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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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9
4
I
n
t J Po
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E
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1429
-
1
4
3
7
1430
b
atter
y
tech
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[
3
]
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L
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ick
el
c
o
b
alt
alu
m
in
u
m
o
x
i
d
e
(
NC
A)
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
b
u
t
h
av
e
is
s
u
es
with
h
ea
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
af
ety
[
6
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
t
h
ese
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
ch
e
m
icals
,
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
li
th
iu
m
titan
ate
o
x
id
e
(
L
T
O)
an
d
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
b
atter
ie
s
ar
e
g
ain
in
g
tr
ac
tio
n
.
L
T
O
b
a
tter
ies,
with
th
eir
r
a
p
id
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
lo
n
g
-
life
cy
cle
,
a
r
e
o
f
ten
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
in
s
p
ec
ialized
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
f
ast
-
ch
a
r
g
in
g
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
v
eh
icles
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
So
lid
-
s
tate
b
atter
ies,
th
o
u
g
h
s
till
in
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
p
h
ase,
h
o
l
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
E
Vs
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
h
ig
h
er
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
af
ety
,
alb
eit
with
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
ca
lin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
co
s
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies,
ch
allen
g
e
s
p
er
s
is
t.
Hig
h
m
ater
ial
co
s
ts
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
v
er
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
a
ct
o
f
m
in
in
g
k
e
y
m
ater
ials
lik
e
co
b
alt,
an
d
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
b
atter
y
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
o
s
e
h
u
r
d
les
to
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
e
x
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
v
e
r
a
ll
co
s
ts
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
will
ex
am
in
e
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ty
p
es
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
lls
u
s
ed
in
E
Vs,
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
,
an
d
th
e
ch
allen
g
es a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
ch
em
is
tr
y
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ar
ts
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs).
Fo
u
r
b
asic
p
ar
ts
m
a
k
e
u
p
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
ll:
th
e
s
ep
ar
ato
r
,
ca
th
o
d
e,
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
an
d
a
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
all
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
th
ese
co
n
s
titu
en
t
p
ar
ts
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
ese
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
b
atter
y
C
h
em
icals a
n
d
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
ten
ess
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
An
o
d
e:
g
r
a
p
h
ite
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
is
id
ea
l
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
lith
iu
m
i
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
L
ith
iu
m
io
n
s
g
o
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
to
th
e
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
in
te
r
ca
late
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ite
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
es.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
ate,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
ar
e
al
l
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
te
d
b
y
th
e
an
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
.
New
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
an
o
d
es,
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
u
s
ag
e,
b
u
t th
e
y
ai
m
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ity
.
C
ath
o
d
e:
lith
iu
m
m
etal
o
x
id
es
,
s
u
ch
as
lith
iu
m
n
ick
el
m
an
g
an
ese
co
b
alt
o
x
id
e
(
NM
C
)
,
lit
h
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
L
FP
)
,
o
r
lith
iu
m
n
ick
el
co
b
alt
alu
m
in
u
m
o
x
i
d
e
(
NC
A)
,
o
f
ten
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e.
As
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
lith
iu
m
io
n
s
,
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
d
eter
m
in
es
k
ey
b
atte
r
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
a
n
d
s
af
ety
.
E
ac
h
ty
p
e
o
f
ca
t
h
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
f
er
s
u
n
iq
u
e
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
:
NM
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
;
L
FP
is
p
r
ized
f
o
r
s
af
ety
an
d
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
NC
A
ex
ce
ls
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
ef
u
l
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
E
lectr
o
ly
te:
lith
iu
m
io
n
s
ar
e
m
o
v
ed
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
b
etwe
en
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te.
T
y
p
ically
,
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
li
th
iu
m
s
alt
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
an
o
r
g
an
ic
s
o
lv
en
t,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ce
ll’s
io
n
ic
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
o
p
er
ati
n
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ele
ctr
o
ly
te’
s
ch
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
is
also
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
af
ety
,
as
in
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
an
d
o
th
er
r
is
k
s
.
Sep
ar
ato
r
:
Du
r
in
g
b
atter
y
o
p
er
atio
n
,
o
n
ly
lith
iu
m
io
n
s
ar
e
p
er
m
itted
to
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ep
ar
at
o
r
,
a
m
icr
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
m
em
b
r
an
e
th
at
p
h
y
s
ically
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
ca
th
o
d
e.
Pre
v
en
tin
g
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
th
at
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
o
r
o
th
e
r
s
af
ety
r
is
k
s
is
its
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ep
ar
ato
r
’
s
m
ater
ial
d
ir
ec
tly
a
f
f
ec
t th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
s
af
ety
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Par
ts
o
f
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
a
vig
a
tin
g
th
e
fu
tu
r
e
o
f e
n
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e:
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
…
(
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
en
ch
ir
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)
1431
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
lith
iu
m
i
o
n
s
v
i
a
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
b
etwe
en
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
an
d
an
o
d
e
is
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
with
in
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
ll.
L
ith
iu
m
io
n
s
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
to
th
e
an
o
d
e
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
b
ac
k
ag
ain
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
r
elea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
r
all
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
c
h
em
icals,
b
u
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
m
ater
ials
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
ea
c
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
E
v
er
y
ty
p
e
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
ll,
in
clu
d
in
g
NM
C
,
L
FP
,
NC
A,
an
d
o
th
er
s
,
f
in
d
s
a
s
p
ec
ial
way
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
c
o
s
t,
lif
e
cy
cle
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
.
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
p
ass
en
g
er
v
e
h
icles,
q
u
ick
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es,
o
r
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
h
ea
v
y
-
d
u
ty
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
f
o
r
an
E
V
m
ay
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
NM
C
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ass
en
g
er
ca
r
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
L
FP
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
an
d
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
v
eh
icles
wh
er
e
li
f
esp
an
an
d
s
af
ety
a
r
e
to
p
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
E
m
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
b
atter
ies
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
an
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
lik
e
s
ilico
n
,
s
ee
k
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
an
ce
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
ar
e
to
b
o
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
s
h
o
r
ten
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
,
en
h
an
ce
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
le
n
g
th
en
b
atter
y
life
.
As
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
c
h
em
is
tr
y
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
lls
will
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
ev
o
lv
e
,
s
teer
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
to
war
d
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
2.
T
YP
E
S O
F
B
AT
T
E
RI
E
S &
I
T
S C
E
L
L
SP
E
CIF
I
CA
T
I
O
NS
2
.
1
.
L
it
hiu
m
iro
n pho
s
ph
a
t
e
(L
F
P)
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
L
FP
c
ell.
Du
e
to
th
eir
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
af
ety
,
ex
ten
d
ed
life
c
y
cle,
a
n
d
g
en
e
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
L
FP
b
atter
ies
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
att
er
ies,
L
FP
b
atter
ies
o
f
f
er
a
lo
w
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
e
x
ce
l
in
th
er
m
al
an
d
ch
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
T
h
is
s
af
ety
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
m
ak
es
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
o
v
e
r
h
i
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
s
u
ch
as
r
esid
en
tial
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
g
r
id
-
lev
el
E
SS
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
FP
b
atter
ies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
r
ar
e
m
etals
lik
e
co
b
alt
an
d
n
ick
el,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
lo
we
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
.
Hig
h
er
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
c
h
em
i
ca
ls
m
ay
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
in
E
Vs
t
h
at
h
av
e
lo
n
g
e
r
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
L
FP
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
u
p
to
4
,
0
0
0
–
5
,
0
0
0
cy
cles
m
a
k
e
it
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
af
ety
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
FP
c
ell
2
.
2
.
L
it
hiu
m
nick
el
ma
ng
a
n
ese
co
ba
lt
o
x
ide (
NM
C)
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
lith
iu
m
n
ick
el
m
an
g
a
n
e
s
e
co
b
alt
o
x
id
e
(
NM
C
)
b
atter
i
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
E
V
s
an
d
en
ab
le
g
r
ea
ter
r
a
n
g
es.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
is
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
an
d
p
o
wer
b
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
r
atio
o
f
m
an
g
an
ese,
co
b
alt,
an
d
n
ick
el.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
NM
C
b
atter
ies
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
u
ch
as
elec
t
r
ic
ca
r
s
an
d
p
o
wer
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Ho
we
v
er
,
NM
C
b
atter
ies
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
n
ic
k
el
an
d
co
b
alt,
an
d
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
th
er
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
FP
.
T
h
e
life
cy
cle
o
f
NM
C
b
atter
ies
is
g
en
er
ally
m
o
d
er
ate,
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
,
0
0
0
to
2
,
0
0
0
cy
cles,
wh
ich
is
lo
wer
th
an
L
FP
b
u
t
a
cc
ep
tab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
e
r
e
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
is
p
r
io
r
itized
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
L
it
hiu
m
nick
el
co
ba
lt
a
l
um
inu
m
o
x
ide
(
NCA)
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
NC
A
ce
l
l.
Similar
in
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
to
NM
C
b
atter
ies,
lith
iu
m
n
ic
k
el
co
b
alt
alu
m
in
u
m
o
x
id
e
(
NC
A)
b
atter
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ed
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
o
we
r
d
eliv
er
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es,
NC
A
b
atter
ies
ar
e
a
well
-
li
k
ed
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1429
-
1
4
3
7
1432
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
lo
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
v
a
r
ian
t
s
lik
e
th
o
s
e
m
ad
e
b
y
T
esla.
N
C
A
b
atter
ies ar
e
p
er
f
ec
t f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
a
s
m
all
p
ac
k
ag
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
N
C
A
b
atter
ies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
s
tly
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
elem
en
ts
lik
e
co
b
alt
an
d
alu
m
in
u
m
.
T
h
e
y
also
o
f
ten
h
av
e
a
s
h
o
r
ter
life
c
y
cle
th
a
n
L
FP
b
atter
ies
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
a
d
v
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
p
r
eser
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
af
ety
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
NC
A
ce
ll
2
.
4
.
L
it
hiu
m
-
io
n ma
ng
a
nes
e
o
x
ide (
L
M
O
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
L
MO
c
ell.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
NM
C
an
d
NC
A
b
atter
ies,
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
m
an
g
an
ese
o
x
id
e
(
L
MO
)
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
r
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
al
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
.
L
MO
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
a
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
em
p
er
f
ec
t
f
o
r
d
ev
ices
lik
e
p
o
wer
to
o
ls
an
d
m
ed
ical
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
th
at
n
ee
d
b
r
ief
b
u
r
s
ts
o
f
p
o
we
r
.
Du
e
t
o
its
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
L
MO
b
atter
i
es
ar
e
less
p
r
ev
alen
t
in
elec
t
r
ic
ca
r
s
;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
th
ey
c
an
o
cc
asio
n
ally
b
e
m
ix
ed
with
o
t
h
er
ch
e
m
icals,
lik
e
as
NM
C
,
to
f
o
r
m
h
y
b
r
id
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
f
o
r
p
o
wer
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
e
life
c
y
cl
e
o
f
L
M
O
b
atter
ies
is
g
en
er
ally
m
o
d
e
r
ate,
an
d
th
eir
co
s
t
is
r
elativ
el
y
lo
wer
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
m
ater
ials
lik
e
co
b
alt
an
d
n
ick
el.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
L
MO
c
ell
2
.
5
.
L
it
hiu
m
-
io
n c
o
ba
lt
o
x
id
e
(
L
CO
)
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
its
ex
ce
llen
t
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
L
C
O
b
atter
ies
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
it
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
g
ad
g
ets
lik
e
lap
to
p
s
,
ca
m
er
as,
an
d
ce
ll
p
h
o
n
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
L
C
O
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
life
cy
cle
an
d
l
o
wer
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
c
h
em
i
ca
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
L
FP
an
d
NM
C
,
wh
ich
lim
its
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
ex
ten
d
ed
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
b
alt,
a
co
s
tly
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
co
n
ten
tio
u
s
m
ater
ial,
f
u
r
th
er
lim
its
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
L
C
O
b
atter
ies
in
lar
g
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
N
a
vig
a
tin
g
th
e
fu
tu
r
e
o
f e
n
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e:
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
…
(
K
a
la
g
o
tla
C
h
en
ch
ir
ed
d
y
)
1433
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
9
]
-
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
eir
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tr
in
g
en
t
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
L
C
O
b
atter
ies
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
u
s
ed
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
an
d
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
cr
u
cial,
b
u
t
wh
er
e
s
af
ety
an
d
l
o
n
g
life
cy
cle
ar
e
less
cr
itical.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
th
em
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
wh
er
e
p
o
r
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
wer
a
r
e
p
r
io
r
itized
o
v
er
ex
te
n
d
ed
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
2
.
6
.
L
it
hiu
m
t
it
a
na
t
e
o
x
ide
(
L
T
O
)
L
ith
iu
m
titan
ate
o
x
id
e
(
L
T
O
)
b
atter
ies
s
tan
d
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
eir
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
af
ety
,
ex
te
n
d
ed
life
,
an
d
q
u
ick
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tim
es.
Gr
id
s
to
r
ag
e,
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es,
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
u
s
es
f
o
r
L
T
O
b
atter
ies
th
at
d
em
an
d
r
ap
id
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
b
ec
a
u
s
e
to
th
eir
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ick
er
r
ates
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
L
T
O
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
esil
ien
t
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ch
em
icals
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
life
cy
cle
,
wh
ich
m
ay
s
u
r
p
ass
1
0
,
0
0
0
cy
cles.
B
u
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
L
T
O
b
atter
ies
ar
e
less
s
u
ited
f
o
r
u
s
es
wh
er
e
weig
h
t
a
n
d
s
ize
ar
e
cr
itical,
s
u
c
h
i
n
elec
tr
ic
p
ass
en
g
er
ca
r
s
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
c
o
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
also
lim
its
th
eir
u
s
e
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
m
ar
k
ets,
b
u
t
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
a
n
d
ex
tr
e
m
e
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
f
ast p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
L
T
O
is
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
p
t
io
n
.
3.
CO
M
P
ARA
T
I
V
E
ANA
L
YS
I
S O
F
L
I
T
H
I
U
M
-
I
O
N
B
AT
T
E
R
Y
CE
L
L
SPEC
I
F
I
CA
T
I
O
NS
L
FP
,
NM
C
,
N
C
A,
L
MO
,
L
C
O,
an
d
L
T
O
ar
e
th
e
s
ix
p
o
p
u
l
ar
ty
p
es
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
i
es
th
at
ar
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
co
m
p
ar
ed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Key
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
life
cy
cle,
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ates,
co
s
t,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
[
3
6
]
-
[4
1
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ce
ll sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
y
ce
ll sp
e
cif
icatio
n
s
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
y
p
e
Li
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
C
h
a
r
g
e
D
i
sch
a
r
g
e
C
o
s
t
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
LFP
3
,
0
0
0
–
5
,
0
0
0
1
C
1
C
t
o
3
C
Lo
w
-
20
°
C
t
o
6
0
°C
N
M
C
1
,
0
0
0
–
2
,
0
0
0
0
.
5
C
-
1
C
0
.
5
C
t
o
3
C
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
20
°
C
t
o
4
5
°C
N
C
A
5
0
0
–
1
,
0
0
0
1
C
1
C
t
o
3
C
H
i
g
h
-
20
°
C
t
o
4
5
°C
LM
O
7
0
0
–
2
,
0
0
0
5
C
1
C
t
o
5
C
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
-
20
°
C
t
o
5
0
°C
LC
O
5
0
0
–
1
,
0
0
0
0
.
5
C
-
1
C
0
.
5
C
t
o
1
C
H
i
g
h
0
°
C
t
o
4
5
°C
LTO
7
,
0
0
0
–
1
0
,
0
0
0
10
C
5
C
t
o
1
0
C
H
i
g
h
-
40
°
C
t
o
5
5
°C
3
.
1
.
L
if
e
c
y
cle
T
h
e
ter
m
"lif
e
cy
cle"
r
e
f
er
s
to
a
b
atter
y
'
s
r
esil
ien
ce
to
r
ep
ea
ted
cy
cles
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
W
ith
a
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
life
cy
cle
o
f
7
,
0
0
0
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
cy
cles,
L
T
O
is
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
id
ea
l
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
th
at
n
ee
d
r
eg
u
lar
cy
clin
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
FP
h
as
a
3
,
0
0
0
–
5
,
0
0
0
life
ti
m
e
cy
cle
,
wh
ich
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
E
SS
T
h
e
lo
n
g
er
cy
cle
life
tim
es
o
f
NC
A
an
d
L
C
O,
wh
ich
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
to
1
,
0
0
0
cy
cles,
lim
it th
eir
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
u
s
e
in
h
i
g
h
-
d
em
a
n
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
Cha
rg
e
a
nd
dis
cha
rg
e
ra
t
es
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
q
u
ick
l
y
a
b
atter
y
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
o
r
d
eliv
er
p
o
wer
.
L
T
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
well
at
q
u
ick
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ates
o
f
u
p
to
1
0
C
,
wh
ic
h
m
ak
es
it
p
er
f
ec
t
f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
lik
e
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es
th
at
n
ee
d
an
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
M
O
en
ab
les
5
C
h
ig
h
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ates,
m
a
k
in
g
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
d
r
ai
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
p
o
wer
t
o
o
ls
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
L
FP
,
NM
C
,
an
d
NC
A
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ates,
t
y
p
ically
ar
o
u
n
d
1
C
,
b
alan
cin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
.
C
o
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
v
ital
wh
en
s
elec
tin
g
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
L
FP
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tio
n
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
its
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
co
b
alt,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
ig
h
er
co
s
ts
in
o
th
er
c
h
e
m
icals
s
u
ch
as
NC
A
an
d
L
C
O.
NM
C
f
alls
in
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
co
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
an
attr
ac
ti
v
e
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
m
an
y
E
V
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
.
Desp
ite
its
g
r
ea
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
L
T
O
is
g
en
er
ally
m
o
r
e
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
th
a
n
o
th
er
o
p
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
less
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
co
s
t
is
a
f
ac
to
r
.
3
.
3
.
T
em
pera
t
ure
r
a
ng
e
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
is
an
o
th
e
r
cr
u
cial
f
ac
t
o
r
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
af
ety
.
L
T
O
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
s
tab
ilit
y
in
ex
tr
em
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
o
p
er
atin
g
ef
f
ici
en
tly
f
r
o
m
-
40
°C
to
55
°C
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
clim
atic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
FP
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
well
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
a
b
r
o
ad
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e,
f
r
o
m
-
20
°C
to
6
0
°C
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
L
C
O
h
as
a
lim
it
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
°C
to
4
5
°C
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
r
estrict
its
u
s
e
in
co
ld
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1429
-
1
4
3
7
1434
T
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
at
ter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
s
et
to
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
as
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
es
t
o
s
u
r
g
e
.
A
p
r
im
a
r
y
f
o
cu
s
will
b
e
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
elec
tr
o
ly
tes
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
ca
th
o
d
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
r
e
s
u
lt
in
lig
h
ter
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
b
atter
ies
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
r
esear
ch
in
to
alter
n
ativ
e,
eco
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
ater
ials
th
at
r
e
d
u
ce
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
co
b
alt
a
n
d
o
th
er
r
ar
e
ea
r
th
m
etals,
p
av
in
g
t
h
e
way
f
o
r
g
r
ee
n
er
b
atter
y
o
p
tio
n
s
with
lo
wer
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
.
Saf
ety
will
r
em
ain
a
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
,
with
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
lik
ely
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
er
m
al
s
tab
il
ity
an
d
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
s
af
ety
f
ea
t
u
r
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
h
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
(
B
MS)
an
d
in
h
er
en
tly
s
af
er
c
h
em
icals,
s
u
c
h
as L
FP
an
d
L
T
O.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
aim
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
life
cy
cles
an
d
f
aster
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
u
tili
zin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
m
ater
ials
an
d
n
o
v
el
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
esig
n
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
ap
i
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
will
also
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
.
Fin
ally
,
as
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
in
cir
cu
latio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ef
f
icien
t
r
ec
y
clin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ap
p
licatio
n
s
will
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
cr
u
cial,
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
a
cir
cu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
y
b
y
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
waste.
All
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
ei
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
eir
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
h
av
e
a
b
ig
im
p
ac
t
o
n
a
l
o
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
lik
e
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
in
r
eso
lv
in
g
is
s
u
es
with
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
as
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
g
r
o
ws.
I
t
is
an
ticip
ated
t
h
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
ater
ials
s
cien
ce
,
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
r
ec
y
cl
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
b
atter
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ities
,
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wo
r
ld
wid
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
d
ep
e
n
d
en
cy
o
n
r
ar
e
m
in
er
als
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
an
d
cir
cu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
y
p
r
in
cip
les.
L
ith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
i
es
will
g
r
ad
u
ally
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
as
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
tak
e
p
lace
,
o
p
en
in
g
th
e
d
o
o
r
f
o
r
a
clea
n
er
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
f
u
tu
r
e
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
s
,
g
r
an
ts
,
o
r
o
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Kala
g
o
tla
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h
en
ch
ir
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d
y
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Per
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Nag
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R
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Vad
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Sh
ab
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Var
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u
p
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h
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C
:
C
o
n
c
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p
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ter
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I
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N:
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8
6
9
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vig
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fu
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s
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to
lith
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…
(
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1435
DATA AV
AI
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AB
I
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h
e
d
a
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a
a
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
V
.
R
.
R
i
k
k
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
a
i
l
o
r
i
n
g
mi
c
r
o
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
p
o
t
w
e
l
d
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n
g
p
a
r
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m
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t
e
r
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r
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o
i
n
i
n
g
n
i
c
k
e
l
t
a
b
t
o
i
n
n
e
r
a
l
u
mi
n
i
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
i
n
a
c
y
l
i
n
d
r
i
c
a
l
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
i
o
n
c
e
l
l
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ma
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
ri
n
g
P
ro
c
e
sses
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
p
p
.
4
6
3
–
4
7
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
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0
.
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0
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/
j
.
j
m
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p
r
o
.
2
0
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9
.
1
2
.
0
1
4
.
[
2
]
S
.
T.
P
l
u
n
k
e
t
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
mal
saf
e
t
y
i
n
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
c
e
l
l
‘
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
m
p
i
n
g
’
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
6
,
p
.
1
1
6
4
9
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
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,
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o
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:
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0
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.
a
p
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g
y
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
6
4
9
5
.
[
3
]
G
.
J.
O
f
f
e
r
,
V
.
Y
u
f
i
t
,
D
.
A
.
H
o
w
e
y
,
B
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
N
.
P
.
B
r
a
n
d
o
n
,
“
M
o
d
u
l
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
f
a
u
l
t
d
i
a
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s
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n
e
l
e
c
t
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v
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h
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c
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
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r
S
o
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rc
e
s
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.
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p
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3
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o
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:
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1
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.
j
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o
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o
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r
.
2
0
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2
.
0
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.
0
8
7
.
[
4
]
P
.
T.
C
o
ma
n
,
D
.
P
e
t
r
u
s
h
e
n
k
o
,
E
.
C
.
D
a
r
c
y
,
a
n
d
R
.
E
.
W
h
i
t
e
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
-
t
h
e
r
ma
l
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
e
si
g
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
u
ses
i
n
a
n
i
c
k
e
l
b
u
s
-
p
l
a
t
e
f
o
r
a
Li
-
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