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b
etwe
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v
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s
u
lts
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s
m
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etwo
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.
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ly
,
th
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ac
cu
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an
d
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f
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m
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d
o
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ca
lcu
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is
v
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y
m
u
ch
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en
tial in
to
d
ay
’
s
p
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s
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s
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f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Acc
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r
d
in
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t
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No
r
t
h
Am
er
ican
E
lectr
ic
R
eliab
ilit
y
C
o
u
n
cil
(
NE
R
C
)
[
1
]
,
t
h
e
to
ta
l
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
(
T
T
C
)
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
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s
tem
is
th
e
lar
g
est
am
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u
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t
o
f
p
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wer
t
h
at
ca
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b
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s
f
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r
ed
b
etwe
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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d
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J
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&
C
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p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
4
0
1432
two
ar
ea
s
o
r
zo
n
es
o
r
b
u
s
es
th
at
d
o
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n
o
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lt
in
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o
v
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n
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m
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v
io
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in
v
o
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e
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i
ts
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t
s
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s
t
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b
u
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n
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/
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s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
c
u
r
it
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p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
[
1
]
.
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
A
T
C
is
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
[
2
]
as
(
1
)
.
=
−
−
−
(
1
)
Her
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
(
T
R
M)
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
en
s
u
r
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th
at
th
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p
o
wer
s
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tem
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s
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u
r
e
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r
in
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n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
Als
o
,
ca
p
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ity
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e
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ef
it
m
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r
g
in
(
C
B
M)
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
ca
p
ab
ilit
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r
eser
v
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f
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r
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a
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-
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in
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s
tem
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
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en
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r
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r
eq
u
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e
m
e
n
ts
.
E
T
C
is
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
tr
an
s
f
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co
m
m
itm
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t
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I
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r
s
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co
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s
p
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f
lo
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PF
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an
d
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e
p
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ted
p
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r
f
lo
w
(
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PF
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m
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s
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o
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th
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al
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o
f
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as
th
e
y
ar
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m
ath
e
m
atica
lly
s
im
p
le
[
3
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.
Ho
we
v
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,
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
tim
e
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
-
b
ased
f
ast
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
DC
an
d
AC
p
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wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
(
P
T
DFs
)
[
5
]
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
b
y
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
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r
ev
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ati
n
g
AT
C
,
th
e
s
am
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
fu
r
th
er
ex
te
n
d
ed
to
c
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p
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te
AT
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d
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r
in
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u
tag
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y
f
in
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u
tag
e
an
d
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er
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r
o
u
tag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
a
cto
r
s
(
L
ODF,
GOD
F).
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
f
aster
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
PF
an
d
R
PF
m
eth
o
d
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
f
ew
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
g
r
e
y
wo
lf
f
lo
we
r
p
o
llin
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
[
8
]
.
T
L
B
O,
C
u
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
[
9]
,
g
r
av
itati
o
n
al
s
ea
r
ch
[
1
0
]
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
m
o
th
f
lam
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
1
]
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
an
d
en
h
an
ce
AT
C
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
T
C
SC
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
eq
u
en
tial
g
am
e
th
eo
r
y
is
an
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lin
e
r
atin
g
[
1
2
]
.
Few
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
A
T
C
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
ty
p
ical
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
th
at
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
p
la
n
n
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
er
d
u
r
atio
n
[
1
3
]
.
Min
im
iza
tio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
at
all
b
u
s
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
s
b
y
f
ew
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
en
h
an
ce
AT
C
in
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
FAC
T
S
[
1
4
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
m
p
u
tat
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
v
alu
e
o
f
AT
C
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
y
s
tem
o
f
d
er
eg
u
latio
n
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
am
e
u
s
in
g
FAC
T
S.
An
atte
m
p
t
is
m
ad
e
in
th
is
p
ap
er
also
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
AT
C
at
a
f
as
ter
r
ate
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
d
o
m
in
at
in
g
PTDFs
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
DC
PTDF
an
d
R
PF
m
eth
o
d
.
Als
o
,
s
en
s
it
iv
ity
-
b
ased
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
d
ec
id
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
le
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
FAC
T
S
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
AT
C
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
4
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
AT
C
CA
L
CU
L
AT
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
As
en
er
g
y
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
s
h
as
allo
wed
f
o
r
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
n
etw
o
r
k
,
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
u
tili
ties
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ap
id
ly
.
Als
o
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ar
ea
s
an
d
b
u
s
es
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
cr
e
asin
g
as
th
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
is
h
i
g
h
ly
c
o
n
g
ested
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
lim
its
ar
e
g
ettin
g
v
io
lated
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
in
s
ec
u
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
ass
is
t
t
h
e
d
er
eg
u
lated
m
ar
k
et
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
b
ilater
al
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
p
l
ay
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le.
Dif
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
to
ca
lcu
late
AT
C
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
ty
p
e
s
;
(
a)
r
ep
ea
ted
lo
ad
f
lo
w
(
R
PF
)
m
eth
o
d
,
(
b
)
l
in
ea
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
(
c)
o
p
tim
al
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
(
O
PF
)
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
(
d
)
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
2
.
1
.
Repea
t
ed
po
wer
f
l
o
w
t
e
chniq
ue
I
n
th
e
R
PF
m
eth
o
d
,
AT
C
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
lo
ad
f
l
o
w
an
aly
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
[
1
5
]
u
n
til
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lim
its
g
et
v
io
late
d
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
a
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
in
k
b
u
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
an
d
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
a
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
s
an
d
th
e
eq
u
al
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
at
th
e
s
in
k
b
u
s
in
r
eg
u
la
r
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
al
y
s
is
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es,
th
e
lin
e
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
e
v
er
y
s
tep
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ep
ea
ted
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
n
til
an
y
lin
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
in
g
lim
it.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
last
s
tep
is
n
o
ted
d
o
wn
.
I
f
P
max
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
i
n
je
ctio
n
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
s
wh
en
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it
is
attain
ed
an
d
P
base
r
ep
r
esen
ts
r
ea
l p
o
wer
at
th
e
s
am
e
b
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e,
th
en
AT
C
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
=
−
(
2
)
2
.
2
.
L
inea
r
a
pp
ro
x
ima
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
(
L
AM
)
I
n
L
AM
,
th
e
AT
C
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
y
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
i
v
e
n
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
PTDF)
is
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
in
c
r
e
m
en
tal
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
two
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
en
s
itivity
-
b
a
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
fo
r
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f a
va
ila
b
le
tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Ma
n
ju
la
S
.
S
u
r
eb
a
n
)
1433
ar
ea
s
/b
u
s
s
es/re
g
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
PTDF
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
f
o
r
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
AT
C
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
v
iz.
AC
PTDF
an
d
DC
PTDF.
I
n
th
e
AC
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
ws
alo
n
g
with
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
wh
er
ea
s
in
DC
PTDF
o
n
ly
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
f
lo
ws
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
AC
PTDF
g
iv
es
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
DC
PTDF,
it
is
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
lete
AC
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
f
o
r
ea
ch
g
en
er
ato
r
o
u
tag
e
co
n
tin
g
e
n
cy
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
DC
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
ly
u
s
e
d
to
ca
lcu
late
AT
C
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
DC
P
T
DF
m
et
ho
d
PTDF
f
o
r
an
y
p
ar
ticu
lar
lin
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
eller
ar
ea
/b
u
s
to
b
u
y
er
a
r
ea
/b
u
s
th
at
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
[
1
7
]
.
Sy
m
b
o
lically
,
PTDF
ij,
mn
is
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
a
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
b
u
s
‘
m
’
to
s
in
k
b
u
s
‘
n
’
th
at
f
lo
ws
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
f
r
o
m
b
u
s
‘
i’
to
b
u
s
‘
j’
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
PTDF
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
.
PT
DF
ij
,
mn
=
X
im
−
X
jm
−
X
in
+
X
jn
x
ij
(
3
)
I
n
(
3
)
,
x
ij
is
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
b
u
s
es
i
an
d
j.
X
i
m
,
X
jm
,
X
in
a
n
d
X
jn
ar
e
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
b
u
s
r
ea
ctan
ce
m
atr
ix
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
b
u
s
ad
m
ittan
ce
m
at
r
ix
.
On
ce
th
e
PTDF
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
to
tal
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
(
T
T
C
)
o
f
a
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
i
-
j is ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
T
ij
,
mn
=
{
P
ij
m
ax
−
P
ij
0
PT
D
F
ij
,
mn
;
P
TDF
ij
,
mn
>
0
−
P
ij
m
ax
−
P
ij
0
PT
D
F
ij
,
mn
;
PT
DF
ij
,
mn
<
0
∞
;
PT
DF
ij
,
mn
<
0
(
4
)
I
n
(
4
)
,
P
ij
m
ax
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
lim
it
o
f
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
b
u
s
i
an
d
j,
P
ij
0
is
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
b
u
s
i
an
d
j.
T
h
e
lin
e
with
m
in
im
u
m
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
ca
lled
as
lim
itin
g
b
r
an
c
h
wh
ich
g
iv
es AT
C
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
as g
iv
en
in
(
5
)
.
A
TC
=
min
{
T
ij
,
mn
}
(
5
)
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
a
pp
ro
a
ch
us
ing
do
m
ina
t
ing
P
T
DF
F
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
AC
-
PTDF
an
d
DC
-
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lar
g
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
.
It
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
n
ec
ess
itate
th
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
a
l
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
p
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
a
s
A
T
C
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ak
es
th
e
wh
o
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
Als
o
,
wh
e
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
m
ak
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
to
allo
w
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
a
d
er
eg
u
lated
m
a
r
k
et
f
o
r
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
q
u
ick
ly
,
it
is
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
b
y
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
r
esu
ltin
g
in
co
n
g
esti
o
n
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
s
.
T
o
av
o
id
t
h
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
ef
f
icien
t
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
PTDFs
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
all
lin
es
an
d
f
o
r
all
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
(
s
eller
-
b
u
y
er
p
ai
r
)
,
th
en
th
eir
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
o
ted
d
o
wn
an
d
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
lin
es
with
h
ig
h
er
ab
s
o
lu
t
e
PTDF
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
AT
C
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
v
al
id
b
ec
au
s
e,
if
lin
es
h
av
in
g
l
o
wer
v
alu
e
s
o
f
a
b
s
o
lu
te
PTDFs
ar
e
tak
en
in
e
v
alu
atin
g
tr
an
s
f
er
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
,
it
r
esu
lts
in
v
er
y
lar
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
T
T
C
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
(
4
)
.
W
h
en
l
in
es
with
s
u
ch
l
o
w
ab
s
o
lu
te
PTDF
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
,
o
b
v
io
u
s
ly
it
is
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
s
y
s
tem
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
p
air
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTD
Fs
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
d
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ata.
At
th
e
tim
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AT
C
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
a
n
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
is
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
o
n
ly
th
o
s
e
lin
es h
av
in
g
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
AT
C
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Step
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
Step
1
.
PTDFs
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
,
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
ar
e
n
o
ted
d
o
wn
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
s
y
s
tem
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
also
f
o
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ilater
al
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
is
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
e.
Step
2
.
Po
wer
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
c
h
ec
k
ed
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Po
wer
f
lo
ws th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es a
r
e
n
o
ted
.
Step
3
.
T
r
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
f
o
r
o
n
ly
th
o
s
e
lin
e
s
wh
ich
ar
e
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
er
PTDF
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
s
tep
(
1
)
.
Step
4
.
AT
C
f
o
r
p
ar
ticu
lar
c
o
n
d
itio
n
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
4
0
1434
3.
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
O
F
F
AC
T
S
D
E
VIC
E
S
T
h
e
FAC
T
S
is
s
y
s
tem
/d
ev
ices
b
ased
o
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
with
q
u
ick
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
i
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ca
p
ab
i
lity
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
v
ar
io
u
s
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
v
iz.
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SS
SC
)
,
Un
if
ied
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
(
UPFC
)
,
s
ta
tic
v
ar
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
,
T
h
y
r
is
to
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
T
C
SC
)
,
an
d
T
h
y
r
is
to
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
r
e
g
u
l
ato
r
(
T
C
PAR
)
.
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
,
s
tab
ilit
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
,
f
lick
er
m
itig
atio
n
,
in
te
r
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
to
in
c
r
e
ase
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
T
C
SC
an
d
SVC
to
en
h
an
ce
AT
C
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
3
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
T
CSC
A
T
C
S
C
i
s
th
y
r
is
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
o
v
er
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e.
A
T
C
SC
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
C
,
in
p
ar
allel
with
a
th
y
r
is
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ea
cto
r
,
L
s
,
as sh
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
T
C
SC
m
o
d
u
le
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
T
C
S
C
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ir
i
n
g
an
g
le
o
f
th
y
r
is
to
r
α
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
6
)
.
X
t
c
s
c
=
X
c
−
X
2
c
(
X
c
−
X
L
)
2
(
π
−
α
)
+
s
i
n
2
(
π
−
α
)
π
+
4
X
2
c
(
X
c
−
X
l
)
co
s
2
(
π
−
α
)
(
k
2
−
1
)
(
kt
an
k
(
π
−
α
)
−
t
an
(
π
−
α
)
π
(
6
)
Her
e
,
=
√
X
c
X
L
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
o
f
T
C
SC
is
ca
lled
as
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
m
o
d
el.
I
f
X
is
th
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
wh
er
e
T
C
SC
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
lin
e
a
f
t
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
.
X
=
X
+
.
(
7
)
3
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
SVC
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
an
d
C
I
GR
E
,
s
tatic
VAr
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SVC
)
is
“a
s
tatic
VAr
g
en
er
ato
r
wh
o
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t is v
ar
ied
to
m
ai
n
tain
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l sp
ec
if
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
ty
p
ically
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
b
y
ex
ch
a
n
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
o
r
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t”
[2
0]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
SVC
is
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
at
wea
k
b
u
s
es
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
r
ap
i
d
ly
.
SVC
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
f
ix
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
FC
)
an
d
a
th
y
r
is
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ea
cto
r
(
T
C
R
)
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
o
f
SV
C
is
k
n
o
wn
as
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
m
o
d
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
.
A
s
tatic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
/
r
ea
cto
r
with
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
s
ce
p
tan
ce
B
s
v
c
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
s
h
u
n
t
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
SVC
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as su
s
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t su
s
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
SVC
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ir
in
g
a
n
g
le
o
f
th
y
r
is
to
r
α
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
8
)
.
B
svc
=
1
X
c
X
L
⌈
X
L
−
X
c
π
(
π
−
2α
−
s
in
2
α
)
⌉
(
8
)
If
V
k
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
u
s
,
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
SVC
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
9
)
.
Q
s
v
c
=
−
B
svc
V
k
2
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
en
s
itivity
-
b
a
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
fo
r
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f a
va
ila
b
le
tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Ma
n
ju
la
S
.
S
u
r
eb
a
n
)
1435
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
SVC
m
o
d
el
;
(
a)
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
m
o
d
el
an
d
(
b
)
e
q
u
iv
al
en
t su
s
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
3
.
3
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
t
o
cho
o
s
e
o
ptim
a
l lo
c
a
t
io
n o
f
T
CSC
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
s
o
a
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
AT
C
an
d
h
en
ce
to
av
o
id
th
e
s
ettin
g
u
p
o
f
n
ew
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
,
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
n
ee
d
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ally
lo
ca
ted
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
f
o
llo
win
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
d
ice
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices to
en
h
a
n
ce
AT
C
an
d
t
o
m
ak
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Rea
l
po
wer
f
lo
w
perf
o
rm
a
nce
ind
ex
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
T
h
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
ex
(
PIP)
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
[
2
1
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lin
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
lin
e
o
u
tag
es.
T
h
is
in
d
ex
is
a
g
o
o
d
in
d
icato
r
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
PIP
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
1
0
)
.
PIP
=
∑
w
m
2n
P
n
m
=
1
(1
0
)
Her
e
n
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
l
in
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
w
m
is
th
e
n
o
n
-
n
e
g
ativ
e
weig
h
tin
g
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
wh
ich
is
u
s
u
ally
eq
u
al
to
1
.
n
is
an
ex
p
o
n
en
t
wh
ich
is
also
tak
en
as
1
.
P
lm
is
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lin
e
m
.
P
l
m
ax
is
th
e
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
lin
e
m
.
PIP
is
ca
lcu
lated
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
all
lin
e
o
u
tag
es.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
PIP
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
T
C
SC
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
Rea
l po
wer
f
lo
w
s
ens
it
iv
it
y
ind
ex
(
RP
SI
)
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
we
r
f
lo
ws
P
ij
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lin
e
co
n
n
e
ctin
g
b
u
s
es
i
an
d
j
with
r
esp
e
ct
to
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
T
C
SC
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
S
C
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
R
PS
I
f
a
cto
r
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l v
a
r
iab
le
o
f
T
C
SC
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
R
PS
I
ij
=
∂
P
ij
∂
X
ij
=
[
−
V
i
2
+
V
i
V
j
c
os
δ
ij
]
2
∗
r
ij
2
∗
x
ij
2
(
r
ij
2
+
x
ij
2
)
2
+
(
V
i
V
j
s
in
δ
ij
)
∗
r
ij
2
−
x
ij
2
(
r
ij
2
+
x
ij
2
)
2
(1
1
)
Her
e
X
ij
=
r
ij
+
j
x
ij
is
th
e
n
et
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
b
u
s
i
an
d
j
u
p
o
n
p
lacin
g
T
C
SC
.
V
i
an
d
V
j
ar
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
at
b
u
s
i
an
d
j
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
An
d
δ
ij
=
δ
i
−
δ
j
wh
er
e
δ
i
an
d
δ
j
ar
e
p
h
ase
an
g
les
at
b
u
s
es
i
an
d
j
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
T
o
t
a
l sy
s
t
em
re
a
l po
w
er
lo
s
s
s
en
s
it
iv
it
y
ind
ex
(
RL
SI
)
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
P
l
o
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
T
C
SC
i
s
an
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
SC
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
R
L
SI
f
ac
to
r
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
T
C
SC
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
R
L
SI
ij
=
∂
P
l
o
s
s
∂
X
ij
=
[
V
i
2
+
V
j
2
−
2
V
i
V
j
c
os
δ
ij
]
−
2
∗
r
ij
2
∗
x
ij
2
(
r
ij
2
+
x
ij
2
)
2
(1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
4
0
1436
3
.
3
.
4
.
T
o
t
a
l sy
s
t
em
re
a
ct
iv
e
po
wer
lo
s
s
s
en
s
it
iv
it
y
(
Q
L
SI
)
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
Q
l
o
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
T
C
S
C
ar
e
also
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
SC
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
QL
SI
f
ac
to
r
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
T
C
SC
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
3
)
.
QLSI
ij
=
∂
Q
l
o
s
s
∂
X
ij
=
[
V
i
2
+
V
j
2
−
2
V
i
V
j
c
os
δ
ij
]
r
ij
2
−
x
ij
2
(
r
ij
2
+
x
ij
2
)
2
(1
3
)
Step
-
wis
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
t
o
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
SC
:
Step
1
.
R
ea
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
ata
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
lo
ad
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
o
n
b
ase
ca
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
.
C
alcu
late
th
e
PIP
in
d
ex
f
o
r
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
Step
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
lo
a
d
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
with
all
lin
e
co
n
tin
g
en
cies
o
n
e
b
y
o
n
e
an
d
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
PIP
in
d
ex
.
Step
3
.
T
h
e
lin
e
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
PIP
is
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
;
h
e
n
ce
lin
es
with
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
PIP
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
T
C
SC
.
Step
4
.
L
o
ad
f
lo
w
a
n
aly
s
is
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ag
ain
b
y
p
lacin
g
T
C
SC
in
t
h
o
s
e
cr
itical
lin
es o
n
e
af
ter
th
e
o
th
er
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
d
i
ce
s
(
R
PS
I
,
R
L
SI,
an
d
QL
SI)
a
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
Step
5
.
T
h
e
lin
e
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
ab
o
v
e
-
ca
lcu
lated
in
d
ice
s
is
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
SC
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
m
ax
im
u
m
AT
C
.
3
.
4
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
t
o
cho
o
s
e
o
ptim
a
l lo
c
a
t
io
n o
f
SVC
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
h
en
ce
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
es
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
e
n
h
an
c
i
n
g
th
e
AT
C
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ize
o
f
SVC
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
at
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
lo
ca
tio
n
(
b
u
s
)
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
As
SVC
is
m
o
d
eled
a
s
a
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ato
r
at
b
u
s
es,
it
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
en
ef
it
f
ac
to
r
(
VB
F)
[
2
3
]
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
p
lacin
g
SVC
at
ev
er
y
b
u
s
u
s
in
g
(
1
4
)
.
VBF
=
∑
V
i
wit
h
s
v
c
−
V
i
wit
h
o
u
t
s
v
c
Q
s
v
c
nb
i
=
1
(1
4
)
Her
e,
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
SVC
wh
en
p
lace
d
s
y
s
tem
’
s
lo
ad
b
u
s
e
s
,
ℎ
i
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
b
u
s
i
wh
en
SVC
is
p
lace
d
an
d
ℎ
is
v
o
ltag
e
with
o
u
t
SVC
.
On
ce
V
B
F
i
s
ca
lcu
l
ated
b
y
p
lacin
g
SVC
at
all
lo
ad
b
u
s
es,
th
e
b
u
s
with
th
e
lar
g
est VB
F i
s
ch
o
s
en
as o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
SVC
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
4
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
[
2
4
]
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
o
f
th
r
ee
PV
b
u
s
es
an
d
n
in
e
lo
ad
b
u
s
es
alo
n
g
with
two
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
an
d
o
n
e
s
h
u
n
t
c
ap
ac
ito
r
[
2
5
]
,
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
AT
C
ev
al
u
atio
n
b
y
b
o
th
R
PF
an
d
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
s.
A
ls
o
,
A
T
C
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
b
ase
ca
s
e
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
v
alu
es
o
f
AT
C
ar
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
b
y
p
lacin
g
FAC
T
S
d
ev
i
ce
s
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
F
ACTS
Dev
ices c
o
ns
ide
ra
t
io
ns
-
T
C
SC
i
s
ass
u
m
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
2
0
%
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
s
o
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
lin
e
with
r
ea
ctan
ce
X
line
af
ter
p
lace
m
en
t o
f
T
C
SC
will
b
e
X
eff
= X
line
+0
.
2
*
X
line
.
-
SVC
i
s
as
s
u
m
ed
to
h
av
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
-
1
0
.
0
0
0
6
S
(
L
=
5
5
µ
H,
C
=2
0
µ
F,
α
=0
.
8
r
a
d
,
f
=
5
0
Hz)
,
s
o
th
at
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
f
ter
p
l
ac
in
g
SVC
at
b
u
s
with
v
o
ltag
e
V
k
will b
e
Q
s
=
-
1
0
.
0
0
0
6
*
V
k
2
.
4
.
2
.
AT
C
re
s
ults c
o
m
pa
riso
n us
ing
DC
-
P
T
DF
,
do
m
ina
t
ing
P
T
DF
a
nd
RP
F
m
et
ho
ds
f
o
r
ba
s
e
ca
s
e
AT
C
v
alu
es
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
1
4
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
DC
-
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
wh
er
e
in
all
PTDF
v
alu
es
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
ev
er
y
tim
e
,
an
d
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
ev
al
u
ated
f
o
r
all
lin
es
to
o
b
tain
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
n
e
as
AT
C
a
n
d
tim
e
tak
e
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
n
o
ted
d
o
wn
.
Als
o
,
AT
C
v
alu
es
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDFs
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
an
d
tim
e
ta
k
en
is
n
o
ted
.
Her
e
tim
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
n
o
ted
d
o
wn
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
PC
wit
h
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
in
bo
th
ca
s
es
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
Fin
a
lly
,
T
h
e
AT
C
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
R
PF
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
p
o
wer
wo
r
ld
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
ab
le
1
th
at
AT
C
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
all
PTDF
an
d
o
n
ly
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
ar
e
s
am
e,
b
u
t
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
m
o
r
e
in
ca
s
e
if
all
PTDF
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Als
o
,
th
e
AT
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
en
s
itivity
-
b
a
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
fo
r
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
o
f a
va
ila
b
le
tr
a
n
s
fer
…
(
Ma
n
ju
la
S
.
S
u
r
eb
a
n
)
1437
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
R
PF
m
eth
o
d
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
wo
r
ld
s
im
u
l
ato
r
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
with
th
at
o
f
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
in
th
is
p
ap
er
f
o
r
all
f
u
r
th
e
r
an
aly
s
is
d
o
m
in
atin
g
PTDF
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
wh
ich
i
s
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate.
T
ab
le
1
.
AT
C
in
MW u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
tim
e
tak
e
n
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
S
o
u
r
c
e
B
u
s
S
i
n
k
B
u
s
A
TC
i
n
M
W
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
D
C
P
TD
F
D
o
mi
n
a
t
i
n
g
P
TD
F
R
P
F
me
t
h
o
d
2
5
1
6
.
4
8
7
7
Ti
me
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
sec
o
n
d
s
i
s
0
.
0
0
1
7
4
8
S
a
y
T1
1
6
.
4
8
7
7
Ti
me
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
sec
o
n
d
s
i
s
0
.
0
0
0
7
9
5
0
.
4
5
*
T1
15
2
6
1
0
.
6
6
6
0
1
0
.
6
6
6
0
9
2
10
1
1
.
8
7
1
1
1
1
.
8
7
1
1
11
2
13
1
1
.
6
5
9
1
1
1
.
6
5
9
1
10
3
5
2
7
.
3
3
1
2
2
7
.
3
3
1
2
25
3
6
1
0
.
9
6
1
3
1
0
.
9
6
1
3
8
3
10
1
1
.
6
6
7
5
1
1
.
6
6
7
5
12
3
13
1
2
.
0
1
2
9
1
2
.
0
1
2
9
14
4
.
3
.
O
pti
m
a
l lo
c
a
t
io
n o
f
T
CSC
T
o
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
T
C
SC
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ea
r
lier
ar
e
ca
lc
u
lated
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
all
lin
e
o
u
tag
es
an
d
ar
e
ta
b
u
la
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
It
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
o
u
tag
e
o
f
lin
es
1
0
,
1
,
3
,
1
5
an
d
7
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
co
n
tin
g
en
cies.
F
o
r
th
ese
lin
es
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
d
ices
a
r
e
co
m
p
u
te
d
b
y
p
lacin
g
T
C
SC
with
2
0
%
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
i
n
d
ices
ca
lcu
lated
,
th
e
lin
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
1
0
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
n
e
f
o
r
p
lace
m
e
n
t o
f
T
C
SC
as it is h
av
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
d
ex
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Activ
e
p
o
wer
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
e
x
f
o
r
all
lin
e
o
u
ta
g
es
Li
n
e
n
u
mb
e
r
F
r
o
m
b
u
s
-
T
o
b
u
s
P
I
P
R
a
n
k
1
1
-
2
9
.
6
8
0
2
2
1
-
5
5
.
3
2
9
7
3
2
-
3
8
.
5
6
2
3
4
2
-
4
5
.
1
7
0
10
5
2
-
5
3
.
9
8
0
19
6
3
-
4
3
.
9
1
0
18
7
4
-
5
5
.
6
6
1
5
8
4
-
7
5
.
3
5
0
6
9
4
-
9
4
.
9
5
8
8
10
5
-
6
1
0
.
8
6
0
1
11
6
-
11
4
.
6
0
6
14
12
6
-
12
4
.
4
6
2
15
13
6
-
13
5
.
1
8
2
9
14
7
-
9
5
.
5
5
4
4
15
9
-
10
4
.
4
0
5
12
16
9
-
14
4
.
8
6
9
11
17
10
-
11
4
.
3
2
4
16
18
12
-
13
4
.
2
1
7
17
19
13
-
14
4
.
3
7
2
13
T
ab
le
3
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
in
d
ices b
y
p
lacin
g
T
C
SC
with
2
0
% c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
Li
n
e
n
u
mb
e
r
R
P
S
I
R
LSI
Q
LSI
R
a
n
k
10
-
0
.
0
3
1
1
-
0
.
0
0
1
1
-
0
.
0
1
3
8
1
1
-
0
.
1
0
1
3
-
0
.
0
0
4
2
-
0
.
0
5
4
2
2
3
-
0
.
1
0
2
7
-
0
.
0
0
4
2
-
0
.
0
5
5
1
3
15
-
0
.
1
1
3
3
-
0
.
0
0
4
7
-
0
.
0
6
1
2
4
7
-
0
.
1
1
6
8
-
0
.
0
0
4
9
-
0
.
0
6
3
4
5
4
.
4
.
O
pti
m
a
l
l
o
a
ct
io
n o
f
SVC
T
h
e
VB
F
i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
p
lac
in
g
th
e
SVC
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
ize
at
all
th
e
b
u
s
es
an
d
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
4
.
As
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
1
0
is
h
av
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
VB
F
,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
u
itab
le
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
p
lacin
g
SVC
.
Up
o
n
d
ec
id
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
i
ta
b
le
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
SVC
,
AT
C
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
with
o
u
t
SVC
an
d
with
SVC
at
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
1
0
,
1
4
an
d
9
a
n
d
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
5
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tab
le
th
at
AT
C
is
en
h
an
ce
d
o
n
p
lacin
g
SVC
at
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
1
0
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
1
4
an
d
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
4
0
1438
T
ab
le
4
.
V
o
ltag
e
b
en
ef
it f
ac
to
r
o
n
p
lace
m
en
t o
f
SVC
at
all
b
u
s
es
Lo
a
d
B
u
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
V
B
F
R
a
n
k
4
-
0
.
0
3
2
0
5
5
-
0
.
0
7
0
0
6
7
-
0
.
0
8
9
0
7
9
0
.
2
3
0
0
3
10
0
.
2
9
7
0
1
11
0
.
1
3
2
0
4
12
-
0
.
1
1
5
0
8
13
-
0
.
2
1
0
9
14
0
.
2
5
7
0
2
T
ab
le
5
.
AT
C
in
MW a
f
ter
p
la
cin
g
SVC
an
d
T
C
SC
at
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
S
o
u
r
c
e
B
u
s
S
i
n
k
B
u
s
A
TC
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
S
V
C
A
TC
i
n
M
W
a
f
t
e
r
p
l
a
c
i
n
g
S
V
C
a
t
l
o
a
d
b
u
s
10
A
TC
i
n
M
W
a
f
t
e
r
p
l
a
c
i
n
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Au
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1439
I
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th
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DATA AV
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Data
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RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
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O
.
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.
M
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mm
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.
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Y
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4
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[
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[
6
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G
.
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.
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[
7
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C
.
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[
1
6
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T.
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[
1
7
]
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[
1
8
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.
[
1
9
]
R
.
M
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