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3
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Sep
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20
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Ma
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m
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I
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RO
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UCT
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R
en
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ally
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th
u
s
p
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v
id
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
el
y
ex
p
lo
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r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
d
ay
[
1
]
.
O
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
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s
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av
e
g
r
o
wn
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ap
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ly
,
with
g
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co
m
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f
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al
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d
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ite,
alth
o
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s
till
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th
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I
n
2
0
2
8
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p
1
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th
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t
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tal,
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g
y
at
a
s
m
all
s
h
ar
e
o
f
1
2
.
6
%
[
2
]
.
Desp
ite
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
s
ilico
n
s
h
o
r
tag
es,
t
h
e
PV
s
ec
to
r
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ex
p
a
n
d
at
a
r
ate
o
f
o
v
e
r
3
0
%
p
er
y
ea
r
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
PV
en
er
g
y
is
p
r
ed
icted
to
r
ea
ch
co
m
p
etitiv
e
lev
els
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
co
m
in
g
y
ea
r
s
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
u
tili
ze
s
em
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ials
lik
e
s
ilico
n
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
s
u
n
’
s
lig
h
t
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
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en
d
s
o
n
s
ev
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al
f
ac
to
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s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
,
as
well
as
th
e
tilt
an
g
le,
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
a
n
d
th
e
c
ell
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
n
ess
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
co
n
v
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s
io
n
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f
icie
n
cies
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
it
is
c
r
u
cial
to
r
el
o
ca
te
th
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m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
(
MPP)
d
u
r
in
g
its
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ex
h
i
b
its
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
th
at
v
ar
y
with
ch
a
n
g
es
in
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
as
well
as
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
its
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
On
th
e
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
cu
r
v
es,
t
h
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
o
p
er
ates a
t its
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
MPP.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
176
5
-
1
7
7
4
1766
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
MPP
s
e
ar
ch
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
ar
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k
n
o
wn
as
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
in
p
o
i
n
t th
e
o
p
tim
al
MPP.
M
PP
T
i
s
a
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
em
p
lo
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ed
to
d
y
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m
ically
lo
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te
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n
d
f
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llo
w
th
e
MPP
b
y
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ju
s
tin
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
's
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
er
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y
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
at
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
in
to
tr
ad
it
io
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
t
h
o
s
e
b
ase
d
o
n
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
No
ta
b
ly
,
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
a
p
r
ev
alen
t
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
P
&
O
m
eth
o
d
id
e
n
tifie
s
th
e
MPP
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
b
y
iter
ativ
ely
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
m
all
c
h
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g
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o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
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ltin
g
p
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wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
[
2
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
d
ictates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
B
P
2
7
5
F
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
7
5
W
with
a
2
1
.
4
V
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e.
T
o
m
ee
t
l
o
a
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
at
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
DC
r
eg
u
lato
r
o
r
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
b
u
ck
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
two
d
is
cr
ete
m
o
d
es,
n
am
el
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
an
d
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
cti
o
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
,
an
d
th
ese
m
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
in
d
u
cto
r
.
C
C
M
is
g
en
er
ally
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
as
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ab
o
v
e
ze
r
o
,
wh
ile
DC
M
is
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
o
r
s
tan
d
b
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
tr
an
s
f
er
DC
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV
m
o
d
u
les
to
a
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
,
wh
ich
ty
p
ically
o
p
er
ates a
t a
n
o
m
in
al
DC
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
2
V,
a
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
.
Fo
r
lig
h
t
lo
a
d
s
,
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
2
3
]
p
r
esen
ts
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ec
is
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
Z
is
h
an
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
,
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
b
u
c
k
(
N
SB
)
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atin
g
with
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
,
wh
ich
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
at
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
o
f
3
0
W
.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
r
esear
ch
in
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
id
e
n
tifie
s
k
ey
ch
all
en
g
es
in
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
b
u
c
k
(
N
SB
)
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
to
a
lo
wer
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
witch
in
g
elem
en
ts
lik
e
p
o
wer
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
MO
SF
E
T
s
)
,
w
ith
o
u
t
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
elec
tr
ical
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
[
2
6
]
.
A
k
ey
b
en
ef
it
o
f
u
s
in
g
two
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
es
is
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
in
im
ize
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es
th
at
ca
n
ar
is
e
with
d
io
d
e
u
s
ag
e
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
r
ate
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
es
th
at
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
P&
O
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
en
ts
a
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
P&
O
MP
PT
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
PV
-
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
MPPT
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
ca
n
b
e
s
ep
a
r
ated
in
to
f
o
u
r
m
ai
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
b
eg
in
with
an
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
th
e
lis
t
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
an
in
-
d
ep
th
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
cu
lm
i
n
atin
g
i
n
th
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
a
s
elec
ted
s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Nex
t,
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
P&
O
MPPT
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
th
en
e
v
alu
ated
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
.
L
o
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
th
e
NSB
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
PV
p
an
el
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
p
er
ates
at
its
MPP.
T
h
e
NS
B
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
is
o
lated
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
ty
p
ically
f
o
u
n
d
in
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cir
c
u
it
b
l
o
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
R
o
m
a
n
n
u
m
er
als
I
th
r
o
u
g
h
VI
I
I
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
a
1
2
V
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
,
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
d
r
iv
er
s
,
a
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
cir
cu
it,
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
s
witch
(
S1
)
,
th
e
lo
w
-
s
id
e
s
witch
(
S2
)
,
L
C
f
ilter
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
ain
co
n
t
r
o
ller
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
A
h
i
g
h
-
s
i
d
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
in
g
r
esis
to
r
(
R
s
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
I
NA1
3
8
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
is
s
en
s
o
r
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
)
in
to
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vsen
s
e)
t
h
at
th
e
m
ain
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
in
ter
p
r
e
t.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
e
r
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
als
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
f
ed
i
n
to
th
e
m
a
in
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dea
d
time
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
a
l fo
r
n
o
n
-
is
o
la
ted
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
b
u
ck
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
Ha
feez
Mo
h
a
med
Ha
r
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1767
PV
M
P
P
T
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
+
-
+
-
P
V
M
o
d
u
l
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
a
n
k
DC
–
D
C
B
u
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
t
e
r
V
PV
V
DC
I
PV
V
PV
D
V
D
C
Ba
t
t
er
y
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PV
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Load
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
PV sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
A
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
co
m
p
u
ted
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
to
g
en
er
ate
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ic
h
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
o
th
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
an
d
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
PV
MPP
s
et
p
o
in
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
o
s
en
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
wo
N
-
ch
an
n
el
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
d
esig
n
ated
as
S1
an
d
S2
,
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
ar
e
two
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
is
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t.
As
d
ep
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ex
h
ib
its
s
p
ec
if
ic
wav
ef
o
r
m
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
f
lo
atin
g
h
ig
h
-
g
ate
-
ch
a
r
g
e
N
-
c
h
an
n
el
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
(
S2
)
is
ac
h
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
a
l
o
w
-
s
id
e
s
witch
d
r
iv
er
.
T
h
e
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
s
witch
d
r
iv
er
is
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
an
ex
ter
n
al
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
d
io
d
e
(
D1
)
a
n
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
3
)
.
T
h
ese
two
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
f
lan
k
ed
b
y
th
e
p
o
wer
lin
e
o
f
b
o
th
p
o
wer
s
witch
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
s
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
3
)
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
p
o
wer
to
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
M
OSFET
s
witch
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
il
lu
s
tr
ates
a
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e.
Me
an
wh
ile,
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
tem
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
B
P2
7
5
F
PV
m
o
d
u
le
as
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
el,
a
n
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
'
s
m
ajo
r
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
176
5
-
1
7
7
4
1768
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
y
p
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
s
witch
es,
S1
an
d
S2
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
PV sy
s
tem
with
th
e
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
T
ab
le
1
.
L
is
t o
f
m
ajo
r
ex
p
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im
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m
p
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n
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ts
N
o
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t
e
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S
y
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o
l
P
a
r
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n
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m
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e
r
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p
e
c
i
f
i
c
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t
i
o
n
1
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
PV
B
P
2
7
5
F
75
W
2
M
O
S
F
ET
s
w
i
t
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h
S
I
R
F
5
4
0
N
1
0
0
V
,
3
3
A
,
R
D
S
(O
N
)
=
4
4
mΩ
3
M
O
S
F
ET
d
r
i
v
e
r
-
H
C
P
L
-
3
1
4
0
0
.
4
A
P
, V
S
=
1
5
V
4
M
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
-
P
I
C
1
6
F
8
7
7
A
10
-
b
i
t
,
8
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
A
/
D
5
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
I
N
A
1
3
8
V
S
(m
i
n)
=
2
.
7
V
,
I
q
=
25
µA
6
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
Bat
N
P
7
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12
V
,
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Ah
7
P
o
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d
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c
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L
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u
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H
8
F
a
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i
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D
m
M
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R
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6
0
6
0
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V
,
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A
9
O
u
t
p
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a
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2
2
0
u
F
10
R
e
si
st
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
R
-
4
Ω
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dea
d
time
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
a
l fo
r
n
o
n
-
is
o
la
ted
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
b
u
ck
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
Ha
feez
Mo
h
a
med
Ha
r
ir
i
)
1769
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
e
d
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
P
&
O
MP
P
T
t
e
ch
n
i
q
u
e
,
a
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
te
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
is
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
i
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r
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at
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p
r
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p
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t
i
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n
a
l
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
O
n
c
e
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
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e
i
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
,
tw
o
r
e
ci
p
r
o
c
a
l
PW
M
s
i
g
n
a
ls
w
i
l
l
b
e
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e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
u
r
n
o
n
t
wo
p
o
w
e
r
M
O
S
F
E
T
s
(
l
o
w
-
s
i
d
e
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
s
i
d
e
M
O
SF
E
T
s
w
i
t
ch
e
s
)
s
i
m
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
it
t
o
b
e
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
t
o
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
ts
.
T
o
o
p
ti
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
P
&
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M
PP
T
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
p
e
r
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o
d
,
T
a
i
s
s
e
t
t
o
1
0
m
s
,
w
h
il
e
t
h
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p
e
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t
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a
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s
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e
(
∆D
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i
s
0
.
0
1
.
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s
i
n
g
a
s
m
a
ll
s
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m
p
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m
i
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m
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d
a
m
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l
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d
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o
f
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s
c
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ll
at
i
o
n
s
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
MP
P
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
i
n
a
s
t
e
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
te
c
o
n
d
i
t
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o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
i
zi
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
An
im
p
r
o
v
ed
P&
O
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
(
a
)
an
d
6
(
b
)
il
lu
s
tr
ate
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
t
em
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
at
ter
ie
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
le
te
ci
r
cu
it
lay
o
u
t.
T
h
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
N
S
B
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
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ter
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s
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e
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te
d
an
d
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t
s
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er
f
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c
e
a
s
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e
s
s
ed
b
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
d
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cy
c
le,
D,
a
cr
o
s
s
a
r
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e
o
f
0
.
1
to
0
.
9
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
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aly
s
is
p
a
r
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ter
s
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we
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e
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e
av
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e
ef
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ic
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an
d
th
e
co
r
r
e
la
tio
n
b
et
we
en
d
u
ty
cy
c
le
v
a
lu
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
176
5
-
1
7
7
4
1770
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
o
v
ali
d
a
te
th
e
ef
f
ic
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
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p
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ed
d
ea
d
-
t
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n
tr
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et
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o
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,
t
wo
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
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V
s
y
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t
em
s
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er
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
,
o
n
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
ti
n
g
an
M
P
PT
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
i
th
m
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
w
i
th
o
u
t
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
with
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
V
i
=
2
0
V,
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
D
=
0
.
5
,
R
=
4
Ω
,
an
d
V
i
=
2
0
V,
D
=
0
.
8
,
R
=
4
Ω
,
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
b
o
th
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
b
o
th
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
f
i
g
u
r
es,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
(
o
r
an
g
e
co
lo
r
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
V
o
,
o
f
th
e
NSB
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
wav
ef
o
r
m
(
p
u
r
p
le
co
l
o
r
)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
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f
o
r
th
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h
ig
h
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s
id
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d
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i
v
er
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d
th
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ir
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r
m
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ep
r
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ig
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o
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E
T
d
r
iv
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Fin
ally
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
wa
v
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o
r
m
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
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e
i
n
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u
cto
r
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r
r
e
n
t,
I
L
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
PV sy
s
tem
:
(
a)
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
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an
d
(
b
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h
a
r
d
war
e
v
ali
d
atio
n
s
etu
p
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Gen
e
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
:
(
a)
D
=
0
.
5
a
n
d
(
b
)
D
=
0
.
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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t
I
SS
N:
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-
8
6
9
4
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Mu
h
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Ha
feez
Mo
h
a
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r
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ea
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h
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as we
ll
as th
e
f
a
ll
ti
m
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t
f
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o
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t
h
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s
ele
cte
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FE
T
s
,
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n
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u
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Fi
g
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r
e
9
,
t
h
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
NSB
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
is
ass
ess
e
d
i
n
r
e
lati
o
n
t
o
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
v
al
u
es
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
e
h
a
r
d
wa
r
e
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
p
e
a
k
ef
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
8
0
%
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
m
o
d
el'
s
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
o
f
9
6
%.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
d
ea
d
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
p
p
lies
to
b
o
th
t
h
e
d
r
iv
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
an
d
lo
w
-
s
id
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
es,
D
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
co
u
ld
ac
h
iev
e
a
m
ax
im
u
m
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
0
%
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
v
alu
es (
P
o
)
.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ay
af
f
ec
t th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ar
d
war
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
On
e
m
ajo
r
ca
u
s
e
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NSB
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
in
b
o
th
p
o
wer
s
witch
MO
S
FET
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
io
d
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
m
ay
also
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ea
d
-
t
im
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NSB
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
an
y
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
its
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icac
y
u
n
d
er
ac
tu
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
a
s
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
B
o
th
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
u
tili
ze
d
i
d
en
ti
ca
l
s
etu
p
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
wer
e
o
p
e
r
ated
f
o
r
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes.
T
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
em
ain
ed
lar
g
ely
s
tab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
u
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
ex
h
ib
its
s
o
m
e
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
id
ea
l
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
,
M
PP
T
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV sy
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
P
&
O
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
p
er
ate
d
s
ea
m
less
ly
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
1
3
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
ax
im
u
m
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
MPPT
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
0
%.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
(
η
)
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
(
P
o
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
176
5
-
1
7
7
4
1772
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
PV
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t in
r
elatio
n
to
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
s
an
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
s
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
P&
O
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
NSB
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV
m
o
d
u
les
to
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
with
s
im
p
lici
ty
,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
tab
le
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
alu
e
o
f
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
wav
ef
o
r
m
in
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
u
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
te
ch
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
a
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
8
0
%
with
th
e
r
ated
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
6
0
W
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
e
d
to
o
t
h
er
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
eir
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ated
s
m
ar
t
-
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
a
in
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
an
ag
es
th
e
MPPT
r
eg
u
lato
r
a
n
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
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h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
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Un
iv
er
s
iti
Sain
s
Ma
l
ay
s
ia,
Sh
o
r
t
-
T
er
m
Gr
an
t
wi
th
Pro
ject
No
:3
0
4
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E
C
T
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3
1
5
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7
6
.
AUTHO
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th
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ip
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au
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m
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1774
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
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S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
H
a
fe
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z
Mo
h
a
m
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r
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se
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tu
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tri
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tro
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g
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rin
g
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i
v
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rsiti
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a
in
s
M
a
lay
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is
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re
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d
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ro
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u
r
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ls
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re
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sy
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o
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n
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re
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m
s (p
h
o
t
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lt
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ic).
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c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
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il
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u
h
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m
m
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d
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sm
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h
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c
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s
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h
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f
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n
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ro
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ste
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n
g
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a
d
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n
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t
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n
g
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m
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h
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d
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g
re
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s
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tri
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h
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n
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r
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t
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in
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g
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k
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rta,
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a
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.
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is
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it
o
r
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h
ief
o
f
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LKO
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NIK
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y
ste
m
s
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r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
(E
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ERG
).
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is
o
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o
f
t
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to
p
2
%
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re
se
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n
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a
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lse
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s
li
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ro
m
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t
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h
e
p
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se
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t.
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re
se
a
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in
tere
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c
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v
e
r
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ig
i
tal
d
e
si
g
n
,
in
d
u
strial
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strial
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strial
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a
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s,
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n
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n
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n
telli
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t
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rm
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ti
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y
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c
a
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m
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