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f
u
s
e
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
clin
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
5
]
,
[
11
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
v
ia
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
v
ia
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
W
e
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
,
th
eir
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
h
o
w
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
in
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
2.
SO
L
AR
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
PV
m
ater
ials
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
ed
ical
s
ettin
g
s
.
Me
d
ical
d
ev
ices
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate
in
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
r
with
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
,
wh
er
e
lig
h
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
PV
m
ater
ials
m
u
s
t
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
lo
w
-
in
ten
s
ity
lig
h
t
in
to
u
s
ab
le
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
m
ater
ials
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
,
o
r
g
an
ic
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics,
d
y
e
-
s
en
s
itized
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
an
d
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
.
E
ac
h
m
ater
ial
o
f
f
er
s
d
is
tin
ct
ad
v
an
tag
es,
s
u
ch
as
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
b
io
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Sil
ico
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
m
ater
ial
in
PV
ce
lls
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
atu
r
ity
.
Sil
ico
n
-
b
ased
PV
ce
lls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
an
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
,
o
f
f
er
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
r
ig
id
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
lar
g
e
s
ize
lim
it
th
eir
u
s
e
in
f
lex
ib
le
o
r
im
p
lan
tab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices [
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
ac
tu
al
r
esu
lts
,
San
tb
er
g
en
an
d
Z
o
lin
g
en
[
1
8
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
c
-
Si
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll'
s
AM
1
.
5
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
r
ea
ch
9
0
.
5
%
u
s
in
g
a
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
(
2
D)
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
el.
Ach
iev
in
g
a
h
ig
h
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
was
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
c
-
Si
waf
er
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
av
in
g
an
id
ea
l
s
teep
n
ess
tex
tu
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
c
-
Si
ce
lls
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
u
p
to
9
3
.
0
%
at
AM
1
.
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
196
2
-
19
69
1964
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
ef
lectiv
e
lo
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
k
n
o
wn
as h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
s
ilico
n
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
etal
o
x
id
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
ia
th
e
ato
m
ic
lay
er
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
C
o
s
tals
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
wh
o
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
v
an
ad
iu
m
o
x
id
e
f
ilm
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
life
s
p
an
v
alu
es
o
f
u
p
to
8
0
0
s
,
an
d
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
cies
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
1
8
%.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
h
ig
h
asp
ec
t
r
atio
(
AR
)
o
f
th
e
m
etallic
d
ig
its
in
a
b
if
ac
ial
(
B
F)
co
p
p
er
-
p
lated
s
ilico
n
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
W
ith
a
two
-
s
tep
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
B
F
p
latin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
Han
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
cr
ea
ted
a
u
n
iq
u
e
h
y
b
r
id
-
s
h
ap
ed
C
u
f
in
g
er
d
ev
ice.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
f
r
o
n
t
-
s
id
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
2
2
.
1
%
an
d
a
B
F f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
9
9
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
c
-
Si s
o
lar
ce
lls
'
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
g
r
ad
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Dy
e
-
s
en
s
itized
s
o
lar
ce
lls
(
DSSC
s
)
ar
e
an
em
er
g
in
g
class
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
th
at
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
o
o
r
m
ed
ical
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
ey
o
f
f
er
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
u
s
e
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
f
lex
ib
le
s
u
b
s
tr
ates,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
N3
d
y
e
was
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
s
tab
le
as
a
p
u
r
e
s
o
lid
in
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
u
p
to
2
8
0
°C
,
at
wh
ich
p
o
in
t
d
ec
ar
b
o
x
y
latio
n
tak
es p
lace
.
I
t e
n
d
u
r
es
1
0
8
r
ed
o
x
cy
cles u
n
d
er
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
illu
m
in
atio
n
with
o
u
t a
n
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Yad
av
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
cr
ea
ted
a
h
ib
is
cu
s
d
y
e
u
s
in
g
T
iO2
n
an
o
r
o
d
s
an
d
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
es,
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
,
g
r
ap
h
ite,
an
d
g
o
ld
.
I
n
ea
ch
ca
s
e,
th
e
wr
iter
s
n
o
ted
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
0
.
0
7
%,
0
.
1
0
%,
an
d
0
.
2
3
%.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
f
o
r
DSC
s
was
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
eso
p
o
r
o
u
s
T
iO2
elec
tr
o
d
es
in
1
9
9
1
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
an
d
a
lar
g
e
in
ter
n
al
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
a
s
en
s
itizer
m
o
n
o
lay
er
.
T
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
p
liab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
tex
tile
DSC
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
th
eir
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
B
an
d
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
t
h
e
e
p
o
x
y
E
p
o
n
8
6
2
m
a
t
r
i
x
,
Z
h
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
c
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s
(
C
N
T
s
)
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
i
n
g
l
e
w
a
l
l
s
.
T
h
e
E
p
o
n
8
6
2
m
a
t
r
i
x
,
a
l
o
n
g
C
N
T
-
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
,
a
n
d
a
s
h
o
r
t
C
N
T
-
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
C
N
T
s
i
n
a
n
a
c
i
d
b
a
t
h
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
b
a
l
l
-
m
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
r
a
t
e
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
(
H
R
H
)
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
S
u
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
C
N
T
/
N
R
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
s
.
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
,
v
u
l
c
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
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n
d
t
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l
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h
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r
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r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
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N
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/
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R
c
o
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p
o
s
i
t
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s
w
e
r
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
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t
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d
.
C
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s
(
C
N
T
s
)
w
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r
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
i
n
t
o
N
R
m
o
r
e
r
a
p
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d
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n
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h
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h
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-
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r
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f
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/
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p
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r
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d
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c
i
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t
r
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n
t
a
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d
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m
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t
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n
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r
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n
.
3.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
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N
S O
F
P
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T
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VO
L
T
A
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RG
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H
A
RVES
T
I
NG
I
N
M
E
DI
CAL
DE
VI
CE
S
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
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ar
v
esti
n
g
h
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
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p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
o
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in
g
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
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b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
d
r
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g
d
eliv
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y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
is
u
s
ed
in
wea
r
ab
le
h
ea
lth
m
o
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ito
r
s
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d
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iag
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tic
d
ev
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r
ed
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cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
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o
lu
tio
n
en
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ce
s
d
ev
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lo
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g
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ity
,
m
in
im
izes
s
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r
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ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
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d
s
u
p
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ts
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
p
atien
ts
[
5
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
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s
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tem
with
th
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atter
y
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
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e
cu
r
v
ed
s
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r
f
ac
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
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e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
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atter
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in
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ev
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p
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a
u
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iq
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ex
p
o
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Ho
wev
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,
in
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p
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ev
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ir
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2
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]
.
A
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.
[
3
1
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d
e
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t
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c
t
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r
e
.
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d
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o
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ated
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d
2
.
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in
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)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
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g
its
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o
ten
tial
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Kh
an
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
PEG
m
ater
ials
,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
v
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s
d
ev
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p
m
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in
th
e
f
ield
.
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tab
ly
,
zin
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e
(
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n
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d
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ate
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ater
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e
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o
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n
d
to
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ce
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t
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s
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th
e
n
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o
watt
to
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icr
o
watt
r
an
g
e.
I
n
o
n
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
tex
tiles
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e
co
ated
with
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n
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h
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est
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h
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y
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wh
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ld
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th
er
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e
b
e
lo
s
t,
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
it
in
to
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tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
u
s
e
o
f
Z
n
O
en
ab
les th
e
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
an
m
o
tio
n
o
r
o
th
er
d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
q
u
ar
tzite
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
Z
n
O
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
ME
MS
an
d
NE
MS,
wh
er
e
it
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eso
n
ato
r
.
T
h
e
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
Z
n
O
in
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
in
g
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
b
io
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
,
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
W
ea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
g
lu
co
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
elec
tr
o
ca
r
d
io
g
r
am
s
(
E
C
Gs),
an
d
p
u
ls
e
o
x
im
eter
s
,
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ein
g
in
teg
r
ated
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
PV
ce
lls
in
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices
lies
in
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
am
b
ien
t
lig
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
atien
ts
wh
o
s
p
en
d
tim
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
o
r
in
well
-
lit
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
in
teg
r
ated
wea
r
ab
les ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
ts
o
r
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
atien
t c
o
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
[
3
2
]
.
A
PV
ce
ll
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
im
p
lan
ts
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
ce
ll
u
s
es
8
5
0
n
an
o
m
etr
es
o
f
in
f
r
ar
ed
lig
h
t,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
less
th
an
1
.
0
6
m
icr
o
watts
p
er
s
q
u
ar
e
m
illi
m
eter
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
m
o
u
s
e
s
am
p
le
was
s
an
d
wich
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
L
E
D
an
d
th
e
PV
ce
ll.
C
r
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
d
is
p
lay
s
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
5
-
2
0
%.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
th
at
h
its
it
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
th
at
g
ets
ca
p
tu
r
ed
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
ef
f
icien
cy
lev
els
o
f
1
5
-
2
0
%
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
lev
els
o
f
u
p
to
1
0
0
m
W
/cm
².
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
1
0
0
µW/mm
²
an
d
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
% in
an
in
d
o
o
r
s
ettin
g
.
Af
ter
4
0
d
ay
s
o
f
in
v
iv
o
test
in
g
,
Hae
b
er
lin
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
d
r
iv
en
p
ac
em
ak
er
u
s
in
g
th
in
-
f
ilm
s
ilico
n
m
ater
ials
h
ad
a
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
0
.
9
5
m
W
cm
⁻².
Un
d
er
n
ea
th
p
ig
s
k
in
f
lap
s
,
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
ten
s
ities
o
f
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
m
ed
ian
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
th
at
was
f
o
u
n
d
was
1
9
6
3
µW/mm
²
wh
en
th
e
s
u
n
was
d
ir
ec
tly
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
2
0
6
µW/mm
²
wh
en
th
er
e
was
a
s
h
ad
e
o
u
ts
id
e,
an
d
4
µW/mm
²
wh
ile
it
was
in
d
o
o
r
s
.
Featu
r
in
g
a
th
in
-
f
ilm
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le,
th
is
o
x
im
eter
is
f
lex
ib
le.
T
o
p
o
wer
th
is
p
u
ls
e
o
x
im
eter
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
cr
ea
ted
a
th
in
-
f
ilm
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
th
at
is
b
o
th
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
d
u
r
ab
le
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
b
en
t
an
d
attac
h
ed
to
cu
r
v
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
es th
an
k
s
to
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
an
d
b
atter
y
'
s
f
lex
ib
le
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
4.
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S AN
D
F
U
T
URE DI
RE
C
T
I
O
N
S
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
p
o
wer
in
g
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
its
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
clin
ical
s
ettin
g
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
lo
w
-
lig
h
t e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as with
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
o
r
in
in
d
o
o
r
s
ettin
g
s
wh
er
e
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate.
PV
m
ater
ials
ty
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lig
h
t so
u
r
ce
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
u
t m
ed
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
f
ten
p
r
o
v
id
e
lim
ited
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
196
2
-
19
69
1966
to
n
atu
r
al
lig
h
t,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
ater
ials
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
ef
f
icien
t
ev
en
u
n
d
er
th
ese
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
u
s
ed
in
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices.
Ov
er
tim
e,
PV
m
ater
ials
m
ay
d
eg
r
ad
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
eir
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
ese
m
ater
ials
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
life
-
s
av
in
g
d
ev
ices
lik
e
p
ac
em
ak
er
s
,
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
o
r
d
r
u
g
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
b
io
co
m
p
atib
le
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
lan
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
in
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
u
t
also
in
teg
r
ate
s
ea
m
less
ly
with
h
u
m
an
tis
s
u
e,
av
o
id
in
g
ad
v
er
s
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
'
s
m
o
v
em
en
ts
[
3
7
]
-
[
3
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
tech
n
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
h
u
r
d
les
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
PV
-
in
teg
r
ated
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
m
ee
t
s
tr
ict
s
af
ety
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
ater
ials
in
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
,
f
lex
ib
le
d
esig
n
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
im
p
lan
tatio
n
.
E
x
p
lo
r
in
g
n
ew
PV
m
ater
ials
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
io
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
will
also
b
e
cr
u
cial.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
teg
r
atin
g
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
b
atter
ies
o
r
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
will
b
e
v
ital
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
PV
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
ca
n
s
to
r
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
eliab
ly
o
v
er
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
[
5
]
,
[
40
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
u
n
d
er
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
m
an
y
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
o
p
er
ate
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
lig
h
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
is
lim
ited
,
s
u
ch
as
with
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
ater
ials
an
d
PV
ce
ll
d
esig
n
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
in
s
u
ch
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
io
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
PV
m
ater
ials
ar
e
also
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices.
Fu
tu
r
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
m
ay
f
o
cu
s
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
th
in
n
er
,
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le,
an
d
d
u
r
ab
le
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
in
teg
r
ate
s
ea
m
less
ly
with
b
io
lo
g
ical
tis
s
u
es,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
r
ejec
tio
n
o
r
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
v
er
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
u
s
e
[
4
0
]
-
[
4
5
]
.
An
o
th
er
ar
ea
o
f
f
o
cu
s
is
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
lo
w
lig
h
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
in
iatu
r
izatio
n
will
en
ab
le
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
s
in
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
lik
e
ME
MS.
Fin
ally
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
an
d
s
af
ety
co
n
ce
r
n
s
is
ess
en
tial.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
PV
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
m
ee
t
s
tr
in
g
en
t
clin
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
th
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
ettin
g
s
[
4
6
]
-
[
49
].
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
o
wer
in
g
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
esp
ec
ially
in
wea
r
ab
le
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
lig
h
t
to
g
en
er
ate
elec
tr
icity
,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
o
ten
tially
ex
ten
d
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices lik
e
p
ac
em
ak
er
s
,
b
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
d
r
u
g
d
eliv
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y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
ts
o
r
s
u
r
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
d
ev
ice
lo
n
g
ev
ity
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
in
v
asiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
PV
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
en
ab
lin
g
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
.
Flex
ib
le
an
d
b
io
co
m
p
atib
le
PV
m
ater
ials
allo
w
f
o
r
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
m
in
iatu
r
ized
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ev
ices u
s
ed
in
d
o
o
r
s
o
r
with
in
th
e
b
o
d
y
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
b
io
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
ap
p
r
o
v
al
is
also
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
clin
ical
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
af
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
lan
tatio
n
an
d
m
ee
t
s
tr
ict
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
PV
m
ater
ials
,
en
h
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
in
lo
w
-
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
m
ed
ical
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
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th
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eq
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
H
.
Jo
u
n
g
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
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m
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.
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0
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.
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.
[
2
]
F
.
T.
A
h
a
m
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d
,
N
.
F
.
A
.
M
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,
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.
S
.
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o
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a
n
,
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.
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a
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n
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.
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.
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.
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M
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[
5
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J.
Zh
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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f
-
p
o
w
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.
[
6
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D
.
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l
.
,
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16
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3
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Sep
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20
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
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to
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ve
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fo
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th
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p
o
w
er su
p
p
ly
o
f m
e
d
ica
l d
ev
ices (
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
1969
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
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S O
F
AUTH
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RS
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a
m
z
a
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O
wid
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re
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d
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h
.
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n
Bio
m
e
d
ica
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g
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g
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is
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n
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ss
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t
p
ro
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r
in
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in
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rin
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De
p
a
rtme
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t
a
t
Al
-
Ah
li
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a
Am
m
a
n
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iv
e
rsity
,
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rd
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n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.