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tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
tailo
r
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
al
-
f
o
ld
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
in
E
-
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
d
r
awin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c,
o
r
o
th
er
s
m
ar
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
w
h
er
e
f
ea
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
aim
s
to
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
in
E
-
v
eh
icle
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ou
r
wo
r
k
with
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
d
u
al
-
f
o
ld
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
we'
r
e
wo
r
k
in
g
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
in
[
6
]
,
w
h
ich
d
escr
ib
es a
m
o
d
if
ied
L
u
o
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
esti
n
g
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
two
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es
:
s
im
p
lify
in
g
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M
)
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
en
s
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
ta
b
le
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
.
T
h
eir
m
o
d
i
f
ied
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
ac
h
iev
ed
n
o
tab
le
r
esu
lts
in
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
ized
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
m
ain
tain
in
g
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
ar
am
eter
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
:
co
s
t
ef
f
ici
en
cy
r
em
ai
n
ed
a
ch
allen
g
e,
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
d
esire
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
o
n
ten
t in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
,
an
d
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t i
n
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
An
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
d
esi
g
n
f
o
r
el
ec
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
cle
(
E
V
)
ap
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
-
l
if
t
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
(
SLBC
)
,
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
d
esi
g
n
co
m
b
i
n
es
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
s
u
p
er
-
li
f
t
L
u
o
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
wit
h
th
o
s
e
o
f
a
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
b
eh
in
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
was
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
g
ai
n
w
h
i
le
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
tw
o
o
u
tp
u
ts
—
o
n
e
s
t
ep
-
u
p
a
n
d
o
n
e
s
t
e
p
-
d
o
wn
—
f
r
o
m
a
s
i
n
g
le
i
n
p
u
t.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
k
ey
b
en
ef
it
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
w
it
h
o
u
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
d
iti
o
n
a
l tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
ci
r
c
u
its
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
’
s
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
was
ev
al
u
at
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
l
o
s
s
,
r
o
o
t
-
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS
)
v
al
u
es
,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
SLB
C
’
s
l
o
w
c
o
n
d
u
cti
o
n
lo
s
s
,
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
g
ai
n
,
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
le
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
r
ch
ite
ct
u
r
e
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
its
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
.
An
in
ter
leav
ed
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
8
]
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ile
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
was
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
witch
in
g
co
n
d
u
cti
o
n
lo
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
lo
w
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
r
ip
p
le
-
f
r
ee
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
u
p
g
r
a
d
ed
L
u
o
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
e
d
.
I
n
m
an
y
ca
s
es,
th
e
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
wil
l
r
ed
u
ce
p
a
r
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
les.
Sin
ce
it
p
er
m
itted
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
,
it
was
m
o
r
e
s
u
ited
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lift
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
c
r
ea
te
a
n
ew
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
m
u
lti
-
p
o
r
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
was
ass
ess
ed
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
t
r
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
ett
lin
g
tim
e
an
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t.
Var
io
u
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
an
aly
s
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
lo
ad
p
o
wer
r
e
g
u
latio
n
.
B
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
m
o
d
e
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
in
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
m
in
im
ized
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
an
o
p
tim
al
r
eg
u
latin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
q
u
al
ity
is
cr
ea
ted
[
1
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
h
as
b
ee
n
v
a
lid
ated
u
s
in
g
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
ag
i
n
g
(
SS
A)
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
[
1
2
]
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
,
co
s
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
to
an
o
p
tim
al
lev
el
was
th
e
m
ajo
r
o
b
jec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
en
d
ea
v
o
r
.
At
th
is
p
o
i
n
t,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
h
as
b
e
en
m
an
a
g
ed
u
s
in
g
a
g
u
ar
an
te
ed
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e.
Op
tim
ized
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
y
s
te
m
with
t
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
[
1
3
]
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
g
ai
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
ils
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
in
d
u
ctio
n
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
les
was
th
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
ef
f
o
r
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
tak
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
b
o
th
f
ly
b
ac
k
a
n
d
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
d
esig
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
e
n
h
an
ce
d
o
u
tp
u
t
g
ai
n
,
a
s
im
p
le
d
esig
n
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
s
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
th
eir
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
r
ea
k
in
g
w
o
r
k
[
1
4
]
u
s
ed
a
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
a
v
er
ag
in
g
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
e
n
er
at
e
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
o
id
o
f
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
g
ain
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t sy
s
tem
.
A
n
eg
ativ
e
o
u
tp
u
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
t
er
th
at
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
5
]
.
E
f
f
icien
tly
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
s
was
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
les
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l so
lu
tio
n
s
fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
u
a
l
-
fo
ld
Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter
…
(
P
.
S
iva
S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
ia
n
)
1791
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
A
d
ev
ice
k
n
o
wn
as
a
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
ed
p
r
im
a
r
y
in
d
u
cto
r
co
n
v
er
ter
(
SEPI
C
)
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
6
]
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
s
tr
o
n
g
s
tep
-
u
p
s
tatic
g
ain
was
its
d
ef
in
in
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic;
it
allo
wed
it
to
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wh
en
o
p
e
r
atin
g
o
n
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
cir
cu
i
tr
y
was u
tili
z
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
in
ter
leav
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
u
g
g
ested
[
1
7
]
.
A
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
e
th
o
d
th
at
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
t
h
e
r
a
d
ial
b
asis
f
u
n
ctio
n
n
etwo
r
k
(
R
B
FN)
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
ev
ices
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
i
n
ter
lea
v
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les.
B
r
u
s
h
less
DC
(
B
L
DC
)
m
o
to
r
s
b
o
o
s
t
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
t
em
s
'
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
'
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
8
]
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
lo
s
s
e
s
,
ass
u
r
ed
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
n
d
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
ar
e
t
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
etailed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
is
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
b
y
th
e
c
h
ao
tic
-
b
ased
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
im
p
lem
en
te
d
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
c
o
lo
n
y
(
A
B
C
)
.
T
h
is
r
eg
u
latin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
an
d
er
r
o
r
v
alu
es.
R
ed
u
ce
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
,
s
ettlin
g
,
an
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
tim
es
wer
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
is
ef
f
o
r
t.
B
u
t
it
c
o
m
es
with
th
e
d
o
wn
s
id
es
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
l
icate
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
le
s
s
ef
f
icien
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
in
cl
u
d
es
:
−
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
al
-
f
o
ld
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
–
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
u
tili
zin
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANNs)
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
E
-
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
−
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
–
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
k
ey
p
a
r
am
eter
s
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
-
Veh
icle
s
y
s
tem
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
a
d
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
−
E
n
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
s
–
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
t
r
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
f
o
l
d
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
t
r
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
−
Valid
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
–
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
−
An
attem
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
a
d
e
in
th
is
wo
r
k
to
d
esig
n
a
n
d
s
im
u
late
PI,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
al
-
f
o
ld
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
2.
DUAL F
O
L
D
L
UO
(
DF
L
U
O
)
CO
NVERT
E
R
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
f
o
ld
L
u
o
(
DFLu
o
)
co
n
v
er
ter
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
eleg
a
n
t
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
u
n
s
tab
le
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
ialized
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
v
ar
ian
t
ac
h
iev
es
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
y
n
am
ic
g
ain
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t,
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
s
er
v
in
g
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
b
asic
cir
cu
it
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fo
r
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
p
ar
am
et
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
ar
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
cr
u
cial,
a
n
d
th
ei
r
v
alu
es
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
1
,
2
=
ma
x
(
)
×
(
(
)
∆
×
)
(
1
)
Her
e,
0
r
ep
r
esen
ts
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
,
T
s
is
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
er
io
d
,
d
d
en
o
tes
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
an
d
V
in
is
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
ar
i
atio
n
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
an
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
as
(
2
)
.
∆
=
(
×
ℎ
)
(
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
V
o
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
L
in
d
ica
tes th
e
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t th
r
esh
o
ld
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle
as (
3
)
.
=
(
4
−
1
−
)
(
3
)
Du
r
in
g
s
witch
-
o
n
p
er
io
d
s
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
wh
ile
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
ch
ar
g
es.
Fo
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
we
ca
n
ca
lcu
late
th
e
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
ts
at
b
o
th
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t:
I
n
p
u
t
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
as
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
.
(
)
=
√
(
(
+
)
m
i
n
(
)
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
17
89
-
1
8
0
0
1792
(
)
=
∆
√
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
V
f
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
d
io
d
es
D1
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
D4
,
an
d
n
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
itan
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
=
×
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
Xα
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
alf
-
cy
cle
im
p
ed
an
ce
r
ate
in
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
d
,
V
r
is
th
e
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
X
fs
d
e
n
o
tes
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
at
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
DF
L
u
o
DC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
P
I
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
t
eg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
[
2
0
]
.
A
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lcu
lates
an
d
ap
p
lies
a
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
o
m
a
s
et
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
o
p
er
at
es
b
ased
o
n
two
d
is
tin
ct
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
a
n
d
in
teg
r
al
v
alu
es.
I
n
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
co
n
t
r
o
ller
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iab
le
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
et
v
alu
e,
g
en
er
atin
g
an
er
r
o
r
v
a
r
iab
le.
T
h
is
er
r
o
r
is
th
en
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
ile
th
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
it in
tr
o
d
u
c
es a
n
o
f
f
s
e
t r
elativ
e
to
th
e
tar
g
et
v
alu
e.
So
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
th
is
,
an
in
t
eg
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
elim
in
a
tes
th
e
o
f
f
s
et
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
an
in
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
wh
ich
is
also
ca
lled
as
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
f
ed
th
e
to
tal
o
f
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
co
n
s
tan
t a
n
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
al
o
f
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
g
ain
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
K
p
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
g
ain
o
f
an
in
te
g
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
K
i
.
=
+
∫
0
(
7
)
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
v
alu
e
d
esp
ite
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
lo
a
d
,
s
et
p
o
in
t,
n
o
is
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
m
o
d
elin
g
e
r
r
o
r
,
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
f
th
e
g
ain
s
K
p
an
d
Ki
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
co
r
r
ec
tly
,
th
e
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
will
b
e
o
p
er
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
is
to
tu
n
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
th
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Z
ieg
ler
Nich
o
las
tu
n
n
elin
g
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
tu
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it is
a
co
m
p
l
icate
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
4.
F
UZ
Z
Y
L
O
G
I
C
CO
N
T
RO
L
L
E
R
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
FLCs
)
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
h
a
n
d
le
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
,
im
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
s
tep
s
f
o
r
th
e
FLC
ap
p
lic
atio
n
to
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l:
i)
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
:
B
ef
o
r
e
im
p
l
em
en
tin
g
an
FLC,
a
m
ath
em
at
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
d
ef
in
e
s
th
r
ee
k
ey
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
—
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
o
f
ten
s
im
p
lifie
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
it
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
th
e
FLC.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l so
lu
tio
n
s
fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
d
u
a
l
-
fo
ld
Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter
…
(
P
.
S
iva
S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
ia
n
)
1793
ii)
Fu
zz
y
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
:
FLCs
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
p
u
t
v
a
r
iab
les
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
in
p
u
t
v
a
r
iab
les
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
esire
d
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
(
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
)
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
es
e
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
f
u
zz
if
ied
,
m
e
an
in
g
th
ey
ar
e
m
ap
p
ed
to
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
u
s
in
g
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
im
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
iii)
Fu
zz
y
r
u
les
:
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
r
u
le
s
f
o
r
a
n
FLC
ar
e
ty
p
ically
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
"if
-
th
e
n
"
s
tatem
en
ts
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
f
u
zz
y
i
n
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
to
f
u
zz
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
ese
r
u
les
ar
e
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
an
d
o
f
ten
tak
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
u
les.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
"I
f
th
e
er
r
o
r
is
lar
g
e
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
er
r
o
r
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
,
th
en
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle”
.
iv
)
Fu
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
:
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
esen
t
in
p
u
t
d
ata,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
e
n
g
in
e
ev
alu
ates
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les.
I
t
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
ev
er
y
r
u
le
is
s
atis
f
ied
(
f
ir
i
n
g
s
tr
en
g
th
)
an
d
co
m
b
in
es
th
ese
d
eg
r
ee
s
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
m
a
x
-
m
in
)
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t.
v)
Fu
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
:
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
a
r
iab
les
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
to
b
e
ta
k
en
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
a
r
iab
le
s
in
DC
to
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ch
a
n
g
e,
s
o
m
etim
es
ca
lled
d
elta
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
ir
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
les.
v
i)
Def
u
zz
if
icatio
n
:
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
ef
u
zz
ied
to
o
b
tain
a
cr
is
p
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
ig
n
al
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
ar
iatio
n
in
d
u
ty
cy
cle
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
c
lu
d
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
,
m
ea
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
,
o
r
weig
h
t
ed
av
er
ag
e
.
Usi
n
g
FLCs
f
o
r
DC
to
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
n
lea
d
to
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
ties
[
2
2
]
.
FLCs
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ab
ili
ty
to
to
ler
ate
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
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in
lo
ad
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in
p
u
t
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o
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e
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ar
iatio
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s
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ce
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.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fu
zz
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in
p
u
t v
ar
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le
(
er
r
o
r
,
ch
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r
r
o
r
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t m
em
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er
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h
ip
f
u
n
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r
atio
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
17
89
-
1
8
0
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1794
5.
NE
URA
L
N
E
T
WO
RK
CO
N
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RO
L
T
o
o
p
er
ate
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
in
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l,
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
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lar
ity
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
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-
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teg
r
al,
s
lid
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e
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f
r
ac
tio
n
al
-
o
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er
,
a
n
d
ar
tific
ial
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tellig
en
c
e
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b
ased
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n
t
r
o
ller
s
.
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o
n
g
a
r
tific
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o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
its
r
a
p
id
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
[
2
3
]
.
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
s
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
r
a
i
n
.
T
h
e
i
n
te
r
co
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
b
r
a
i
n
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
a
n
e
u
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
is
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
s
y
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te
m
s
,
i
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
ci
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
AN
N
)
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
a
l
ls
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
c
a
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
[
2
4
]
.
A
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
w
h
ich
s
er
v
e
as
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
its
o
r
ce
lls
.
T
h
ese
u
n
its
ar
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
ialized
lin
k
s
,
s
im
ilar
to
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
r
ai
n
,
with
ea
ch
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ass
ig
n
ed
a
weig
h
t.
T
h
e
ass
ig
n
ed
weig
h
t r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
A
NN
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
is
b
e
c
o
m
i
n
g
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
o
f
D
C
t
o
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
e
d
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
l
y
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
f
a
s
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
i
c
k
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
o
p
h
i
s
t
i
c
a
te
d
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
[
2
5
]
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt
,
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
w
e
l
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
NN)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
‘
n
f
to
o
l’
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
q
u
asi
-
New
to
n
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
AN
N
f
o
r
weig
h
t
u
p
d
ates
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
cr
iter
io
n
,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
esire
d
an
d
ac
tu
al
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
NN
-
b
ased
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
NN
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Her
e,
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
etr
ics
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
r
eg
u
latin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Vo
ltag
e
at
o
u
tp
u
t,
r
is
in
g
an
d
p
ea
k
tim
es,
s
ettlin
g
t
im
es,
s
tead
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-
s
tate
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r
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
ea
k
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
ts
ar
e
all
p
ar
t
o
f
it.
B
y
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
s
co
p
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es
ar
e
v
al
id
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
to
o
l
f
o
r
v
alid
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n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
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h
e
DFLu
o
co
n
v
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r
ter
co
m
p
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n
e
n
ts
v
alu
es a
r
e
g
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n
in
th
e
T
a
b
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1
.
6
.
1
.
P
I
co
ntr
o
ller
f
o
r
DF
L
uo
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
PI
co
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tr
o
ller
with
v
alu
es
K
p
=
0
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1
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i
=0
.
0
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1
6
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
an
d
5
.
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r
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in
p
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t
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d
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al
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ates a
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t
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ab
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1
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3
0
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D
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
0
.
3
–
0
.
9
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
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f
r
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q
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50
K
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1
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.
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F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l so
lu
tio
n
s
fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
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(
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1795
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iev
in
g
a
f
ast an
d
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le
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esp
o
n
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e
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
PI
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o
n
tr
o
ller
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b
ased
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
2
5
% in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
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n
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
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b
ased
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
2
5
% lo
ad
v
ar
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n
)
6
.
2
.
F
uzzy
lo
g
ic
co
ntr
o
ller
f
o
r
DF
L
uo
co
nv
er
t
er
Fo
r
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
t
r
o
l,
m
a
n
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
wo
r
k
s
well
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
DFLu
o
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
b
u
t
twea
k
in
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
in
ce
it
n
ee
d
s
th
e
e
n
tire
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
b
u
t
it
d
o
es
n
ec
ess
itate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
u
ild
th
e
r
u
les.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
with
a
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
c
o
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
s
t
a
g
es
:
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
,
f
u
z
z
y
r
u
l
e
b
a
s
e
c
r
ea
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
e
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
h
a
s
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
ts
:
o
n
e
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
s
a
n
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
s
i
ts
e
r
r
o
r
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
t
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
'
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
T
h
i
s
s
m
a
r
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
'
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
is
a
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
a
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
te
s
t
h
e
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
T
h
e
s
ev
en
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
tr
ia
n
g
le
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
with
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
-
1
to
1
,
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
two
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
Fo
r
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
M
am
d
an
i
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
an
d
4
9
r
u
les
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
th
at
a
r
e
i
n
f
er
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
u
le
b
ase
u
s
in
g
m
ax
-
m
i
n
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
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d
f
o
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d
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zz
i
f
icatio
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,
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
g
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av
ity
ap
p
r
o
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h
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u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
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ce
th
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cr
is
p
v
alu
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
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al
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
s
u
p
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ly
an
d
lo
ad
r
ejec
tio
n
m
o
d
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
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lts
in
d
icate
th
at
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
th
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s
witch
in
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d
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ices
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
p
u
ls
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
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h
an
ce
s
th
e
co
n
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ter
'
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o
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tp
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t
v
o
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h
e
r
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lts
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u
r
th
e
r
d
em
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n
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tr
ate
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im
p
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ted
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tr
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tr
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tag
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tab
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n
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ad
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itio
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s
.
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d
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p
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ex
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a
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ap
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r
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s
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u
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ad
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iatio
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ig
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ess
o
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th
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p
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p
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s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
m
ak
in
g
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
17
89
-
1
8
0
0
1796
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
FLC
-
b
as
ed
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
2
5
%
s
u
p
p
ly
v
ar
iatio
n
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vo
ltag
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o
f
FLC
-
b
as
ed
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
2
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%
l
o
a
d
v
ar
iatio
n
)
6
.
3
.
Neura
l
net
wo
r
k
co
ntr
o
ller
f
o
r
DF
L
uo
co
nv
er
t
er
Ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
co
n
tr
o
l
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
DFLu
o
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
wa
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
t
o
o
p
er
ate
at
a
5
0
%
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
l
o
ad
r
ejec
tio
n
m
o
d
es
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
9
an
d
1
0
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
was
ev
alu
ated
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
k
ey
m
etr
ics,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
,
p
ea
k
tim
e,
s
ettlin
g
tim
e,
an
d
r
is
e
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
latio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
DF L
UO
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
A
NN
co
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
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tr
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l so
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tio
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r
en
h
a
n
cin
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Lu
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ter
…
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.
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r
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ma
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ia
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1797
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
1
(
a)
,
11
(
b
)
,
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n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
alo
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g
with
T
ab
le
2
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co
m
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ar
e
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eth
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ased
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n
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er
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u
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ly
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ar
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wer
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s
e
tim
e,
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k
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e,
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ettlin
g
tim
e.
T
h
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o
v
e
r
all
r
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e
tim
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n
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ig
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tly
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ce
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ar
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d
to
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r
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v
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
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p
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im
a
r
ily
d
u
e
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f
icien
t
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atio
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o
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s
ed
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o
n
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ter
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ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
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ce
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alu
ati
o
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o
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co
n
tr
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ller
s
f
o
r
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o
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o
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v
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ter
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
R
i
se
t
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me
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msec
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a
k
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msec
)
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t
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l
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me
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U
n
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e
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l
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me
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c
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PI
7
6
.
2
5
7
.
5
2
3
.
3
3
0
.
2
5
F
LC
3
1
.
7
5
4
.
5
1
.
6
6
0
.
1
NNC
2
1
3
.
3
3
.
3
3
0
.
2
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
V
o
ltag
e
o
f
NNC
-
b
as
ed
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
2
5
% su
p
p
ly
v
ar
iatio
n
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Vo
lt
ag
e
o
f
NNC
-
b
ased
DFLu
o
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
2
5
% lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
Z
N
-
PID
,
FLC
,
an
d
NNC f
o
r
th
e
DFLu
o
co
n
v
e
r
ter
u
n
d
er
:
(
a)
s
u
p
p
ly
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
an
d
(
b
)
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
17
89
-
1
8
0
0
1798
W
h
en
all
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
at
a
5
0
%
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
n
e
u
r
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co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
est
r
esp
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n
s
e
with
th
e
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o
r
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d
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e
ti
m
e
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an
th
e
o
th
er
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tr
o
ller
s
.
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ce
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r
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tr
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h
iev
in
g
f
aster
s
tab
ilizatio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
with
an
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
9
5
.
1
2
%.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
,
an
d
in
ter
leav
e
d
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DFLu
o
co
n
v
er
ter
o
f
f
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
It
also
in
clu
d
es
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
;
u
n
lik
e
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
ad
ap
ts
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ag
ain
s
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
lo
ad
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
t
r
o
ller
h
as
m
in
im
ized
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
l
atio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
DFL
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
with
s
m
ar
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
T
ab
le
3
.
E
f
f
i
cien
cy
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
R
i
se
t
i
me
(
msec
)
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
3
]
8
3
.
9
5
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
1
1
]
8
4
.
2
3
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
2
6
]
8
4
.
8
5
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
Lu
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
6
]
8
5
.
1
1
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
D
F
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
9
5
.
1
2
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics
h
av
e
le
d
to
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
DF
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
b
o
o
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
with
a
n
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
ad
v
an
tag
es.
No
ta
b
ly
,
it
e
n
ab
le
s
a
wid
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
ig
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ain
with
o
u
t
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
l
o
s
s
es.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
tw
o
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
v
er
s
u
s
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
s
,
was
p
r
esen
ted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
B
o
th
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ain
tain
ed
a
s
tab
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
ev
en
u
n
d
er
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
lin
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
a
n
d
lo
a
d
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
g
iv
e
a
s
m
o
o
th
r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
b
etter
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
y
ield
in
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
0
0
V
with
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
5
.
1
2
%.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
s
,
g
r
a
n
ts
,
o
r
o
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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