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3
,
Sep
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b
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20
25
,
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p
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2
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4
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I
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Dr
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t
,
Vo
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16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
204
3
-
2
0
5
4
2044
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li
a
b
i
l
it
y
(
R
I
S
)
,
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
s
t
,
a
l
l
a
t
o
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
b
u
i
l
d
s
o
n
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
o
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
a
n
d
A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
E
a
r
l
ie
r
s
t
u
d
i
es
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
li
k
e
HB
A
a
n
d
G
W
O
,
a
n
d
l
a
t
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
,
an
d
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
es
t
o
s
m
a
r
t
l
y
a
d
j
u
s
t
UP
QC
s
e
t
ti
n
g
s
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
PQ
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
iz
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
,
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
t
U
PQ
C
t
u
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
u
s
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
,
a
n
d
A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
A
N
F
I
S
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
ll
i
g
e
n
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
i
n
m
i
t
i
g
at
i
n
g
PQ
i
s
s
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
o
a
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
n
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
s
.
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
l
e
v
e
r
a
g
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
P
Q
i
n
R
E
S
-
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
e
ct
i
o
n
s
d
et
a
i
l
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
.
O
t
h
er
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
h
a
v
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
,
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
d
es
i
g
n
[
1
5
]
–
[
2
0
]
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
e
ta
h
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
P
ar
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
h
as
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
,
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
r
c
h
i
t
ec
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
m
it
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
s
y
s
te
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
ws
o
n
o
p
ti
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
u
r
is
t
i
cs
i
n
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
i
n
g
P
Q
o
b
j
ec
t
i
v
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
T
H
D,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
ta
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
in
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
[
2
8
]
,
w
h
i
l
e
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
ar
i
t
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
a
s
a
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
s
il
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
,
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
a
li
g
n
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
g
o
a
l
s
a
n
d
d
es
i
g
n
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
es
t
o
t
h
is
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
f
i
e
l
d
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
a
s
c
a
l
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
ll
i
g
e
n
t
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
f
a
c
et
e
d
P
Q
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
ll
e
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
e
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
d
es
i
g
n
,
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
s
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
,
a
n
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
.
a)
Ob
jectiv
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
T
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
W
E
C
S
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
O
u
r
m
a
i
n
g
o
a
l
s
a
r
e
:
i
)
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
E
n
H
B
A
-
GW
O'
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
U
PQ
C
t
u
n
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
.
i
i
)
E
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
h
o
w
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
w
it
h
c
o
s
t
w
il
l
h
el
p
o
n
e
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
d
e
as
a
b
o
u
t
i
d
ea
l
in
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
ii
i
)
P
r
a
c
t
i
ca
l
A
p
p
l
i
ca
b
i
l
it
y
:
T
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
U
PQ
C
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
i
t
u
at
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
v
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
b)
Sy
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
v
er
v
iew
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
els
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
UPQC
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
in
s
id
e
a
W
E
C
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
a
n
d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
W
T
G)
,
w
h
ich
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
m
ec
h
an
ical
win
d
en
er
g
y
in
to
v
ar
iab
le
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
R
SC
)
m
an
ag
es
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
en
er
ato
r
,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
ac
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2.
M
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2
.
1
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P
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2
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3
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T
h
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O
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r
ith
m
ac
ts
lik
e
a
g
r
ey
wo
lf
'
s
s
o
cial
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
h
u
n
t.
Ag
en
ts
ar
e
p
u
t
in
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
ca
l
led
alp
h
a,
b
eta,
d
elta,
a
n
d
o
m
eg
a,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
wo
r
k
s
a
n
d
h
o
w
jo
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
wo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
m
a
k
es
it
ea
s
ier
to
f
in
d
a
g
o
o
d
m
ix
b
etwe
e
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
wh
ich
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
with
f
ew
ch
an
g
es
to
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
ah
eu
r
is
tic
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it is
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
an
d
wo
r
k
s
well.
2
.
4
.
H
y
brid E
nH
B
A
-
G
WO
F
ra
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
E
n
HB
A
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
GW
O
in
th
e
E
n
HB
A
-
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
wo
r
k
s
well
f
o
r
d
if
f
icu
lt
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
m
an
y
g
o
als
b
ec
au
s
e
it
av
o
id
s
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
UPQC
s
etti
n
g
s
in
W
E
C
S.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
im
p
r
o
v
es p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
as
F
=
w₁·
E
E
+
w₂
·
VSI
–
w
₃·
T
HD
+
w₄·
PF
I
+
w₅·
R
I
S
–
w₆·
C
o
s
t,
wh
er
e
EE
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
r
atio
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
ed
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
v
er
s
u
s
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
win
d
,
tar
g
etin
g
h
ig
h
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
lo
wer
lo
s
s
es.
VSI
r
ef
lects
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
at
th
e
PC
C
,
with
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icatin
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
HD
r
ep
r
esen
ts
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
;
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
en
s
u
r
es
g
r
id
co
m
p
lian
ce
(
I
E
E
E
-
519
-
2
0
2
2
)
an
d
r
ed
u
c
es
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
tr
ess
.
PF
I
aim
s
f
o
r
v
alu
es
n
ea
r
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
b
etter
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
R
I
S
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
MT
B
F
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
;
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
s
u
g
g
est
b
etter
u
p
tim
e
a
n
d
r
e
s
ilien
ce
.
C
o
s
t
in
clu
d
es
ca
p
ital,
o
p
er
atio
n
al,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ex
p
en
s
es;
lo
wer
v
alu
es
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
.
W
eig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
(
w₁
to
w₆)
allo
w
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
to
b
e
tailo
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ad
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-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
an
d
co
s
t.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
v
alid
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
o
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
: V
SI≥
0
.
9
0
,
T
HD≤
1
0
%,
an
d
PF
I
≥
0
.
9
7
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ev
en
-
p
h
a
s
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
co
m
b
in
in
g
E
n
HB
A
an
d
Gr
ey
W
o
lf
Op
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
I
t
b
e
g
in
s
with
in
itializatio
n
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
f
itn
ess
ev
alu
ati
o
n
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
Glo
b
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
(
v
ia
E
n
HB
A)
an
d
lo
ca
l
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
(
v
ia
GW
O)
ar
e
a
p
p
lied
in
p
ar
allel
to
r
ef
i
n
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
is
th
en
u
p
d
ate
d
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
is
ch
ec
k
e
d
b
ased
o
n
f
itn
ess
ch
an
g
es
o
r
ite
r
atio
n
lim
its
.
I
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
i
s
m
et,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
to
s
im
u
latio
n
v
alid
at
io
n
,
ass
ess
in
g
m
etr
ics
lik
e
E
E
,
T
HD,
VSI
,
PF
,
R
I
S,
an
d
co
s
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
R
E
S
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
5
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
wind
ener
g
y
co
nv
er
s
io
n sy
s
t
em
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
is
ef
f
icien
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
T
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
,
as
em
b
o
d
ied
in
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
ep
ar
ated
,
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
v
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ltag
e
lev
els,
o
p
tim
ized
p
o
we
r
f
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w,
an
d
s
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m
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m
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r
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.
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r
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ased
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u
r
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3
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win
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th
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ates
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
204
3
-
2
0
5
4
2048
PQ
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
e
lo
ad
s
id
e.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
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en
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n
ce
s
v
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eg
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n
d
o
v
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o
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r
e
n
ewa
b
le
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in
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ate
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m
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o
g
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u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UPQC
s
y
s
tem
2
.
7
.
Unifie
d po
wer
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a
lity
c
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io
ner
m
o
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g
T
h
e
UPQC
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n
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o
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e
f
lo
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o
f
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y
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ix
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g
co
m
m
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p
o
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r
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r
o
b
lem
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ag
s
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h
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ctiv
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