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Wi
re
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s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s
(W
S
N
s)
p
lay
a
c
r
u
c
ial
ro
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in
v
a
rio
u
s
d
o
m
a
in
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
m
il
it
a
ry
,
in
d
u
strial,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
d
u
e
to
th
e
ir
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
m
o
n
it
o
r
a
n
d
tran
s
m
it
d
a
ta
e
fficie
n
tl
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
jo
r
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
W
S
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is
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
a
s
se
n
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r
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o
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e
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ly
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m
it
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ta
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c
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o
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r
o
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g
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
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icie
n
t
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
is
e
ss
e
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ti
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l
to
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ro
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rk
li
fe
sp
a
n
a
n
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m
a
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tain
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e
rfo
rm
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n
c
e
.
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o
a
d
d
re
s
s
th
is
issu
e
,
se
v
e
ra
l
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
fficie
n
t
r
o
u
t
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
h
a
v
e
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e
e
n
d
e
v
e
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p
e
d
.
Am
o
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g
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e
se
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t
h
e
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e
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e
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y
a
d
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p
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iv
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ste
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g
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y
(LE
ACH
)
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s
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e
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n
t
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ize
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ti
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th
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u
g
h
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g
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is
stu
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y
in
v
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tes
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e
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a
n
c
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e
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ra
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ro
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se
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n
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e
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l
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a
te
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lar
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s
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lt
e
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ti
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re
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n
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lar
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.
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re
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s
s
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t
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t
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se
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(BS
)
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a
ti
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s.
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e
se
fin
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in
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
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imp
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n
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e
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e
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n
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
WS
N s
u
st
a
in
a
b
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it
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.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
R
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
T
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is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
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c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
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se
.
C
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r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
o
r
:
Aws Z
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
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E
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in
ee
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C
o
lleg
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f
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lectr
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i
cs E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Nin
ev
ah
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Mo
s
u
l,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
aws.y
o
n
is
@
u
o
n
in
ev
ah
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
d
u
e
to
th
eir
u
s
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
ci
p
lin
es
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
n
etwo
r
k
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
m
all,
s
ep
ar
ate
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
d
es
p
lace
d
in
d
if
f
icu
lt
-
to
-
r
ea
c
h
ar
ea
s
[
2
]
.
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
m
icr
o
-
e
lectr
o
-
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
y
s
tem
d
e
v
ices
(
ME
MS)
with
s
en
s
in
g
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
p
o
wer
u
n
its
[
3
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
en
s
in
g
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
u
te
an
d
an
aly
ze
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
wir
ele
s
s
ly
lin
k
an
d
s
h
ar
e
d
ata,
wh
ile
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
em
p
o
wer
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
d
etec
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
elem
en
ts
,
r
ec
o
r
d
ev
en
ts
,
an
aly
ze
d
ata,
a
n
d
s
en
d
it
to
a
B
S.
Data
ca
n
in
clu
d
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wate
r
le
v
els,
air
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
o
th
er
p
h
y
s
ical
ev
en
ts
[
5
]
.
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
s
ites
ar
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
f
o
r
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
r
em
ain
in
p
lace
.
W
SN
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
to
ex
te
n
d
b
att
er
y
life
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Pro
p
e
r
en
e
r
g
y
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
is
a
to
p
p
r
io
r
ity
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
e
p
letio
n
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
R
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
esig
n
is
an
ac
tiv
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
ield
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
.
C
lu
s
ter
-
b
ased
an
d
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
f
o
r
e
x
ten
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
co
llects
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
e
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
B
S
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tin
u
e
u
n
til
all
n
o
d
es'
b
atter
ies
d
ie
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Mo
s
t
v
alid
ated
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
m
ed
iat
es
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
s
in
k
n
o
d
es
an
d
is
c
r
itical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
19
39
-
1
9
4
8
1940
f
o
r
W
SN
en
e
r
g
y
ec
o
n
o
m
y
es
tim
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
W
ir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
also
ad
d
r
ess
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
W
SNs
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
in
te
n
d
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
x
ten
d
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
life
tim
e
in
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
m
s
u
p
th
e
m
ain
g
o
als
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
:
−
Pre
s
en
tin
g
a
b
etter
C
H
s
elec
ti
o
n
m
eth
o
d
wh
er
e
b
y
,
as
in
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
ev
er
y
ten
r
o
u
n
d
s
i
n
s
tead
o
f
e
v
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
lo
wer
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
h
elp
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
r
e
g
u
lar
C
H
elec
tio
n
s
.
−
L
ettin
g
d
ir
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
n
o
d
es
clo
s
e
to
th
e
B
S,
s
o
s
av
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
to
f
o
r
m
a
clu
s
ter
.
−
Usi
n
g
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
eb
y
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
r
iv
en
b
y
en
e
r
g
y
-
awa
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ath
e
r
th
an
lim
ited
to
jo
in
i
n
g
th
e
cl
o
s
est C
H
o
r
B
S d
ep
en
d
in
g
s
o
lel
y
o
n
d
is
tan
ce
.
−
Su
g
g
esti
n
g
a
cir
cu
lar
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
ar
ea
f
o
r
W
SN
n
o
d
es
an
d
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
its
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
f
ield
lay
o
u
t.
Un
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
B
S
p
o
s
itio
n
s
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
izes,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
cir
cu
la
r
f
ield
g
en
er
ates im
p
r
o
v
e
d
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
a
lo
n
g
er
n
e
two
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
W
S
N
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
;
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
;
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
r
ad
io
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
;
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
es s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
;
s
ec
tio
n
6
d
is
cu
s
s
es r
esu
lts
;
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
7
d
is
cu
s
s
es c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
d
e
[
1
7
]
2.
WSN R
O
UT
I
NG
P
RO
T
O
C
O
L
S
R
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
ar
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
,
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
o
r
m
i
x
ed
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
ath
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
o
n
ly
wh
en
n
ee
d
e
d
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
ath
s
ar
e
p
r
e
-
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
s
av
ed
in
a
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
u
n
d
esira
b
le
in
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
d
es.
Mi
x
ed
t
h
er
ap
ies
co
m
b
in
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
L
o
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
,
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical,
an
d
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
n
etwo
r
k
f
lo
w
d
esig
n
.
Flat
-
r
o
u
tin
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ata
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
cy
b
y
ass
ig
n
in
g
s
im
ilar
jo
b
s
to
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
th
at
g
iv
e
d
ata
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
[
1
8
]
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
p
r
o
to
co
ls
aim
to
m
ax
im
ize
n
etwo
r
k
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
r
an
g
e.
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
clu
s
ter
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
[
1
8
]
.
L
o
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
clu
d
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
.
3.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
R
esear
ch
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
h
ie
r
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
as
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ax
im
ize
wir
el
ess
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
o
p
er
atio
n
al
li
f
etim
e.
W
.
B
.
Hein
ze
lm
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
L
E
AC
H
in
2
0
0
0
as
th
e
in
itial
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
[
1
9
]
.
L
E
AC
H
en
ab
les
n
o
d
es
in
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eg
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
s
with
ea
ch
m
em
b
er
h
av
in
g
a
ce
n
tr
al
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
tak
es
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
all
clu
s
ter
m
e
m
b
er
s
wh
ile
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
s
en
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
r
em
o
te
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
as
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
H
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
in
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
o
d
e'
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
e
y
o
n
d
n
o
n
-
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
n
o
d
es
th
u
s
cr
ea
tin
g
a
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
n
etwo
r
k
clu
s
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ce
ase
if
a
C
H
b
ec
o
m
es
in
o
p
er
ab
le
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
L
E
AC
H
ac
h
iev
es
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
in
en
e
r
g
y
e
x
p
en
s
es
b
etw
ee
n
n
o
d
es
b
y
r
o
tatin
g
t
h
e
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
p
o
s
itio
n
r
an
d
o
m
ly
th
u
s
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
r
a
p
id
b
atter
y
d
e
p
letio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
n
o
d
e
c
r
ea
tes
a
tim
e
-
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A)
s
ch
ed
u
le
to
en
a
b
le
n
o
d
e
-
to
-
n
o
d
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
o
u
t
g
en
er
atin
g
clu
s
ter
-
wid
e
s
ig
n
al
co
llu
s
io
n
s
.
A
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
ch
ed
u
le
ex
is
ts
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
s
wh
ich
tak
es
in
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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8
6
9
4
C
lu
s
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
S
h
ir
ee
n
B
a
s
h
a
r
Gh
a
n
im
)
1941
ac
co
u
n
t
en
tire
m
em
b
e
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
c
lu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
2
4
]
.
L
E
AC
H
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
o
p
er
atio
n
p
atter
n
wh
er
e
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
as
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
ea
ch
cy
cle.
Data
co
llectio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
h
ase
wh
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
s
en
d
th
eir
co
llected
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
H
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
lu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
L
E
AC
H
[
2
2
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
o
f
L
E
AC
H
[
2
5
]
Set
-
u
p
p
h
ase:
E
v
er
y
n
o
d
e
m
a
k
es
its
o
wn
ev
al
u
atio
n
f
o
r
b
ec
o
m
in
g
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
is
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
o
d
e
n
c
r
ea
tes
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
alu
e
th
at
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
elec
ts
to
ac
t
as
C
H
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
wh
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r
o
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ce
d
r
an
d
o
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n
u
m
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er
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atis
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ies
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
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if
ie
d
as
s
h
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wn
i
n
(
1
)
T
(
n
)
.
(
)
=
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−
×
(
×
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∈
(
1
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G
is
c
o
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o
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a
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p
r
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n
d
n
i
n
d
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c
a
t
es
t
h
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o
t
a
l
n
o
d
e
c
o
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n
t
,
a
l
o
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g
wi
t
h
r
r
e
p
r
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s
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
o
u
n
d
[
2
6
]
.
U
s
i
n
g
C
DM
A
a
s
i
ts
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
e
a
c
h
C
H
n
o
d
e
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
s
AD
V
m
e
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s
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g
e
s
t
o
wa
r
d
a
l
l
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e
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g
h
b
o
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
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c
e
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
r
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g
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l
a
r
n
o
d
e
s
j
o
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
o
s
e
s
t
c
l
u
s
te
r
h
e
a
d
,
w
h
i
l
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
d
ev
i
c
e
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
a
ta
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
d
i
v
is
i
o
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
a
c
c
es
s
(
T
D
M
A
)
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
d
t
i
m
e
s
l
o
t
s
.
[
2
7
]
.
S
t
e
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
t
e
p
h
a
s
e:
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
e
a
d
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
,
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
s
e
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
d
a
t
a
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
d
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
H
e
a
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
l
o
t
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
ti
o
n
r
e
c
e
i
v
es
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
H
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
ab
l
e
p
h
a
s
e
e
x
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
e
x
c
e
e
d
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
e
tu
p
p
h
a
s
e
[
2
8
]
.
4.
M
O
DE
L
O
F
T
H
E
N
E
T
WO
RK
AND
RADIO
CO
M
M
U
NICA
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SY
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T
h
e
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itter
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Fig
u
r
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4
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is
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lay
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ased
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itter
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esh
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ly
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r
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o
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A
r
ad
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will r
eq
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ir
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tr
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s
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er
r
i
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g
a
k
-
b
it m
ess
ag
e
th
r
o
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g
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d
d
is
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ce
[
1
5
]
,
(
2
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,
(
3
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an
d
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4
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p
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itted
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(
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g
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io
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ir
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t
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r
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q
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ir
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f
o
r
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th
tr
a
n
s
m
is
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io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
19
39
-
1
9
4
8
1942
an
d
r
ec
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tio
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o
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s
s
es
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elatin
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k
b
its
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h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
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f
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p
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k
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in
cl
u
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es
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p
lific
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y
to
g
eth
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with
p
ac
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d
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d
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ar
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eter
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ata
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ti
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eq
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ir
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ich
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y
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2
(
6
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h
e
am
p
lifie
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s
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2
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r
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amp
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ate,
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elec
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eter
m
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ed
b
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ar
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eter
s
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d
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
co
d
in
g
,
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
f
ilter
in
g
,
an
d
s
ig
n
al
s
p
r
ea
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
ad
io
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
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ip
atio
n
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
5.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
SE
T
UP
A
s
im
u
latio
n
was
r
u
n
u
s
in
g
8
0
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es,
ea
ch
with
a
s
tar
tin
g
en
er
g
y
le
v
el
o
f
0
.
5
J
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
wer
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
o
v
er
a
s
en
s
o
r
f
iel
d
o
f
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
m
2
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
t
h
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
was
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
s
id
e
a
c
ir
cu
lar
f
ield
with
a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
5
0
m
an
d
a
ce
n
t
r
al
at
(
5
0
,
5
0
)
to
ex
am
in
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th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
f
ield
s
h
ap
e
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n
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er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
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n
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
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h
e
B
S
was
p
o
s
itio
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ed
at
two
d
if
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er
e
n
t
lo
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tio
n
s
:
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n
e
n
ea
r
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
f
ield
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
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n
d
a
n
o
th
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ar
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0
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1
5
0
)
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h
e
s
en
t
p
ac
k
ets
in
clu
d
ed
2
0
0
0
,
4
0
0
0
b
its
,
with
1
0
0
b
its
r
eser
v
ed
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
wer
e
m
o
d
if
ied
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el’
s
p
ar
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eter
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
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V
a
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P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
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F
i
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l
d
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a
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a
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(
1
0
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×
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0
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m
2
)
a
n
d
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
(
r
a
d
i
u
s
=
5
0
m,
c
e
n
t
e
r
a
t
(
5
0
,
5
0
)
)
A
mp
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
e
r
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y
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o
r
s
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o
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P
J/
b
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t
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2
N
u
mb
e
r
o
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se
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so
r
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o
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s
80
R
e
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e
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r
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n
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5
0
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J
/
b
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Lo
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t
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t
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t
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n
(
7
5
,
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5
0
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,
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
A
mp
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
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o
n
e
n
e
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g
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o
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l
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n
g
d
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s
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a
n
c
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s
0
.
0
0
1
3
P
J/
b
i
t
/
m
2
P
a
c
k
e
t
si
z
e
2
0
0
0
,
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
D
a
t
a
a
g
g
r
e
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t
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0
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b
i
t
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I
n
i
t
i
a
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e
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g
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f
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r
e
a
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o
d
e
0
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5
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/
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o
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e
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i
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l
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t
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s
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0
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Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
e
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g
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n
J
/
b
i
t
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
A
TLA
B
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
ates
d
if
f
er
en
t
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
to
s
tu
d
y
h
o
w
W
SN
s
r
esp
o
n
d
to
f
ield
d
esig
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
elec
tio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
esu
lts
.
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
with
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
g
ets
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
zin
g
f
ield
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
a
n
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
p
lace
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
life
tim
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
eli
es
o
n
th
r
ee
cr
u
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
d
icato
r
s
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
co
u
n
t
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
r
ate
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
f
ailu
r
e
ev
e
n
ts
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
en
q
u
eu
er
th
ei
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
to
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
r
o
u
n
d
f
ield
s
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
B
S
s
h
o
ws
a
g
r
ee
n
s
tar
in
d
icato
r
am
o
n
g
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
d
es
wh
ich
co
n
n
ec
t
to
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
d
ev
ices
(
C
Hs).
T
o
an
aly
ze
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
,
f
ield
s
h
a
p
e,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
life
ti
m
e,
two
B
S
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
a
n
e
ar
p
o
s
itio
n
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
a
n
d
a
d
i
s
tan
t
p
o
s
itio
n
at
(
7
0
,
1
5
0
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
,
two
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
ar
e
te
s
ted
—
2
0
0
0
b
its
an
d
4
0
0
0
b
its
.
Fig
u
r
es
6
an
d
7
p
r
esen
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
aliv
e
n
o
d
es
o
v
er
s
im
u
latio
n
r
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
ese
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
6
(
a)
an
d
7
(
a)
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
with
2
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets,
an
d
Fig
u
r
es
6
(
b
)
an
d
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
esu
lts
with
4
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
a
ck
ets.
W
ith
in
ea
ch
s
u
b
p
lo
t,
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
s
q
u
ar
e
a
n
d
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
clea
r
v
iew
o
f
h
o
w
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
g
e
o
m
etr
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
lu
s
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
S
h
ir
ee
n
B
a
s
h
a
r
Gh
a
n
im
)
1943
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
wh
en
th
e
B
S
i
s
lo
ca
ted
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
,
th
e
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
es
o
v
e
r
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
f
ield
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
with
a
2000
b
it
s
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ies
(
FND)
o
cc
u
r
s
lat
er
in
th
e
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
,
in
d
ica
tin
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
,
alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
f
ield
s
s
h
o
w
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
life
tim
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
th
e
cir
cu
la
r
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
till
m
ain
tain
s
a
n
a
d
v
an
tag
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
c
o
m
p
ac
t
n
o
d
e
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t w
h
en
t
h
e
B
S is
ce
n
tr
ally
p
lace
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Netwo
r
k
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t BS
p
o
s
itio
n
s
: (
a)
s
q
u
ar
e,
B
S a
t (
3
0
,
3
0
)
;
(
b
)
ci
r
cle,
B
S a
t (
3
0
,
3
0
)
;
(
c)
sq
u
ar
e,
B
S a
t (
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
;
an
d
(
d
)
ci
r
cle,
B
S a
t (
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
with
B
S a
t (
3
0
,
3
0
)
: (
a)
p
ac
k
et
s
iz
e
=
2
0
0
0
b
its
an
d
(
b
)
p
ac
k
et
s
i
ze
=
4
0
0
0
b
its
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
19
39
-
1
9
4
8
1944
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
r
esu
lts
wh
en
th
e
B
S
is
p
lace
d
at
a
f
ar
th
er
lo
ca
tio
n
(
7
0
,
1
5
0
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
e
n
s
q
u
ar
e
a
n
d
cir
c
u
lar
f
ield
s
b
ec
o
m
es
n
ar
r
o
we
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
o
th
f
ield
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ea
r
lier
n
o
d
e
d
ea
th
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
av
er
a
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
.
W
ith
4
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
)
,
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
b
o
th
ca
s
es,
b
u
t
th
e
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
s
till
s
lig
h
tly
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
n
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
d
elay
in
FND
an
d
L
ND.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
B
S lo
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
t r
o
le
wh
en
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
f
ield
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
with
B
S a
t (
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
: (
a
)
p
ac
k
et
s
i
ze
=
2
0
0
0
b
its
; (
b
)
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
=
4
0
0
0
b
its
T
o
co
m
p
lem
e
n
t
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
n
o
d
e
d
ea
th
s
tatis
t
ics
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
at
w
h
ich
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ies
(
FND)
,
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
at
wh
ich
h
alf
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ea
d
(
HND)
,
a
n
d
th
e
last
n
o
d
e
d
ies
(
L
ND)
.
T
h
e
tab
le
co
v
e
r
s
all
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
f
ield
s
h
ap
e
(
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
cir
cu
lar
)
,
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
(
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
an
d
(
7
0
,
1
5
0
)
)
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
(
2
0
0
0
b
its
an
d
4
0
0
0
b
its
)
.
T
h
is
n
u
m
er
ical
s
u
m
m
ar
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
ig
u
r
es a
n
d
allo
ws f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t stra
teg
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
q
u
ar
e
o
n
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
i
cs.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
ce
n
ar
io
S1
(
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
,
B
S
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
,
2
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets)
r
ec
o
r
d
s
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
L
ND
o
f
3
3
1
5
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
s
ce
n
ar
io
S
8
(
s
q
u
a
r
e
f
ield
,
B
S
at
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
,
4
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets)
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
lo
west
L
ND
o
f
1
5
8
5
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
cir
cu
lar
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
ette
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
m
o
r
e
ce
n
t
r
alize
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
ath
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
lacin
g
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
cl
o
s
er
to
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
e.
g
.
,
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
)
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
W
h
en
th
e
B
S
is
r
elo
ca
ted
to
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
,
a
d
r
o
p
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
all
th
r
ee
m
etr
ics
—
FND,
HN
D,
an
d
L
ND
—
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
f
ield
s
h
ap
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
0
t
o
4
0
0
0
b
its
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
as
s
ee
n
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
S1
v
s
S3
an
d
S2
v
s
S4
.
T
h
is
is
attr
ib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
lar
g
er
p
ac
k
ets.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
,
a
ce
n
tr
ally
p
lace
d
B
S,
an
d
s
m
aller
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
p
r
o
v
es to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
ex
ten
d
ed
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
lu
s
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
S
h
ir
ee
n
B
a
s
h
a
r
Gh
a
n
im
)
1945
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
SNs
.
Fig
u
r
es
8
an
d
9
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
t
o
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
n
d
er
two
d
is
tin
ct
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
s
:
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
an
d
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
.
E
ac
h
f
ig
u
r
e
in
clu
d
es
two
s
u
b
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
(
2
0
0
0
b
its
an
d
4
0
0
0
b
its
)
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
cir
cu
lar
a
n
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
f
ield
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
ts
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
th
e
cir
cu
lar
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
u
m
ed
less
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
l
o
wer
p
ac
k
et
s
izes.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
n
o
d
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
av
er
a
g
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
lar
g
er
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
th
e
c
ir
cu
lar
ar
ea
s
till
m
ain
tain
ed
b
e
tter
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
B
S
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
at
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
f
7
5
m
an
d
1
5
0
m
.
At
2
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
)
,
th
e
ci
r
cu
lar
f
ield
a
g
ain
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
0
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
v
er
s
u
s
ju
s
t
2
7
0
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
w
h
en
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
to
4
0
0
0
b
its
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
)
,
b
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies h
av
e
d
r
asti
ca
lly
s
h
o
r
ter
life
tim
es:
t
h
e
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
last
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
1
7
0
0
c
y
cles,
wh
ile
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
last
s
less
th
an
1
6
0
0
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
f
ield
s
h
ap
e,
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
p
ac
k
e
t size
al
l in
f
lu
en
ce
n
etwo
r
k
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
with
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
r
esil
ien
ce
in
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
B
S scen
ar
io
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
h
ap
es,
B
S lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
F
i
e
l
d
BS
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
i
z
e
F
N
D
HND
LN
D
S1
C
i
r
c
l
e
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
2
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
2
4
8
1
2
9
0
4
3
3
1
5
S2
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
2
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
2
3
1
4
2
6
2
8
2
9
2
5
S3
C
i
r
c
l
e
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
1
5
8
8
1
7
0
2
1
8
7
6
S4
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
1
4
3
9
1
5
6
7
1
7
3
8
S
5
C
i
r
c
l
e
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
2
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
1
6
1
5
2
3
1
0
2
9
4
1
S6
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
2
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
1
3
4
5
2
0
8
1
2
8
0
0
S7
C
i
r
c
l
e
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
8
5
7
1
3
2
6
1
6
6
0
S8
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
s
7
0
9
1
2
6
6
1
5
8
5
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
B
S lo
ca
tio
n
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
:
(
a)
2
0
0
0
b
it
s
p
ac
k
ets;
an
d
(
b
)
4
0
0
0
b
it
s
p
ac
k
ets u
n
d
er
cir
cu
lar
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
19
39
-
1
9
4
8
1946
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
at
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
: (
a)
2000
b
it
s
p
ac
k
ets;
(
b
)
4
0
0
0
b
it
s
p
ac
k
ets u
n
d
er
cir
cu
lar
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
T
h
is
p
ap
er
l
o
o
k
s
at
h
o
w
s
tab
l
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
in
W
SNs
b
y
a
s
s
es
s
in
g
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
h
ap
es,
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
p
ac
k
et
s
izes,
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
af
f
ec
t
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
W
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
m
ain
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
f
ield
s
h
ap
e:
Un
d
er
t
h
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
s
o
f
ten
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
FND,
HND,
an
d
L
ND
v
alu
es
th
an
s
q
u
ar
e
f
iel
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
cir
cu
lar
s
etu
p
s
m
a
y
u
s
e
en
er
g
y
m
o
r
e
ev
en
ly
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
s
p
r
ea
d
o
u
t th
e
n
o
d
es b
etter
an
d
h
av
e
s
h
o
r
ter
av
er
a
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
−
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
s
:
Placin
g
th
e
B
S
clo
s
er
to
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
f
ield
—
th
at
is
,
at
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates
(
3
0
,
30)
—
im
p
r
o
v
es
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
n
o
d
e
lif
esp
an
.
I
n
2
0
0
0
-
b
it
s
itu
atio
n
s
(
S1
an
d
S2
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le)
,
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
n
o
d
es
r
em
ain
f
a
r
lo
n
g
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
.
R
elo
ca
tin
g
th
e
B
S
to
a
d
is
tan
t
lo
ca
tio
n
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
d
o
es,
h
o
wev
er
,
clea
r
ly
r
ed
u
ce
life
s
p
an
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
ie
ld
ty
p
es,
with
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
s
m
o
s
t n
eg
ativ
el
y
i
m
p
ac
ted
.
−
I
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
izes:
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
0
b
its
to
4
0
0
0
b
its
lo
wer
s
all
life
s
p
an
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
ev
er
y
s
itu
atio
n
.
W
e
p
r
ed
ict
th
is
r
esu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
lar
g
er
p
ac
k
ets
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
n
o
d
e
d
e
p
letio
n
.
Fo
r
a
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
with
th
e
B
S
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
L
ND
lo
wer
s
f
r
o
m
3
3
1
5
r
o
u
n
d
s
(
S1
)
to
1
8
7
6
r
o
u
n
d
s
(
S3
)
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
er
p
ac
k
et
s
ize.
−
Op
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
S1
(
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
,
B
S
at
3
0
,
3
0
,
an
d
2
0
0
0
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets)
o
b
ta
in
s
th
e
b
est
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
with
r
eg
a
r
d
to
n
o
d
e
life
s
p
an
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
S8
(
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ield
,
B
S a
t 7
5
,
1
5
0
,
an
d
4000
-
b
it
p
ac
k
ets)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lo
west
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
is
tan
ce
s
co
u
p
led
with
b
i
g
g
er
d
ata
co
n
ten
ts
r
ap
i
d
ly
d
r
ai
n
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies,
B
S
p
lace
m
en
ts
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
o
n
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
with
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ci
r
cu
lar
f
ield
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
ar
e
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
q
u
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
lu
s
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
S
h
ir
ee
n
B
a
s
h
a
r
Gh
a
n
im
)
1947
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
in
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
es
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
b
etter
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
wh
er
e
ce
n
tr
ally
lo
ca
ted
B
Ss
(
e.
g
.
at
(
3
0
,
3
0
)
)
r
esu
lts
in
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
life
tim
e
as
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
is
tan
ce
will
b
e
less
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
r
em
o
te
B
S
(
e.
g
.
at
(
7
5
,
1
5
0
)
)
r
ed
u
ce
s
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
q
u
ar
e
f
ie
ld
ca
s
es.
Als
o
,
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
4
0
0
0
b
its
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
s
in
ce
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
p
ac
k
et
.
T
h
e
b
est
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
th
at
g
iv
es
m
a
x
im
ized
n
etwo
r
k
life
is
a
cir
cu
lar
f
ield
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
wh
er
e
th
e
B
S
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
an
d
u
s
es
s
m
aller
p
ac
k
et
s
as
th
e
s
ize.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
f
ac
t
o
r
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
SN
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
w
h
ich
in
clu
d
e
p
lacin
g
ce
n
t
r
al
B
Ss
o
r
cir
cu
lar
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
to
en
h
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
SN.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
ac
cu
r
ately
d
escr
ib
e
ea
c
h
au
th
o
r
'
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
au
t
h
o
r
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
:
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
S
h
ir
ee
n
B
ash
ar
Gh
an
e
m
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
ws
Z
u
h
ee
r
Yo
n
is
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
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Va
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16
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Sep
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