f
ailu
r
es
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate,
s
u
ch
as e
lectr
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
d
eg
r
a
d
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
o
v
er
tim
e.
−
W
eib
u
ll
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
A
v
er
s
at
ile
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
ea
r
ly
-
life
f
ailu
r
es a
n
d
wea
r
-
o
u
t f
ailu
r
es.
I
t c
an
m
o
d
el
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
,
c
o
n
s
tan
t,
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates.
−
No
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
Ap
p
lied
wh
en
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
ailu
r
es
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
a
m
ea
n
v
alu
e,
ty
p
ically
in
ca
s
es o
f
wea
r
a
n
d
tear
.
−
L
o
g
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
Usef
u
l
wh
en
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
tim
es
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
m
u
ltip
licativ
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les,
lik
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Af
ter
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
f
ailu
r
e
d
ata
(
e.
g
.
,
tim
e
-
to
-
f
ailu
r
e
o
r
f
ailu
r
e
r
at
es)
is
g
ath
er
ed
f
r
o
m
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
is
to
r
y
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
ch
o
s
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ca
le,
s
h
ap
e)
ar
e
esti
m
ated
,
o
f
ten
u
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
m
ax
im
u
m
li
k
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
(
ML
E
)
.
W
ith
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
o
d
el
in
p
lace
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ices
s
u
ch
as
th
e
MT
B
F
o
r
av
ailab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
h
elp
in
g
to
p
r
ed
ict
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
g
u
id
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
d
ec
is
io
n
s
2
.
2
.
Av
a
ila
bil
it
y
Av
ailab
ilit
y
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
in
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
tate
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
er
io
d
o
f
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
I
t
is
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
cted
v
alu
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tim
e
to
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
v
al
u
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tim
e
an
d
d
o
wn
tim
e.
Av
ailab
il
ity
(
A)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
to
(
6
)
[
2
6
]
.
=
[
]
[
]
+
[
]
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
n
a
lytica
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
fa
ilu
r
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
a
s
s
es
s
men
t
…
(
Ja
co
b
K
eh
in
d
e
Og
u
n
ju
yig
b
e
)
1855
Giv
en
a
s
tate
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
Y(
t)
,
it c
an
th
u
s
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
{
1
,
=
0
0
,
ℎ
(
2
)
Av
ailab
ilit
y
A(
t)
at
an
y
tim
e
t
>
0
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
Pr
[
(
)
=
1
]
=
[
(
)
]
(
3
)
Def
in
e
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
lin
e
in
ter
v
als
with
an
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
an
ar
b
i
tr
ar
y
co
n
s
tan
t
c
>
0
,
th
en
,
av
er
a
g
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
4
)
.
=
1
∫
(
)
0
(
4
)
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
g
i
v
en
in
(
5
)
.
=
l
im
→
∞
(
5
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
4
)
in
t
o
(
5
)
:
=
l
im
→
∞
1
∫
(
)
0
(
6
)
2
.
3
.
M
ea
n t
im
e
bet
wee
n f
a
ilu
re
(
M
T
B
F
)
Me
an
tim
e
b
etwe
en
f
ailu
r
e
(
MT
B
F)
is
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
R
(
t)
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
n
s
ity
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
(
t)
o
f
tim
e
b
et
wee
n
f
ailu
r
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
7
)
[
2
7
]
.
(
)
=
−
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
λ
is
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
MT
B
F is
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ef
in
ite
in
teg
r
al
o
f
R
(
t)
,
wh
ich
i
s
g
iv
en
in
(
8
)
to
(
1
1
)
:
MT
B
F =
∫
(
)
∞
0
(
8
)
MT
B
F =
∫
(
)
∞
(
9
)
w
h
er
e:
(
)
is
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
d
en
s
ity
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
t is th
e
tim
e
u
n
til f
ailu
r
e
;
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
7
)
with
(
9
)
; a
n
d
T
h
u
s
,
MT
B
F is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
0
)
.
MT
B
F =
∫
−
∞
(
1
0
)
So
lv
in
g
th
e
d
ef
in
ite
in
teg
r
al
u
s
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
y
p
ar
ts
MT
B
F =
1
(
1
1
)
2
.
4
.
Dis
t
ributio
n ind
ices
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
in
d
ices
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
SAI
DI
,
C
AI
DI
,
SAI
FI,
m
o
m
e
n
tar
y
av
er
a
g
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
i
n
d
ex
(
MA
I
FI)
,
cu
s
to
m
er
av
e
r
ag
e
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
in
d
ex
(
C
AI
FI)
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
er
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
in
d
ex
(
C
I
I
I
)
,
av
er
a
g
e
s
er
v
ice
u
n
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
(
ASUI
)
,
an
d
th
e
ASAI
.
2
.
4
.
1
.
I
nte
rr
up
t
io
n dura
t
io
n ind
ex
(
SAI
D
I
)
SAI
DI
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
to
tal
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
a
cu
s
to
m
er
av
er
ag
e
o
v
er
a
g
iv
e
n
p
er
io
d
.
I
t
is
o
f
ten
ca
lcu
lated
m
o
n
th
ly
o
r
an
n
u
ally
.
Fo
r
a
g
iv
en
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
NT
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
185
2
-
1
8
6
4
1856
s
y
s
tem
,
in
ca
s
e
o
f
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
,
I
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
cu
s
to
m
er
s
not
a
f
f
ec
ted
f
o
r
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
C
D
I
f
o
r
a
n
y
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
(
1
2
)
t
o
(
1
3
)
[
2
8
]
:
C
DI
=
d
∗
N
(
1
2
)
So
,
f
o
r
a
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
au
lt
s
f
o
r
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
…,
n
,
th
e
C
D
I
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
C
DI
=
d
1
N
1
+ d
2
N
2
+ d
3
N
3
+
….
+
d
n
N
n
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
C
DI
=
∑
=
1
T
h
u
s
,
SAI
DI
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
SAI
DI
=
∑
=
1
(
1
3
)
w
h
er
e,
d
i
=
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
N
i
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
N
T
=
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
2
.
4
.
2
.
Cus
t
o
m
er
a
v
er
a
g
e
inte
rr
up
t
io
n dura
t
io
n
(
CAID
I
)
T
h
is
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
to
r
esto
r
e
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
ex
allo
ws
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
u
ta
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
ca
lcu
la
te
C
AI
DI
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
4
)
[
2
7
]
:
C
AI
DI
=
∑
=
1
(
1
4
)
w
h
er
e,
d
i
=
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
N
i
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
2
.
4
.
3
.
SAI
F
I
T
h
is
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tim
es
a
cu
s
to
m
er
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
a
p
o
wer
o
u
ta
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
(
o
r
p
er
io
d
)
.
T
h
e
SAI
FI
is
th
e
r
ati
o
o
f
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
te
d
to
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
ca
lcu
late
SAI
FI
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
5
)
,
(
1
6
)
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
r
a
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
tim
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
with
o
u
t e
lectr
ic
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
i
n
ter
v
al
o
f
tim
e.
I
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
SAI
FI
=
∑
=
1
(
1
5
)
N
i
=
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
.
N
T
=
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
s
er
v
ed
.
SAI
FI
m
ay
also
b
e
g
iv
e
n
in
(
1
6
)
as:
SAI
FI
=
SAI
DI
/ CAI
DI
(
1
6
)
2
.
4
.
4
.
Cus
t
o
m
er
a
v
er
a
g
e
inte
rr
up
t
io
n f
re
qu
ency
in
dex
(
CAIFI
)
C
AI
FI
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
e
r
y
ea
r
.
I
t
is
s
im
p
ly
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
d
iv
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
af
f
ec
te
d
.
Fo
r
an
y
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
,
s
ev
er
al
cu
s
to
m
er
s
a
r
e
a
f
f
ec
te
d
.
I
f
Σ
(
No
)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
i
n
a
y
ea
r
,
th
e
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
af
f
ec
ted
th
at
y
ea
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
Σ
(
Ni)
.
He
n
ce
,
C
AI
FI
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
7
)
as
[
2
8
]
:
C
A
IF
I
=
∑
0
=
1
∑
=
1
(
1
7
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
av
er
a
g
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
d
ex
.
No
=
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
N
i
=
th
e
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
te
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
n
a
lytica
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
fa
ilu
r
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
a
s
s
es
s
men
t
…
(
Ja
co
b
K
eh
in
d
e
Og
u
n
ju
yig
b
e
)
1857
2
.
4
.
5
.
Cus
t
o
m
er
s
inte
rr
up
t
ed
per
inte
rr
up
t
io
n i
nd
ex
(
CI
I
I
)
T
h
e
C
I
I
I
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
d
u
r
in
g
an
o
u
tag
e.
I
t
is
an
in
v
e
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
C
AI
FI
an
d
ca
n
b
e
c
alcu
lated
in
(
1
8
)
as [
2
9
]
:
C
III
=
∑
=
1
∑
0
=
1
(
1
8
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
av
er
a
g
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
d
ex
.
No
=
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
N
i
=
th
e
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
te
d
.
2
.
4
.
6
.
Av
er
a
g
e
s
er
v
ice
un
a
v
a
ila
bil
it
y
ind
ex
(
ASUI
)
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ti
m
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
with
o
u
t
elec
tr
icity
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
in
ter
v
al
o
f
tim
e.
I
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
9
)
as [
2
8
]
:
ASUI
=
∑
.
(
1
9
)
w
h
er
e,
d
i
=
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
N
i
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
N
T
=
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
2
.
4
.
7
.
Av
e
r
a
g
e
se
r
v
ice
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
ity
in
d
e
x
(
ASAI
)
T
h
is
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
s
er
v
es
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
.
I
t
is
u
s
u
ally
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
es.
I
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
2
0
)
as
[
2
8
]
:
ASAI
=
1
–
∑
.
(
2
0
)
W
h
er
e,
d
i
=
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
N
i
=
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
N
T
=
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
T
=
T
im
e
p
er
io
d
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Feed
er
s
2
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
an
d
1
0
also
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ail
u
r
es.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
tem
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
a
to
tal
o
f
3
8
1
8
f
a
ilu
r
es
o
v
er
th
e
ten
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
W
h
en
th
e
ASAI
is
lo
w,
i
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
n
a
v
ailab
le,
m
ea
n
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
a
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
r
l
o
n
g
er
d
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es.
A
lo
w
ASAI
s
ig
n
if
ies
p
o
o
r
s
er
v
ice
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
is
o
f
ten
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
On
e
co
m
m
o
n
ca
u
s
e
o
f
a
lo
w
ASAI
is
p
o
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
.
I
f
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
,
an
d
p
o
wer
l
in
es,
is
ag
in
g
o
r
in
a
d
eq
u
atel
y
m
ain
tain
ed
,
it
m
a
y
f
ail
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
u
tag
es.
W
ea
th
er
-
r
e
lated
is
s
u
es
ca
n
also
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e,
s
u
ch
as
s
to
r
m
s
,
h
u
r
r
ican
es,
o
r
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
,
w
h
ich
d
am
ag
e
cr
itical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
Ar
ea
s
p
r
o
n
e
to
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
r
o
p
in
ASAI
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
ch
ev
e
n
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
lack
o
f
in
v
estme
n
t
in
s
y
s
tem
u
p
g
r
ad
es
o
r
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ca
p
ac
ity
to
h
an
d
le
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
ca
n
s
tr
ain
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
W
h
en
d
em
an
d
e
x
ce
ed
s
s
u
p
p
ly
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
wer
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
er
v
ice
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
e
s
,
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
s
o
r
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
taf
f
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
p
o
o
r
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
r
d
elay
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
f
au
lts
.
A
lo
w
AS
AI
u
ltima
tely
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
er
c
u
s
to
m
er
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
as
p
r
o
lo
n
g
e
d
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
o
u
tag
es
d
is
r
u
p
t
d
aily
life
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
an
d
cr
itical
s
er
v
ices.
Utilit
ie
s
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es
b
y
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
ch
e
d
u
les,
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
t
o
r
ai
s
e
th
e
ASAI
an
d
r
esto
r
e
s
er
v
ice
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ices f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
tim
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
f
ee
d
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
c
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
es
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
is
in
d
ex
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
f
ee
d
er
s
9
a
n
d
1
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
lo
n
g
est
MT
B
F,
h
av
in
g
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
5
6
1
.
8
4
6
2
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
an
y
f
o
r
ce
d
f
ailu
r
e
.
Feed
er
1
h
as
th
e
least
MT
B
F,
w
ith
ju
s
t
1
4
2
.
9
8
2
1
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
o
p
er
at
io
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
a
f
ailu
r
e.
Hen
ce
,
f
ee
d
er
1
a
p
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
th
e
least
s
tab
le
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
k
.
Feed
e
r
s
2
,
3
,
4
,
6
,
an
d
1
1
,
with
MT
B
F
o
f
1
5
3
.
4
9
9
1
h
o
u
r
s
,
1
8
4
.
9
1
1
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
2
0
3
.
3
5
1
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
2
1
5
.
3
5
1
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
2
2
8
.
8
4
6
h
o
u
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
also
ap
p
ea
r
to
b
e
less
r
eliab
le
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
f
ee
d
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
185
2
-
1
8
6
4
1858
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
MT
T
R
o
f
ea
ch
f
ee
d
er
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Feed
e
r
1
1
h
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
MT
T
R
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
8
.
9
5
5
1
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
ile
f
ee
d
er
3
h
as
th
e
least
MT
T
R
with
6
.
1
4
7
7
h
o
u
r
s
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
f
ee
d
er
3
is
th
e
f
astes
t
to
b
e
f
i
x
ed
in
an
y
ca
s
e
o
f
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
tim
e
to
f
au
lt
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt,
an
d
lo
g
is
tical
is
s
u
es
.
Feed
er
9
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
av
ailab
le,
h
av
in
g
an
av
ailab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
8
7
8
f
o
r
th
e
10
-
y
ea
r
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Feed
er
1
h
as
th
e
least
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
0
.
9
5
5
2
.
Oth
er
f
ee
d
er
s
with
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
av
aila
b
ilit
y
ar
e
f
ee
d
er
s
2
,
3
,
4
,
an
d
6
,
e
ac
h
with
0
.
9
5
9
2
,
0
.
9
6
7
8
,
0
.
9
6
8
8
,
an
d
0
.
9
6
8
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
two
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
f
ailu
r
es
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
to
b
e
h
ig
h
est
in
f
ee
d
er
s
9
an
d
1
0
,
wh
ile
f
ee
d
er
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
least
m
ea
n
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
f
ailu
r
es.
Feed
er
s
5
,
7
,
an
d
8
also
s
h
o
w
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
a
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
d
e
d
u
ce
d
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
er
s
with
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
MT
B
F
ar
e
f
air
ly
s
tab
le
in
o
p
er
atio
n
,
t
h
a
t
is
,
th
ey
h
av
e
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
f
ee
d
er
s
with
lo
w
MT
B
F.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
MT
T
R
o
f
f
ee
d
e
r
3
is
r
elativ
ely
q
u
ick
l
y
r
esto
r
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
f
ee
d
er
s
.
Feed
e
r
1
1
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
MT
T
R
v
alu
e
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
th
e
s
lo
west
to
b
e
r
esto
r
ed
to
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
af
ter
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
a
f
ailu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sy
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ices
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
1
8
F
e
e
d
e
r
To
t
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
To
t
a
l
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
u
t
a
g
e
(
h
r
)
To
t
a
l
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
h
r
)
M
T
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9
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3
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
v
er
a
g
e
inte
rr
up
t
io
n dura
t
io
n ind
ex
(
SAI
D
I
)
I
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
av
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
in
d
e
x
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
ea
ch
y
ea
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
ten
-
y
ea
r
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
av
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
in
t
h
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
1
with
a
SAI
DI
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
1
7
.
7
5
2
h
o
u
r
s
wh
ile
th
e
le
ast
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
i
n
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
with
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
8
7
.
8
5
4
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
q
u
ick
ly
d
is
co
v
er
ed
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
r
esto
r
ed
in
2
0
1
5
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
o
th
er
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
ti
o
n
d
u
r
atio
n
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
th
e
lo
west
av
er
a
g
e
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
.
3
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
v
er
a
g
e
inte
rr
u
ptio
n f
re
qu
ency
ind
ex
(
SAI
F
I
)
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
a
v
er
ag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
d
ex
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
4
,
with
a
SAI
FI
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
4
2
4
1
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
p
er
cu
s
to
m
er
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
SAI
FI
v
alu
e
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
7
with
0
.
3
5
4
7
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
p
er
cu
s
to
m
er
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
in
th
e
e
n
tire
p
er
io
d
,
a
cu
s
to
m
er
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
less
th
an
o
n
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
ea
ch
y
ea
r
i
n
th
e
APO
1
3
2
k
V/3
3
k
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
SAI
FI
v
alu
e
o
f
th
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
lo
w
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
3
6
6
1
9
9
8
Stan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
No
r
th
Am
er
ican
Utilit
ies,
wh
ich
h
as
a
m
ed
ia
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
.
1
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
p
e
r
cu
s
to
m
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
SAI
FI
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
4
an
d
th
e
l
o
west
v
alu
e
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
7
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
b
elo
w
0
.
5
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
p
er
cu
s
to
m
e
r
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es it a
s
s
u
m
ab
le
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
f
air
ly
s
tab
le.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
cu
s
to
m
er
s
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
APO
1
3
2
k
V/3
3
k
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
was
ex
t
r
em
ely
h
ig
h
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
0
9
,
with
a
C
AI
DI
v
alu
e
o
f
2
9
6
.
2
3
0
5
h
o
u
r
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
,
wh
ic
h
h
ad
a
C
AI
DI
v
alu
e
o
f
2
9
0
.
5
1
8
7
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
lo
west
C
AI
DI
v
alu
e
was r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
with
a
C
AI
DI
v
alu
e
o
f
2
3
4
.
3
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
in
s
in
u
ates th
at
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
was
q
u
ick
ly
r
esto
r
ed
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
y
ea
r
s
.
No
n
e
th
eless
,
a
lo
w
v
alu
e
o
f
C
AI
DI
d
ep
icts
th
e
h
ig
h
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
lo
west
C
AI
DI
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
APO
132
k
V/3
3
k
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
I
E
E
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
alu
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
at
th
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
tak
es
lo
n
g
er
h
o
u
r
s
th
a
n
th
e
s
tip
u
lated
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
to
r
esto
r
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
h
en
ce
m
ak
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
less
r
eliab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
n
a
lytica
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
fa
ilu
r
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
a
s
s
es
s
men
t
…
(
Ja
co
b
K
eh
in
d
e
Og
u
n
ju
yig
b
e
)
1859
3
.
3
.
Cus
t
o
m
er
a
v
er
a
g
e
inte
r
ruptio
n dura
t
io
n ind
ex
(
CAI
F
I
)
T
h
e
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
a
v
er
ag
e
i
n
t
er
r
u
p
ti
o
n
d
u
r
ati
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
in
T
a
b
l
e
2
s
h
o
ws
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
in
t
er
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
d
b
y
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
s
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
1
3
2
k
V/
3
3
k
V
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
ta
ti
o
n
w
er
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
7
,
wit
h
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
0
.
0
1
8
3
i
n
t
er
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
p
e
r
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
,
f
o
ll
o
w
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
9
,
w
it
h
a
n
av
er
ag
e
C
A
I
FI
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
.
0
1
7
6
in
te
r
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
p
e
r
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
.
T
h
e
l
o
west
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
A
I
F
I
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
6
wit
h
0
.
0
1
5
3
i
n
te
r
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
p
e
r
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
.
Ag
ai
n
,
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
A
I
FI
o
f
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
,
o
n
e
m
ig
h
t
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
l
y
ass
u
m
e
it
is
r
el
i
ab
l
e
w
h
e
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
its
v
e
r
y
lo
w
v
al
u
es
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
in
te
r
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
p
e
r
cu
s
t
o
m
e
r
.
Ot
h
er
y
ea
r
s
wit
h
r
el
ati
v
el
y
h
ig
h
C
AI
F
I
v
al
u
es
a
r
e
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
.
Y
ea
r
s
w
it
h
l
o
w
v
al
u
es
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
C
AI
FI
ar
e
2
0
1
4
an
d
2
0
1
6
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
C
A
I
F
I
v
a
lu
e
i
n
th
e
t
ab
l
e
is
less
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
2
,
w
h
i
ch
c
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
t
o
b
e
f
ai
r
l
y
r
eli
ab
le
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
d
ef
i
n
i
n
g
in
d
i
ce
s
d
o
n
o
t s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
3
.
4
.
Cus
t
o
m
er
s
inte
rr
up
t
ed
per
inte
rr
up
t
io
n in
dex
(
CII
I
)
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
th
at
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
an
in
te
r
r
u
p
tio
n
at
a
s
in
g
le
tim
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
C
I
I
I
co
lu
m
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
m
o
r
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
at
a
s
in
g
le
tim
e
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
6
th
an
in
an
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e
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ex
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tem
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ay
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.
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.
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2
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2
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0
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4
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1
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0
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2
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3
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5
.
Av
er
a
g
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s
er
v
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a
v
a
ila
b
ility
ind
ex
(
ASAI
)
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
v
a
il
ab
i
lit
y
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
t
h
e
APO
1
3
2
k
V/3
3
k
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
is
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
in
t
h
e
ASA
I
c
o
l
u
m
n
o
f
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
was
m
o
s
t
a
v
aila
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
5
wit
h
a
n
AS
AI
v
a
lu
e
o
f
9
8
.
9
9
7
1
%
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
as
le
ast
av
ail
a
b
le
i
n
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
wit
h
an
ASA
I
v
al
u
e
o
f
9
8
.
6
5
5
8
%.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
ce
d
f
ail
u
r
e
s
i
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
wh
i
ch
is
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
witc
h
g
e
ar
a
n
d
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
ai
lu
r
es
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
a
v
ai
la
b
il
it
y
in
d
ex
i
n
t
h
e
y
e
ar
2
0
1
5
.
Ot
h
e
r
y
ea
r
s
wit
h
r
elat
iv
el
y
h
i
g
h
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
i
n
d
e
x
es
a
r
e
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
8
,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
le
ast
a
v
a
ila
b
il
it
y
w
as
r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
.
3
.
6
.
Av
er
a
g
e
s
er
v
ice
un
a
v
a
ila
bil
it
y
ind
ex
(
ASUI
)
T
h
e
ASUI
co
lu
m
n
o
f
T
ab
l
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
u
n
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
o
f
th
e
APO
132
k
V/3
3
k
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
ASUI
,
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
3
4
4
2
%
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
o
f
AS
UI
was
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
,
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
0
2
9
%
.
B
ec
au
s
e
AS
UI
i
s
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
ASAI
,
it
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
m
o
s
t
u
n
av
ailab
le
in
2
0
1
1
an
d
m
o
s
t
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ar
k
o
f
u
n
av
ailab
ilit
y
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
,
w
h
ile
th
e
lo
west m
ar
k
was r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
.
4.
I
NF
E
R
E
NC
E
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
a
h
ig
h
MT
B
F o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
f
ee
d
er
ar
e:
−
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
R
eliab
ilit
y
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
er
f
ailin
g
i
s
ex
tr
em
ely
lo
w,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
c
es
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
o
u
ta
g
es a
n
d
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
−
Hig
h
MT
B
F lea
d
s
to
lo
wer
co
s
t o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
185
2
-
1
8
6
4
1860
−
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
u
p
tim
e:
th
e
f
ee
d
e
r
r
em
ain
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
co
n
n
ec
ted
l
o
ad
s
.
−
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
: th
e
f
ai
lu
r
e
r
ate
r
ed
u
ctio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
−
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
: f
ewe
r
o
u
ta
g
es a
n
d
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
r
esu
lt in
h
ig
h
e
r
cu
s
to
m
er
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
ee
d
er
s
9
an
d
1
1
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
a
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
f
ee
d
er
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
MT
T
R
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
elo
w:
−
L
o
n
g
er
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
o
u
tag
es:
wh
en
a
f
ailu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
it
t
ak
es
lo
n
g
er
to
r
ep
air
,
lead
i
n
g
to
ex
ten
d
ed
d
o
wn
tim
e.
−
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
d
o
wn
tim
e
co
s
ts
:
th
e
lo
n
g
er
th
e
r
ep
air
tim
e,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
u
n
d
eliv
er
ed
en
er
g
y
an
d
h
en
ce
,
lo
s
t p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
ep
la
ce
m
en
t p
o
wer
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
r
e
v
e
n
u
e
lo
s
s
.
−
R
ed
u
ce
d
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
:
A
h
ig
h
MT
T
R
m
ea
n
s
th
e
f
ee
d
er
r
em
ain
s
f
o
r
ce
d
o
u
t
o
f
s
er
v
ice
f
o
r
an
e
x
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
,
p
o
ten
tially
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
c
ascad
in
g
f
ailu
r
es o
r
s
tr
ain
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
−
Dec
r
ea
s
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
:
L
o
n
g
e
r
o
u
tag
es
lead
to
f
r
u
s
tr
ated
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
d
am
ag
e
th
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
o
f
u
tili
ties
an
d
s
tr
ai
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
−
R
ed
u
ce
d
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
:
H
ig
h
MT
T
R
ca
n
in
d
icate
in
ef
f
i
cien
cies
in
th
e
r
ep
air
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
eith
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
q
u
ality
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
,
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
ee
d
e
r
3
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
f
ee
d
er
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
1
3
2
/3
3
KV
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
in
A
b
u
ja,
Nig
er
ia
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
is
to
r
ica
l
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
AP
O
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
aily
o
u
ta
g
e
f
ee
d
e
r
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
R
eliab
ilit
y
,
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
MT
T
R
,
Failu
r
e
r
ate,
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
d
ices,
an
d
MT
B
F
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
ce
d
f
ailu
r
es in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
3
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
e
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
t
h
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Du
e
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ep
aid
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
h
as
h
el
p
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
,
r
ed
u
ce
n
etwo
r
k
o
v
er
lo
a
d
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
m
in
im
ize
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
is
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
f
ee
d
er
1
to
h
av
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
APO
1
3
2
k
V/3
3
KV
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
ce
d
f
ailu
r
es
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
u
e
to
s
witch
g
ea
r
an
d
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
f
ailu
r
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was m
o
s
t a
v
ailab
le
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
with
an
ASAI
v
alu
e
o
f
9
8
.
9
9
7
1
%.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
least
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
with
an
ASAI
v
alu
e
o
f
9
8
.
6
5
5
8
%.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
o
u
tag
e
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
0
9
with
3
1
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ated
o
u
ta
g
e
an
d
3
9
8
8
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
wh
ile
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
5
h
as
th
e
lo
west
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
o
u
tag
e
with
2
3
1
9
h
o
u
r
s
b
u
t
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
3
5
2
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
tate
o
f
MT
B
F
an
d
d
o
w
n
tim
e
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
is
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
s
s
u
ch
as
I
o
E
,
I
o
T
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
r
o
b
o
ts
will
r
ed
u
ce
o
u
tag
e
tim
e
an
d
m
ax
im
iz
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
e
v
en
u
e.
T
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
ar
ter
b
y
d
ata
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
co
llectio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
r
o
b
o
tics
,
I
o
T
,
an
aly
tical
b
ig
d
ata
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tell
ig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
,
an
d
a
u
g
m
en
te
d
.
Fin
ally
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
d
in
r
em
o
te
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tr
ain
o
n
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
,
au
to
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
n
etwo
r
k
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
f
au
lts
an
d
ar
o
u
n
d
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
f
ee
d
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
an
ticip
ated
t
o
h
el
p
elec
tr
icity
ex
p
er
ts
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
esig
n
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
A
b
u
ja
E
lectr
icity
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
C
o
m
p
an
y
(
AE
DC
)
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
a
n
d
en
ab
le
d
th
e
tim
ely
co
m
p
le
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Als
o
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
e
d
ito
r
an
d
r
ev
iewe
r
s
o
f
th
is
jo
u
r
n
al
wh
o
s
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
is
p
ap
er
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
a
ut
h
or
s
de
cl
ar
e
t
h
at
t
h
ey
ha
v
e
n
o
kn
o
w
n
c
o
m
p
et
i
n
g
f
i
n
an
ci
al
i
nt
er
e
s
t
s
or
pe
r
s
o
n
al
r
el
at
io
n
s
hi
p
s
t
h
at
c
ou
ld
h
a
ve
ap
p
e
ar
e
d
to
in
f
l
ue
n
c
e
t
h
e
w
or
k
r
e
p
or
t
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
p
ap
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
n
a
lytica
l te
ch
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iq
u
e
fo
r
fa
ilu
r
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
a
s
s
es
s
men
t
…
(
Ja
co
b
K
eh
in
d
e
Og
u
n
ju
yig
b
e
)
1861
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
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T
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M
E
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h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
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ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
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ec
o
g
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ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
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th
o
r
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n
tr
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tio
n
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,
r
ed
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ce
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
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Vi
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ac
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u
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v
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hi
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