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s
i
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
s
is
t
h
ei
r
a
b
il
i
t
y
t
o
s
a
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
VFD
s
a
r
e
n
o
w
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
e
e
d
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
V
F
D
,
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
a
r
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
c
a
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
p
e
e
d
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
A
V
FD
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
i
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
:
a
n
A
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
a
n
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
a
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
s
o
u
r
c
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
to
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
i
o
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
two
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
l
ass
-
D
a
m
p
li
f
i
e
r
s
:
h
a
l
f
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
a
n
d
f
u
l
l
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
h
e
ON
/O
FF
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
l
-
o
x
i
d
e
-
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
f
i
e
l
d
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
t
r
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
(
MO
S
F
E
T
)
[
1
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
with
VFD
u
s
in
g
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
s
witch
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
t
o
r
s
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
VFD
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
-
[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
wr
itin
g
o
r
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
s
witch
in
g
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
w
r
itin
g
o
r
th
eo
r
y
o
f
class
D
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
6
]
.
No
n
e
o
f
th
ese
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
et
tin
g
s
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
VFD
m
eth
o
d
with
a
class
D
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
a
m
p
lifie
r
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
in
u
s
o
id
a
l
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
is
co
n
v
er
te
d
in
to
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
t
r
o
l o
f
VFD
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
class
D
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
i
v
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
p
ar
ts
:
an
AC
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
n
in
v
e
r
ter
(
DC
to
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
)
,
PW
M,
V/F
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
t
r
o
l.
T
h
e
V/F
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
ck
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
as
n
ee
d
ed
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
[
1
4
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
cu
it
(
co
n
v
er
te
r
)
,
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e
as
a
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
will
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
AC
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
is
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
b
y
ch
o
p
p
in
g
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
with
an
SP
W
M
s
ig
n
al
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
u
ls
es
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
VFD
is
PW
M,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
ain
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
VFD
is
u
s
ed
to
ch
a
n
g
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
en
ter
in
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
s
p
ee
d
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
an
d
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
(
a
d
ju
s
tab
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
u
p
to
7
0
Hz)
ea
s
ily
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
wh
en
s
p
ee
d
r
e
g
u
latio
n
w
ith
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
s
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
1
4
]
.
B
y
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
c
an
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
to
th
e
d
esire
d
v
alu
e.
A
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
iv
e
(
VFD)
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
,
an
d
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cti
o
n
m
o
to
r
,
with
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
to
th
e
s
tato
r
,
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
8
]
.
W
h
er
e
V
1
,
R
1
,
a
n
d
X
1
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
leak
ag
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tato
r
win
d
in
g
.
X
m
is
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
an
d
R
c
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
r
e
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it
d
iag
r
a
m
p
e
r
p
h
ase,
with
th
e
r
o
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
s
tato
r
(
I
2
)
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
[
7
]
.
2
=
1
+
2
(
1
−
)
+
(
+
2
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
R
2
an
d
X
2
ar
e
e
q
u
al
to
th
e
r
o
to
r
'
s
leak
ag
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
wh
ile
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
lip
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
[
7
]
.
=
=
3
1
2
2
⁄
(
+
2
)
2
+
(
+
2
)
2
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
P
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les
an
d
ω
is
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
v
e
d
e
p
ictin
g
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
v
ar
iatio
n
with
s
lip
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
2
)
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
7
]
.
An
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
is
a
m
o
t
o
r
with
c
o
n
s
tan
t
s
p
ee
d
wh
e
n
s
u
p
p
lied
with
co
n
s
tan
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
is
m
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les,
c
h
an
g
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
o
r
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
ir
e
ct
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
(
3
)
[
7
]
.
n
s
= 6
0
f/P
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
ns
is
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
p
ee
d
,
f
is
th
e
m
ain
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
P
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
a
r
ia
b
le
fr
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
ive
b
a
s
ed
o
n
fu
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
cla
s
s
D
fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
…
(
B
u
d
i
P
r
a
mo
n
o
Ja
ti
)
1703
I
n
m
o
s
t
in
v
er
te
r
s
in
VFD
d
ev
ices,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
ch
an
g
ed
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M
)
d
ata
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
e
i
n
th
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
attem
p
ts
to
cr
ea
te
a
VFD
b
u
ilt
with
an
i
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
cl
ass
D
am
p
lifie
r
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
a
v
ar
iab
le
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
al
in
p
u
t
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
a
s
in
e
g
en
er
ato
r
u
s
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
a
s
awto
o
th
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
th
en
g
e
n
er
ates
PW
M,
wh
ich
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
ed
to
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
an
d
L
C
f
ilter
.
T
h
is
v
a
r
iab
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
VFD
in
v
e
r
ter
ca
n
b
e
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Op
e
n
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
s
tim
ated
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sp
ee
d
-
to
r
q
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
[
7]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
VFD
in
v
er
te
r
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Fig
u
r
e
4
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
in
v
er
ter
with
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
wh
i
ch
in
clu
d
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
als,
s
awto
o
th
s
i
g
n
als,
a
s
ig
n
al
m
u
ltip
lier
,
a
N
OT
g
ate,
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
I
GB
T
o
r
MO
SF
E
T
s
w
itch
es,
an
L
C
f
ilter
,
an
d
a
n
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
is
a
p
u
r
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
with
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
awto
o
th
s
ig
n
al
u
p
to
1
0
k
Hz,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
a
PW
M
s
ig
n
al.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
Vsi
n
e
an
d
Vsawto
o
th
,
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
in
v
o
lv
es
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
th
ese
two
s
ig
n
als
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
Vsi
n
e
an
d
t
h
e
P
ow
er
Su
pp
l
y
Co
nv
ert
er
In
ve
rte
r
Motor
P
WM
Set
ti
ng
V
/F
Co
nt
ro
l
Sp
ee
d
Set
ti
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
170
1
-
1
71
0
1704
wid
th
o
f
Vsawto
o
th
,
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
th
at
i
s
th
en
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
:
s
ig
n
al
A,
w
h
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
NOT
g
ate,
an
d
s
ig
n
al
B
,
wh
ich
p
ass
es th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
NOT
g
ate.
Sig
n
als A
an
d
B
ar
e
s
en
t to
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
o
r
I
GB
T
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
t
o
g
e
n
er
ate
a
n
SP
W
M
s
ig
n
al.
T
o
o
b
tain
a
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
SP
W
M
s
ig
n
al
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
L
C
f
ilter
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
PW
M
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
,
leav
in
g
o
n
ly
t
h
e
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
o
im
p
lem
e
n
t
th
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
VFD
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
a
VFD
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
was c
r
ea
ted
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
VFD,
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
:
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
g
en
e
r
ato
r
with
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
a
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
with
a
class
D
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
a
n
L
C
f
ilter
,
an
d
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
g
en
er
ato
r
is
s
y
n
th
esized
b
y
Ar
d
u
in
o
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
im
er
0
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
ar
e
-
Ma
tch
in
te
r
r
u
p
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
AT
m
eg
a
3
2
8
)
.
T
im
e
r
1
o
f
th
e
AT
m
eg
a3
2
8
is
s
et
to
1
0
k
Hz
to
g
en
er
ate
a
PW
M
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
tain
s
th
e
AT
m
eg
a3
2
8
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
eg
is
ter
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
atash
ee
t.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
is
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
I
D
E
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
w
as
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
alo
n
g
with
t
h
e
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
o
f
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
f
twar
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
g
e
n
er
ato
r
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
VFD
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
g
en
e
r
ato
r
cir
cu
it with
Ar
d
u
in
o
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
P
o
t
e
n
s
i
o
A
d
j
.
H2
H2
H2
A
m
p
l
i
t
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d
o
H1
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A
P
o
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n
s
i
o
A
d
j
.
D
r
i
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e
r
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p
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r
e
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e
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y
L1
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o
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L1
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L2
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r
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l
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o
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f
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=
6
9
1
2
/
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a
l
u
e
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et
P
WM
,
ti
m
er
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r
e
g
i
s
ter
f
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D8
H
i
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Y
N
f
r
eq
1
=f
r
eq
*1
Di
sp
l
a
y
O
L
E
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
a
r
ia
b
le
fr
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
ive
b
a
s
ed
o
n
fu
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
cla
s
s
D
fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
…
(
B
u
d
i
P
r
a
mo
n
o
Ja
ti
)
1705
T
h
e
class
D
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
i
t,
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
o
p
-
am
p
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
m
u
ltip
ly
th
e
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
with
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
awto
o
th
s
ig
n
al,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
th
at
is
th
en
f
ed
i
n
to
th
e
lo
g
ic
cir
cu
it
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
t
o
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
class
D
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
class
D
co
n
v
er
t
er
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
tr
ian
g
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lar
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v
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o
r
m
an
d
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e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
an
d
8
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ar
d
u
in
o
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
g
en
er
ato
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
F
r
e
q
(
H
z
)
F
r
e
q
t
e
s
t
(
H
z
)
V
p
p
30
30
4
.
2
8
35
35
4
.
2
3
40
40
4
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1
9
45
4
4
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9
4
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1
9
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4
9
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8
4
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1
5
55
5
4
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9
4
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0
7
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5
9
.
7
4
.
0
3
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6
4
.
7
4
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6
9
.
9
3
.
9
6
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
cir
c
u
it with
a
class
D
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
n
p
u
t sin
u
s
o
id
al,
in
p
u
t r
am
p
,
o
u
tp
u
t PW
M
,
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t sin
u
s
o
id
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
170
1
-
1
71
0
1706
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
i
s
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
C
I
R
2
1
1
0
,
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate
at
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
in
clu
d
es
two
p
r
e
-
d
esig
n
ed
d
r
i
v
er
s
,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
an
d
lo
w
-
s
id
e
d
r
i
v
er
s
f
o
r
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
i
v
er
cir
cu
it
is
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
R
2
1
1
0
I
C
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
m
p
lifie
r
cir
cu
it
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
to
tem
p
o
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
T
I
P4
1
an
d
T
I
P4
2
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
e
n
ab
lin
g
it
to
s
u
p
p
ly
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
4
A
to
4
MO
SF
E
T
g
ate
p
in
s
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
T
I
P4
1
an
d
T
I
P4
2
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
is
6
A.
A
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
cy
cles.
I
n
an
in
v
er
ter
,
we
n
ee
d
MO
SF
E
T
p
air
s
to
o
p
er
ate
d
u
r
in
g
alter
n
atin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
cy
cles.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
u
s
in
g
2
p
air
s
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
es
with
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
:
in
1
H,
i
n
1
L
,
in
2
H,
in
2
L
,
o
u
t
A,
an
d
o
u
t
B
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
en
ter
in
to
1
H
o
r
in
2
H.
T
h
e
MO
S
FET
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it,
to
tem
p
o
le,
a
n
d
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
was
tes
ted
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
it
to
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
5
V
p
u
l
s
e
s
ig
n
al
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
in
p
u
ts
in
1
L
,
in
2
L
,
in
1
H,
an
d
in
2
H.
T
h
e
to
tem
p
o
le
cu
r
r
en
t
am
p
lifie
r
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
it
to
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
cir
cu
it
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
1
2
V
p
u
ls
e
s
ig
n
al
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
th
e
in
p
u
ts
in
1
L
,
in
2
L
,
in
1
H,
a
n
d
in
2
H.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
a
lo
ad
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
s
er
ies
o
f
eig
h
t 1
2
V
in
ca
n
d
escen
t
lig
h
t b
u
lb
s
b
etwe
en
o
u
tp
u
ts
A
an
d
B
.
A
1
2
V
p
u
ls
e
s
ig
n
al
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
was a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
in
p
u
ts
in
1
L
,
in
2
L
,
in
1
H,
an
d
in
2
H.
T
h
e
L
C
f
i
l
t
e
r
w
as
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
l
o
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
i
lt
e
r
(
L
P
F
)
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
w
i
t
h
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
2
0
k
H
z
a
n
d
a
l
o
a
d
r
e
s
is
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
2
o
h
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
s
t
o
c
a
lc
u
l
a
t
e
L
,
C
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
(
4
)
-
(
6
)
.
L =
(
R
l *
s
q
r
t 2
)
/ (
2
p
i *
f)
(
4
)
C
= 1
/
(
2
p
i*
f)
*
R
l *
s
q
r
t 2
(
5
)
f =
1
/(
2
p
i sq
r
o
o
t(
LC
)
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
L
=
2
2
.
5
μ
HL
=
2
2
.
5
μ
H
an
d
C
=
2
.
8
1
μ
FC
=
2
.
8
1
μ
F.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
in
d
u
cto
r
v
alu
e
is
2
2
.
5
μ
H,
an
d
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
is
2
.
2
μ
F.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
eso
n
a
n
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
L
PF
is
2
2
.
8
9
k
Hz.
A
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
was
s
elec
ted
to
h
an
d
le
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
6
0
V
with
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
3
0
A
an
d
a
to
tal
p
o
wer
o
f
1
8
0
0
watts,
w
ith
a
p
r
im
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
6
0
Va
c
an
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
2
0
Vac.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
,
8
,
an
d
1
0
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
was
cr
ea
ted
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
es
d
esig
n
,
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t,
t
esti
n
g
,
as
well
as
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
all
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
test
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
as
well
as
th
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
s
witch
,
th
e
to
tem
p
o
le
d
esig
n
,
an
d
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
d
esig
n
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
class
D
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
r
iv
e
(
VFD)
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
R
PM
v
alu
es
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
Hz
to
7
0
Hz.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
cr
ea
te
d
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
,
to
tem
p
o
le,
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it,
a
n
d
f
ilter
L
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
a
r
ia
b
le
fr
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
ive
b
a
s
ed
o
n
fu
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
cla
s
s
D
fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
…
(
B
u
d
i
P
r
a
mo
n
o
Ja
ti
)
1707
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
lo
wch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
test
in
g
o
f
PW
M
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
E
SC
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Mo
d
u
le
E
SC
VFD
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
cr
ea
te
d
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
c
lass
D
VF
D
t
esti
n
g
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
a
m
ain
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
-
7
7
VDC,
+7
7
VDC,
an
d
a
1
2
VDC
b
ias
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
esti
n
g
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
(
clo
s
er
to
Vcc
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
1
2
V
(>
5
VDC)
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
g
a
te
p
in
s
1
H
an
d
2H
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
to
s
atu
r
a
te,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
r
ain
.
W
h
en
a
5
V
v
o
ltag
e
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
i
v
er
s
1
H
an
d
2
H,
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
s
atu
r
ated
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
was
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
.
Similar
ly
,
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
lo
w
-
s
id
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
(
clo
s
er
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
)
in
v
o
lv
ed
ap
p
l
y
in
g
a
1
2
V
(
>
5
VDC)
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
g
ate
p
i
n
s
1
L
a
n
d
2
L
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
to
s
atu
r
ate,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
th
e
d
r
ai
n
.
W
h
en
a
5
V
v
o
ltag
e
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
e
r
s
1
L
an
d
2
L
,
th
e
M
OSFET
s
s
atu
r
ated
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
lo
w
-
s
id
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
was
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
T
h
e
class
D
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
5
0
Hz
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
p
u
t sig
n
al,
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al
was o
b
s
er
v
e
d
u
s
in
g
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
PW
M
wav
ef
o
r
m
w
ith
a
d
u
ty
cy
cle
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
s
ig
n
al
g
e
n
er
ato
r
cir
cu
it
was
test
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
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0
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to
7
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h
e
s
in
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s
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id
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tp
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t
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ig
n
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f
r
o
m
th
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clas
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am
p
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n
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tep
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m
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r
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n
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th
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p
lifie
r
was a
d
ju
s
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u
s
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g
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v
o
lu
m
e
p
o
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tr
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t p
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t.
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test
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g
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le
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
170
1
-
1
71
0
1708
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
am
p
lifie
r
(
c
lass
D
am
p
lifie
r
)
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
.
T
h
e
am
p
litu
d
e
was
ad
ju
s
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
p
o
ten
tio
m
eter
s
o
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
with
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v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
2
0
VAC.
T
h
e
test
r
e
s
u
lts
f
o
r
th
e
E
SC
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th
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in
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o
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h
o
wed
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at
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m
o
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ld
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e
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s
ted
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d
th
e
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PM
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
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h
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
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SC
f
o
r
th
e
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d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
is
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et
f
r
o
m
3
0
Hz
to
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0
Hz.
At
3
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
R
PM
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w,
wh
ile
at
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0
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th
e
m
o
t
o
r
'
s
R
PM
in
cr
ea
s
es.
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ec
if
ically
,
at
3
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
o
tates
at
8
6
0
R
PM;
a
t
5
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
o
tates
at
1
4
7
2
R
PM;
an
d
at
7
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
o
tates
at
2
0
3
5
R
PM.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
c
ab
les
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
u
n
it
(
PSU
)
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
i
d
n
o
t e
x
h
ib
it e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
h
ea
tin
g
.
T
ab
le
2
.
VFD
E
SC
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t r
esu
lts
F
r
e
q
(
H
z
)
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p
m
F
r
e
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z
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p
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r
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(
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z
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p
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2
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
VFD
with
f
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ll
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r
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la
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p
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f
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tiv
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e
s
p
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f
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h
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
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s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
E
SC
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h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
R
PM,
s
h
o
win
g
an
al
m
o
s
t
lin
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
alig
n
in
g
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
VFD
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
3
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
8
6
0
R
PM;
at
5
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
1
4
7
2
R
PM;
an
d
at
7
0
Hz,
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
r
ea
c
h
es
2
0
3
5
R
PM.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
2
2
0
VAC,
wh
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
2
1
0
m
A
an
d
2
4
0
m
A.
I
t
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
VFDs
u
s
in
g
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
c
lass
D
am
p
lifie
r
s
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
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o
wled
g
e.
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n
e
o
f
p
r
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u
s
r
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av
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s
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f
o
r
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d
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ctio
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m
o
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u
s
in
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th
e
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m
eth
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d
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class
D
f
u
ll
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r
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g
e
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r
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wh
er
e
t
h
e
v
ar
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b
le
f
r
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en
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y
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u
s
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id
al
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ig
n
al
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e
n
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ated
b
y
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e
Ar
d
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in
o
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n
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to
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h
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r
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n
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b
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ltan
Ag
u
n
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s
lam
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Un
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r
s
ity
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.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
wo
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is
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ee
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r
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o
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u
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o
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ax
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
a
r
ia
b
le
fr
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
ive
b
a
s
ed
o
n
fu
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
cla
s
s
D
fo
r
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
…
(
B
u
d
i
P
r
a
mo
n
o
Ja
ti
)
1709
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
o
n
r
eq
u
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
B
PJ
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata,
w
h
ich
co
n
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
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o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
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ts
,
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e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
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v
ailab
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u
e
to
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r
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