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Scien
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1
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1.
I
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N
Fo
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ac
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2
1
s
t
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tu
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y
[
1
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.
On
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co
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s
cien
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liter
ac
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2
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Fra
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[
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p
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u
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[
3
]
.
Scien
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T
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tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
r
in
cip
les.
I
t
aim
s
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
s
cien
tific
ally
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
le,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
s
av
v
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
co
n
s
cio
u
s
,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
all
en
g
es
o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
I
t
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
to
c
r
ea
te
g
r
ad
u
ates
wh
o
ca
n
th
in
k
cr
itically
,
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
ca
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e,
m
ak
e
well
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
t
h
eir
id
ea
s
,
as
cited
b
y
Far
illo
n
[
5
]
.
Sh
ap
i
n
g
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ar
o
u
n
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
is
s
u
es
th
at
ch
allen
g
e
a
n
d
s
tim
u
late
lear
n
er
s
’
cu
r
io
s
ity
m
o
tiv
ates
th
em
to
e
n
g
ag
e
with
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iate
s
cien
ce
as r
elev
an
t a
n
d
v
alu
ab
le.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
cto
r
s
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
to
th
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e.
T
h
er
e
is
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liv
es
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
with
ch
ild
r
en
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
m
o
s
t
at
r
i
s
k
o
f
p
o
v
er
ty
an
d
s
o
cial
ex
clu
s
io
n
[
7
]
.
I
t
h
as
led
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
h
u
n
g
er
,
m
aln
u
tr
itio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
wo
r
s
en
in
g
o
f
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
h
ea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
ch
an
c
e
o
f
a
h
ig
h
e
r
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
ate
an
d
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
d
o
m
esti
c
ab
u
s
e
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
w
h
o
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
atten
d
d
u
e
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
-
r
elate
d
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es is
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
m
o
s
t a
t r
is
k
f
r
o
m
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
g
lo
b
ally
,
as it
is
an
is
lan
d
n
atio
n
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
ex
tr
em
e
wea
th
er
e
v
en
ts
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
ex
tr
em
e
we
ath
er
,
r
an
k
in
g
1
7
th
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
2
0
2
1
Gl
o
b
al
C
lim
ate
R
is
k
I
n
d
ex
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
s
tated
th
at
Fil
ip
in
o
s
’
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
is
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
tr
em
e
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
clim
at
e
ch
an
g
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
6
9
.
5
%
o
f
Fil
ip
in
o
s
b
eliev
ed
clim
ate
ch
an
g
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s
er
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s
ly
th
r
ea
ten
s
th
e
n
atio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
v
ast
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
v
a
r
io
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s
c
h
allen
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in
t
h
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teac
h
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g
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
teac
h
in
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m
eth
o
d
s
s
till
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
.
E
v
e
n
with
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
th
is
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
e
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
m
itig
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in
itiativ
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ev
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al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
m
an
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s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
p
o
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ca
u
s
es,
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
cl
im
ate
c
h
an
g
e,
as
well
as
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
an
d
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
6
]
an
d
lac
k
o
f
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
itig
atio
n
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
war
m
in
g
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
an
in
ter
v
iew,
f
o
r
m
er
s
ec
r
etar
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
L
e
o
n
o
r
B
r
io
n
es
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
r
ev
is
in
g
a
n
d
r
ea
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
C
u
r
r
icu
lar
r
ev
is
i
o
n
aim
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
“
ev
o
l
v
in
g
is
s
u
es
”
r
el
ated
to
alter
atio
n
s
in
E
ar
th
’
s
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
Gin
g
o
o
g
C
ity
Div
is
io
n
,
g
r
ad
e
1
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
th
e
n
atio
n
al
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
test
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lo
w
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
s
cien
ce
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
cr
it
ical
th
in
k
in
g
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lite
r
ac
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
co
r
es
(
MPS
)
,
wer
e
b
elo
w
th
e
5
0
%
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
el,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
ts
s
till
n
ee
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
i
s
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
s
tatem
en
ts
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
r
elate
d
to
cl
im
ate
s
cien
ce
an
d
id
e
n
tify
g
a
p
s
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
a
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
a
d
d
r
ess
a
n
d
m
itig
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
ha
t
is
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
el
in
th
eir
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
ca
u
s
es,
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e?
ii)
W
h
at
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e?
iii)
W
h
at
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cie
n
tific
atti
tu
d
e
o
n
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t?
iv
)
W
ha
t
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tif
ic
attitu
d
e
o
n
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t?
v)
I
s
th
er
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
lev
els
o
f
s
cien
tif
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
cien
tific
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
b
etwe
e
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
a
ck
an
d
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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J
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v
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&
R
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
5
0
-
3664
3652
v
i)
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
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s
tu
d
y
,
wh
at
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
to
th
e
s
cien
ce
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r
r
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p
r
o
p
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s
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to
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teg
r
ate
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ad
ap
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n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
?
T
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
tech
n
ical
-
v
o
ca
tio
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al
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liv
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o
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d
(
T
VL
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tr
ac
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ar
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ch
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p
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u
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1
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cu
r
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.
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ac
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ic
tr
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k
p
r
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s
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n
s
o
f
th
eir
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
co
l
leg
e
co
u
r
s
es,
wh
ile
th
e
T
VL
t
r
ac
k
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
an
d
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
T
h
ey
m
a
y
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
o
cu
s
e
s
an
d
g
o
als,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
ty
p
es
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
b
o
th
in
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
wit
h
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
h
av
e
p
o
ten
tially
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
t
h
e
m
a
s
d
ep
icted
in
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t in
allev
iatin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
an
c
h
o
r
e
d
o
n
J
ea
n
Piag
et
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
er
s
ac
tiv
ely
cr
ea
te
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
y
r
ef
lectin
g
o
n
t
h
eir
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
m
en
tal
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
to
ex
is
tin
g
m
en
tal
m
o
d
els
[
2
0
]
.
A
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
lear
n
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ill
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
ev
al
u
a
tin
g
th
em
in
b
o
th
f
o
r
m
al
ac
a
d
em
ic
(
ac
ad
em
ic
t
r
ac
k
)
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
s
ettin
g
s
(
T
VL
tr
ac
k
)
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
im
p
ac
t
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
ca
n
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
tailo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
f
it
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
tr
ac
k
s
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
al
len
g
es.
E
v
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
is
b
o
th
tim
ely
an
d
cr
itical,
g
iv
en
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
clim
ate
cr
is
is
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
ex
p
licitly
ass
ess
in
g
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
s
p
ec
if
ically
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
T
VL
tr
ac
k
s
.
I
ts
co
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ev
ea
ls
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
esig
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
n
ew
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
t
ailo
r
in
g
clim
ate
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
t
o
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ath
way
s
.
B
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
l
o
c
alize
d
d
ata,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
with
tar
g
eted
in
d
icato
r
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la
b
y
em
b
e
d
d
in
g
cli
m
ate
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Alig
n
ed
with
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
K
–
1
2
s
y
s
t
em
an
d
n
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
p
o
licies,
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
c
tiv
e
clim
ate
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
em
p
lo
y
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
-
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
li
ter
ac
y
lev
els
o
f
s
en
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tr
ac
k
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
aca
d
em
ic
a
n
d
T
VL
tr
ac
k
s
.
T
h
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
aim
ed
to
g
ath
er
q
u
an
tifia
b
le
d
ata
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
a
m
p
le
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
izin
g
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
r
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
jects
an
d
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
in
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
m
e
asu
r
es a
n
d
d
escr
ib
es k
ey
v
ar
iab
les s
u
ch
as st
u
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
r
elate
d
to
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
tatis
tica
l
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
was
to
id
en
tify
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
es
o
r
s
im
ilar
itie
s
in
liter
ac
y
le
v
els,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
in
f
o
r
m
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
an
d
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h lo
ca
le
a
nd
pa
rt
icipa
nts o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
Gin
g
o
o
g
C
ity
D
iv
is
io
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
ten
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
was
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
in
ea
ch
d
is
tr
ict.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
ar
ticip
an
t
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
Slo
v
in
’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
with
a
m
ar
g
in
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
.
0
5
.
A
s
tr
atif
ied
s
am
p
lin
g
d
esig
n
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
ch
o
o
l,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
to
tal
o
f
3
3
9
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
s
,
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n,
a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
r
ee
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
ad
ap
t
ed
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
,
th
en
v
alid
ated
b
y
e
x
p
e
r
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
.
A
p
an
el
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
p
ec
ialis
t,
th
e
s
cien
ce
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
,
a
s
cien
ce
m
aster
teac
h
er
,
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
,
an
d
an
ex
p
er
t
i
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
,
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
team
was
task
ed
with
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
in
g
an
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
en
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
.
Ad
ap
tin
g
th
ese
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
was
cr
u
cial
to
f
it
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
Gin
g
o
o
g
C
ity
,
as
th
ey
r
ef
lecte
d
cu
ltu
r
al
r
ele
v
an
ce
,
lo
ca
l e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
co
n
tex
ts
i
m
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
clim
ate
-
r
esil
ien
t
m
in
d
s
ets
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
lay
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
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o
l stu
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tain
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o
r
ts
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esp
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Gin
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u
r
es,
f
lo
o
d
s
,
an
d
lan
d
s
lid
es.
A
30
-
item
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
te
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
n
d
er
wen
t
item
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
th
e
test
s
co
r
es
wer
e
tr
an
s
m
u
ted
to
g
r
a
d
es
b
ased
o
n
Dep
E
d
Or
d
er
No
.
8
,
s
.
2
0
1
5
.
Scien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
ev
alu
ate
d
u
s
in
g
a
1
0
-
item
,
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
ad
ap
ted
an
d
m
o
d
if
ie
d
f
r
o
m
OE
C
D
/
P
I
S
A
[
2
3
]
,
as
w
ell
as
Aze
v
ed
o
an
d
Ma
r
q
u
e
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
2
0
-
item
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
af
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
r
elativ
e
to
clim
a
te
ch
an
g
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
a
n
d
m
itig
atio
n
,
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
C
h
air
u
n
n
is
a
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
an
d
T
s
e
[
2
6
]
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
i
n
g
an
d
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
in
T
ab
le
2
f
o
r
s
cien
tif
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
an
d
attitu
d
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t a
p
ilo
t te
s
t in
v
o
lv
in
g
3
0
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
was
ca
lcu
lated
,
y
ield
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
.
7
6
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
A
f
ew
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
th
en
m
ad
e
t
o
r
ef
in
e
an
d
f
in
alize
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
o
u
g
h
t a
p
p
r
o
v
al
b
y
w
r
itin
g
letter
s
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
d
iv
is
io
n
s
u
p
er
in
ten
d
e
n
t,
d
is
tr
ict
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als
to
o
f
f
icially
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ef
o
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
all
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
t
id
en
tit
ies
wo
u
ld
b
e
k
ep
t
co
n
f
id
en
tial.
E
th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
h
ar
m
ed
in
an
y
way
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
eir
f
u
ll
co
n
s
en
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
an
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t f
o
r
m
,
an
d
p
ar
e
n
tal
co
n
s
en
t w
as o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
u
n
d
er
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
u
tatio
n
o
f
test
s
co
r
es in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
S
c
o
r
e
Tr
a
n
sm
u
t
e
d
g
r
a
d
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
28
-
30
9
0
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
O
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
25
-
27
85
-
89
V
e
r
y
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
22
-
24
80
-
84
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
18
-
21
75
-
79
F
a
i
r
l
y
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
1
7
a
n
d
b
e
l
o
w
7
4
a
n
d
b
e
l
o
w
D
i
d
n
o
t
mee
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
ab
le
2
.
L
e
v
els o
f
s
cien
tific
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
attitu
d
e
b
ased
o
n
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
S
c
a
l
e
M
e
a
n
r
a
n
g
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
5
4
.
5
0
-
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
4
3
.
5
0
-
4
.
4
9
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
3
2
.
5
0
-
3
.
4
9
U
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
2
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
9
D
i
sag
r
e
e
Lo
w
1
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
4
9
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fre
q
u
e
n
cy
an
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
en
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
atti
tu
d
es
o
n
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ad
a
p
tatio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
t
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ex
am
in
e
w
h
eth
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ex
is
ted
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ad
a
p
tatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
ac
k
an
d
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
en
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Gin
g
o
o
g
C
ity
Div
is
io
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
3
3
9
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
a
ck
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
5
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
a
n
t
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
co
m
p
r
is
ed
4
2
%,
with
1
9
7
an
d
1
4
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
3
.
1
.
Student
s
’
pro
f
iciency
lev
el
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
k
no
wledg
e
o
n c
lim
a
t
e
cha
ng
e
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
els
in
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
ca
u
s
es,
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e.
Ab
o
u
t
5
5
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
tr
ac
k
an
d
8
6
%
in
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
o
b
tain
ed
a
g
r
ad
e
o
f
7
4
o
r
b
elo
w,
in
d
ica
tin
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
is
le
v
el
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
Ab
o
u
t
2
3
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
ac
k
an
d
1
3
%
in
t
h
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
o
b
tain
ed
a
g
r
a
d
e
o
f
75
–
7
9
,
r
ated
as
“
f
air
ly
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
.
”
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
is
lev
el
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
c
o
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
b
u
t sti
ll n
ee
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
At
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
1
4
% o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
tr
ac
k
an
d
o
n
ly
1
% in
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
5
0
-
3664
3654
lev
el.
At
th
is
lev
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
t
h
e
ess
en
tial
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
co
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
b
u
t
s
till
r
eq
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ir
e
s
o
m
e
g
u
id
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ce
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
tea
ch
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s
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d
p
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r
s
.
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o
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t
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f
th
e
s
tu
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en
ts
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n
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e
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ic
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e
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atis
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to
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lev
el,
i
n
d
i
ca
tin
g
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
ac
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u
i
r
e
d
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
co
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ca
n
ap
p
ly
th
em
i
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
task
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pro
f
icien
cy
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
o
n
th
e
b
asic c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
ca
u
s
es,
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e
S
c
o
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
s
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
t
r
a
c
k
TV
L
tr
a
c
k
To
t
a
l
Tr
a
n
sm
u
t
e
d
g
r
a
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[
2
7
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wh
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VL
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Ma
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C
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[
2
8
]
,
w
h
o
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t
ate
t
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at
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B
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.
[
2
9
]
,
w
h
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4
2
5
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[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
o
o
r
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tan
d
in
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Fil
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2
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1
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w
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s
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co
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k
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7
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co
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tr
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[
3
0
]
.
T
h
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co
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d
itio
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d
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s
a
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f
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Fil
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[
3
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.
3
.
2
.
Student
s
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lev
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o
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4
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1
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[
3
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,
wh
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lima
te
s
cien
ce
lite
r
a
cy
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f sen
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
:
a
p
la
tf
o
r
m
fo
r
… (
Ha
z
el
R
.
B
a
la
n
)
3655
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es
an
d
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
g
lo
b
a
l
war
m
in
g
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
th
em
to
ap
p
ly
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
m
ak
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
w
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
tak
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
ac
tio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
B
y
teac
h
in
g
s
cien
ce
in
a
way
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
em
p
o
we
r
ed
to
tak
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
tep
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
cr
itical
is
s
u
e.
I
t
was
clo
s
ely
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
d
is
cu
s
s
h
o
w
h
u
m
a
n
ac
tio
n
s
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
an
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
,
d
esig
n
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
v
alu
es o
f
4
.
0
3
,
3
.
9
9
,
a
n
d
3
.
8
8
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
4
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
cl
im
ate
ch
an
g
e
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
W
t
d
mea
n
SD
V
e
r
b
a
l
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
1.
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
h
o
w
c
a
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
s a
f
f
e
c
t
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
3
.
7
6
1
.
0
2
9
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
2.
D
i
scu
ss
h
o
w
h
u
ma
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
4
.
0
3
.
9
9
2
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
3.
A
p
p
l
y
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
o
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
.
3
.
8
0
.
9
5
4
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
4.
D
i
scu
ss t
h
e
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
.
3
.
8
6
.
9
7
9
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
5.
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
w
h
y
so
m
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s s
u
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
f
r
o
m
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
s.
3
.
8
4
.
9
5
2
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
6.
A
ssess
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
c
r
e
d
i
b
l
e
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
3
.
8
3
.
9
9
1
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
7.
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
ma
k
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s.
3
.
8
5
1
.
0
1
5
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
8.
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
a
b
o
u
t
c
l
i
ma
t
e
a
n
d
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
a
mea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
w
a
y
.
3
.
9
9
.
9
9
6
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
9.
M
a
k
e
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
a
n
d
r
e
sp
o
n
si
b
l
e
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
ma
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
c
l
i
mat
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
.
4
.
1
0
.
9
9
1
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
1
0
.
D
e
si
g
n
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
o
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
b
y
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s.
3
.
8
8
1
.
0
3
1
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d
m
e
a
n
3
.
8
9
.
7
3
0
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
Le
g
e
n
d
:
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
4
9
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
/
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
;
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
9
=
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
/
l
o
w
;
2
.
5
0
-
3
.
4
9
=
u
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
/
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
3
.
5
0
-
4
.
4
9
=
a
g
r
e
e
/
h
i
g
h
,
4
.
5
0
-
5
.
0
0
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
/
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
is
3
.
8
9
,
with
a
v
e
r
b
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
“
a
g
r
ee
,
”
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ar
ticu
late
s
cien
tific
ally
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
in
d
v
ar
io
u
s
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
ec
all
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
n
ews,
ar
ticles,
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
ies
,
o
n
lin
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
d
is
ast
er
s
an
d
ca
lam
ities
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
E
s
ak
k
im
u
t
h
u
an
d
B
an
u
p
r
iy
a
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
id
en
tifie
s
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ad
v
o
ca
cy
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
ec
o
lo
g
ical
is
s
u
es.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
g
en
u
in
ely
in
ter
ested
in
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
lead
in
g
th
em
to
s
ee
k
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
with
th
e
to
p
ic
o
r
w
o
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
o
n
p
r
o
jects
o
r
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
c
lim
ate
ch
an
g
e
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
wh
er
e
th
e
y
ca
n
g
et
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
an
d
b
u
ild
u
p
o
n
ea
c
h
o
th
er
’
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ak
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
ea
g
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
itiativ
es
to
co
m
b
at
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
f
u
tu
r
e.
E
v
id
e
n
ce
o
f
th
is
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
itiativ
es
an
d
ad
v
o
ca
cy
ef
f
o
r
ts
aim
ed
a
t
cr
ea
tin
g
awa
r
en
ess
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
e
s
in
clu
d
e
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
ig
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
ter
s
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
a
tio
n
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
i
n
v
esti
g
ato
r
y
p
r
o
jects
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
g
ad
g
et
s
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
m
ac
h
i
n
es,
an
d
ev
en
r
o
b
o
ts
to
a
d
d
r
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
E
x
am
p
les
in
clu
d
e
f
ilter
in
g
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
wate
r
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
,
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
ex
h
au
s
t
f
ilter
s
f
o
r
v
eh
icles
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
d
esig
n
in
g
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
ies o
r
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
ese
id
ea
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
L
u
q
m
a
n
[
3
4
]
th
at
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ical
ly
Gen
Z
an
d
m
illen
n
ials
,
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
n
o
tab
le
f
o
r
th
eir
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
ter
est
an
d
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
I
t
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
mi
lle
n
n
ia
ls
ac
tiv
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p
u
r
s
u
e
clim
ate
-
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elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
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h
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o
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v
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elate
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lin
e,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
r
elate
d
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
v
o
lu
n
teer
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g
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r
o
m
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te
clim
ate
a
ctiv
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m
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m
ak
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g
th
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p
r
o
m
in
en
t
v
o
ices
in
g
lo
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al
co
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atio
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o
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ate
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I
n
ad
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itio
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,
a
s
tu
d
y
p
o
in
t
ed
o
u
t
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
at
a
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
R
eg
io
n
I
I
I
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
wer
e
awa
r
e
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
(
8
7
.
1
2
%),
d
ef
o
r
estatio
n
(
5
7
.
5
8
%),
an
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
u
s
e
(
3
7
.
8
8
%),
b
u
t
wer
e
u
n
aw
ar
e
o
f
o
th
er
ca
u
s
es
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
ig
h
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
clim
ate
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g
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r
o
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g
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it
m
u
s
t
b
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d
d
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g
h
ef
f
icien
t
teac
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in
g
s
tr
ateg
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es
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d
m
ater
ials
.
B
y
d
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g
s
o
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s
tu
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ts
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y
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s
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r
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g
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h
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co
n
tin
u
ed
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
m
an
ag
e
its
co
m
p
lex
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
5
0
-
3664
3656
3
.
3
.
Student
s
’
lev
el
o
f
m
a
nife
s
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
s
cient
if
ic
a
t
t
it
ud
e
o
n
clim
a
t
e
cha
ng
e
in
t
er
ms
o
f
a
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
eng
a
g
em
ent
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
ata
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
m
a
n
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
.
R
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
a
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ig
h
lev
el
o
f
af
f
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tiv
e
en
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e
n
t,
wh
ic
h
m
ad
e
th
em
f
ee
l
wo
r
r
ied
th
at
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
b
ea
u
ty
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
n
atu
r
e/e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wi
th
th
e
h
ig
h
est
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
4
.
2
2
.
T
h
is
wo
r
r
y
m
ay
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
wi
ll
h
ar
m
th
eir
o
wn
liv
es
an
d
th
e
liv
es
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
w
o
r
s
e
o
f
f
th
a
n
th
e
y
ar
e
to
d
ay
.
Similar
ly
,
n
ews
r
ep
o
r
ts
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
-
r
elate
d
d
is
aster
s
o
n
telev
is
io
n
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d
o
t
h
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ed
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p
latf
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m
s
m
ay
elici
t
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ee
p
a
n
d
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
em
o
tio
n
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esp
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s
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h
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co
n
ce
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tio
n
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n
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o
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m
s
to
th
e
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esear
ch
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
b
y
Hick
m
a
n
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
1
0
,
0
0
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ag
ed
1
6
–
2
5
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
wh
er
e
5
9
%
o
f
r
esp
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n
d
e
n
ts
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
th
em
s
elv
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as
“
v
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y
”
o
r
“
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x
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ely
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ied
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o
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t
th
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e
f
f
ec
ts
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f
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lim
ate
ch
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g
e.
Ma
n
y
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
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p
er
ien
cin
g
em
o
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as sad
n
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
g
er
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
less
n
ess
,
h
elp
less
n
ess
,
an
d
g
u
ilt.
T
ab
le
5
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
m
a
n
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
o
n
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
W
t
d
mea
n
SD
V
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r
b
a
l
d
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s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
1.
C
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d
/
a
l
a
r
me
d
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
4
.
2
1
.
9
0
2
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
2.
W
o
r
r
i
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
m
i
g
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
b
e
a
u
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
n
a
t
u
r
e
/
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
.
4
.
2
2
1
.
0
2
5
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
3.
C
o
n
v
i
n
c
e
d
t
h
a
t
g
l
o
b
a
l
w
a
r
mi
n
g
i
s
h
a
p
p
e
n
i
n
g
.
3
.
9
9
1
.
0
2
3
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
4.
P
a
i
d
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
n
e
w
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
3
.
8
1
.
9
6
0
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
5.
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
I
k
n
o
w
a
l
o
t
a
b
o
u
t
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
3
.
6
6
.
8
9
0
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
6.
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
h
u
ma
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m.
4
.
1
1
.
9
7
9
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
7.
S
a
d
d
e
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
s
t
o
o
s
e
r
i
o
u
s,
a
n
d
o
u
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
t
o
o
l
a
t
e
.
3
.
9
2
1
.
0
1
3
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
8.
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
p
e
o
p
l
e
sh
o
u
l
d
l
e
sse
n
t
h
e
i
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
r
se
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
3
.
9
6
.
9
8
4
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
9.
B
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
o
f
u
s
c
a
n
d
o
ma
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
s
t
o
a
l
l
e
v
i
a
t
e
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
c
l
i
mat
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.
4
.
2
0
.
9
5
7
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
1
0
.
A
d
a
p
t
e
d
t
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
st
r
e
ss
a
n
d
p
r
e
ssu
r
e
.
3
.
8
2
.
9
5
1
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d
m
e
a
n
3
.
9
9
.
6
8
6
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
Le
g
e
n
d
:
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
4
9
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
/
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
;
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
9
=
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
/
l
o
w
;
2
.
5
0
-
3
.
4
9
=
u
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
/
mo
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
3
.
5
0
-
4
.
4
9
=
a
g
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e
e
/
h
i
g
h
;
4
.
5
0
-
5
.
0
0
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
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e
/
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r
y
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
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e
also
co
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ce
r
n
e
d
an
d
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m
ed
a
b
o
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t
th
e
g
lo
b
al
e
f
f
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ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
b
eliev
e
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ca
n
tak
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ac
tio
n
s
to
m
itig
ate
o
r
less
en
th
e
is
s
u
e,
with
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
o
f
4
.
2
1
an
d
4
.
2
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
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esu
lt
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n
s
with
th
e
s
u
r
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,
wh
ic
h
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
n
ea
r
ly
h
alf
(
4
5
%)
r
ep
o
r
ted
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ei
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
ad
v
er
s
ely
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
eir
d
a
i
ly
life
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
[
3
5
]
,
a
n
d
th
at
th
ey
b
eliev
e
th
e
wo
r
ld
will
b
ec
o
m
e
d
ar
k
er
an
d
s
ca
r
ier
,
with
a
f
r
ig
h
te
n
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
is
3
.
9
9
,
with
a
v
er
b
al
d
escr
i
p
tio
n
o
f
“
a
g
r
ee
”
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
em
o
tio
n
al
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
eir
s
cien
tific
att
itu
d
es.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
im
p
ly
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
th
e
is
s
u
e
ex
tr
em
ely
alar
m
in
g
a
n
d
ca
r
e
d
ee
p
l
y
ab
o
u
t
it.
Stro
n
g
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
af
f
ec
tiv
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
en
h
an
ce
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
ese
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
es,
en
g
a
g
e
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
em
with
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
th
er
s
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
t
m
ay
lead
to
f
av
o
r
ab
le
attitu
d
es
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
wh
at
th
ey
h
a
v
e
l
ea
r
n
ed
to
w
h
at
th
e
y
ca
n
d
o
[
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
class
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
o
w
ar
ticu
late
an
d
d
ee
p
l
y
en
g
a
g
ed
th
ey
ar
e
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
eir
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ev
id
en
t
wh
en
th
e
y
s
h
ar
ed
th
eir
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
aster
s
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
o
s
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
n
atu
r
al
ca
lam
ities
.
T
h
ese
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ef
l
ec
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
co
n
tex
t
s
,
as
em
o
tio
n
s
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
o
cial
r
ea
ctio
n
s
to
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e,
af
f
ec
tin
g
h
o
w
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
,
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
d
ed
,
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
ated
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
r
awn
b
y
J
o
n
es
an
d
L
u
ca
s
[
3
9
]
,
wh
er
e
a
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
1
,
9
4
3
Au
s
tr
alian
y
o
u
t
h
ag
e
d
1
5
-
1
9
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
d
ee
p
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
o
f
ten
f
ee
lin
g
an
x
io
u
s
,
h
elp
less
,
an
d
f
r
u
s
tr
ated
.
W
h
en
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
th
ey
tr
u
s
t
th
eir
f
r
ien
d
s
th
e
m
o
s
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
ar
en
ts
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
.
Desab
ay
la
a
n
d
G
u
eta
[
9
]
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
d
Valm
o
n
te
’
s
r
ep
o
r
t
in
2
0
2
2
,
wh
ic
h
cited
th
e
2
0
2
1
w
o
r
ld
r
is
k
p
o
l
l
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
th
e
L
l
o
y
d
R
eg
is
ter
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
o
ll,
a
lar
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
lima
te
s
cien
ce
lite
r
a
cy
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f sen
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
:
a
p
la
tf
o
r
m
fo
r
… (
Ha
z
el
R
.
B
a
la
n
)
3657
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Fil
ip
in
o
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
ex
p
r
ess
ed
d
ee
p
co
n
ce
r
n
o
v
er
th
e
d
am
a
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ex
tr
em
e
wea
th
er
lin
k
ed
to
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e,
with
6
9
.
5
% a
ck
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
it a
s
a
m
ajo
r
th
r
ea
t to
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
g
iv
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
n
ews
an
d
ar
ticles,
wh
ich
r
elate
s
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
San
ch
ez
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
in
v
o
lv
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
Da
v
ao
C
ity
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
th
a
t
m
ed
ia
in
f
l
u
en
ce
,
n
ews,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
h
ig
h
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
is
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
f
o
s
ter
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
icien
t
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
m
ater
i
als.
3
.
4
.
Student
s
’
lev
el
o
f
m
a
nife
s
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
s
cient
if
ic
a
t
t
it
ud
e
o
n
clim
a
t
e
cha
ng
e
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
beha
v
io
ra
l
eng
a
g
em
ent
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cie
n
tific
attitu
d
e
m
an
if
estatio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
cli
m
ate
ch
an
g
e.
R
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
th
ey
e
x
h
ib
it
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
at
titu
d
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
t
h
e
lig
h
ts
wh
en
leav
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
m
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
est
weig
h
t
ed
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
4
.
5
1
.
T
h
e
y
ten
d
to
tu
r
n
o
f
f
t
h
e
lig
h
ts
wh
en
n
o
t
in
u
s
e,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
le
ac
tio
n
th
ey
ca
n
tak
e,
lik
ely
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
s
till
ed
in
th
em
at
h
o
m
e
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
a
n
d
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ar
t o
f
th
eir
r
o
u
tin
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
b
ein
g
tau
g
h
t
to
tu
r
n
o
f
f
lig
h
ts
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
wh
y
t
h
is
h
ab
it
r
em
ain
s
p
r
ev
alen
t.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
r
u
n
s
lik
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
L
u
n
d
b
e
r
g
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
3
6
.
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
wh
en
ask
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
s
av
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
i
s
to
tu
r
n
o
f
f
th
e
lig
h
ts
.
T
ab
le
6
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
m
a
n
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
o
n
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
W
t
d
mea
n
SD
V
e
r
b
a
l
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
1.
W
a
l
k
f
o
r
sh
o
r
t
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
s.
3
.
6
9
1
.
0
3
0
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
2.
Ta
k
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
r
i
d
e
a
b
i
k
e
i
n
st
e
a
d
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
c
a
r
.
3
.
3
1
1
.
3
9
5
U
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
3.
Tu
r
n
o
f
f
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
s w
h
e
n
l
e
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
.
4
.
5
1
.
8
6
1
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
4.
Le
sse
n
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
i
f
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
.
3
.
9
4
1
.
0
3
6
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
5.
S
e
t
a
t
i
mer
w
h
e
n
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
a
i
r
-
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
f
r
i
g
e
r
a
t
o
r
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
t
i
m
e
u
sa
g
e
.
3
.
3
1
1
.
3
3
8
U
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
6.
U
se
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
-
b
a
se
d
s
p
r
a
y
s
i
n
r
e
p
e
l
l
i
n
g
i
n
s
e
c
t
s a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
-
b
a
se
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s.
3
.
3
3
1
.
2
5
5
U
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
7.
U
se
b
o
t
h
si
d
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
w
h
e
n
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
.
3
.
7
8
1
.
0
8
8
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
8.
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
w
a
s
t
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s f
o
r
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
c
o
mp
o
se
w
a
s
t
e
i
n
st
e
a
d
o
f
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
.
4
.
1
6
.
9
8
1
A
g
r
e
e
H
i
g
h
9.
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
i
n
t
r
e
e
p
l
a
n
t
i
n
g
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b
a
c
k
y
a
r
d
g
a
r
d
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n
i
n
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,
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n
d
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
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p
r
o
g
r
a
ms a
t
h
o
m
e
,
sch
o
o
l
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
.
4
.
1
8
.
9
4
8
A
g
r
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e
H
i
g
h
1
0
.
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o
n
a
t
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i
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e
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l
i
k
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f
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o
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c
l
o
t
h
e
s,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
i
mp
o
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t
a
n
t
i
t
e
ms
t
o
p
e
o
p
l
e
i
n
n
e
e
d
a
n
d
d
u
r
i
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g
d
i
s
a
st
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s
a
n
d
a
c
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t
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3
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6
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1
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1
6
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g
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g
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v
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r
a
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w
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e
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m
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a
n
3
.
7
8
.
6
3
2
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g
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i
g
h
Le
g
e
n
d
:
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
4
9
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
/
v
e
r
y
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;
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
9
=
d
i
s
a
g
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e
/
l
o
w
;
2
.
5
0
-
3
.
4
9
=
u
n
d
e
c
i
d
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d
/
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
;
3
.
5
0
-
4
.
4
9
=
a
g
r
e
e
/
h
i
g
h
;
4
.
5
0
-
5
.
0
0
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
/
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
a
g
r
ee
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
en
g
ag
ed
in
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
tr
e
e
p
lan
tin
g
,
b
ac
k
y
ar
d
g
ar
d
e
n
in
g
,
an
d
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
h
o
m
e,
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
s
ep
ar
ate
waste
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
a
n
d
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
in
g
waste
in
s
tead
o
f
b
u
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
le
s
s
en
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
a
p
p
l
ian
ce
s
,
if
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
with
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
o
f
4
.
1
8
,
4
.
1
6
,
a
n
d
3
.
9
4
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
d
ee
p
ly
en
g
a
g
ed
in
th
ese
ac
tiv
ities
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ex
er
cises
co
n
d
u
cted
in
m
o
s
t
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
an
d
s
-
on
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ee
p
lan
tin
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
clea
n
in
g
i
n
itiativ
es,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
g
ar
d
e
n
in
g
p
r
o
jects
lik
e
“Gu
lay
an
s
a
Paar
alan
.
”
B
y
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
ac
ticin
g
t
h
ese
h
ab
its
at
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
ad
o
p
tin
g
t
h
em
at
h
o
m
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
m
ak
e
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
ac
tio
n
s
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
d
aily
r
o
u
tin
e
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
u
r
th
e
r
a
g
r
ee
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
e
n
g
ag
e
d
in
wal
k
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
u
tili
zin
g
b
o
th
s
id
es
o
f
p
ap
er
wh
en
d
r
awin
g
o
r
wr
itin
g
an
d
d
o
n
atin
g
item
s
lik
e
f
o
o
d
,
clo
th
es,
an
d
o
th
e
r
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
in
g
s
to
p
eo
p
le
in
n
ee
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
aster
s
an
d
ac
cid
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
s
tatin
g
th
at
tak
in
g
ze
r
o
-
em
is
s
io
n
m
o
d
es
lik
e
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
walk
in
g
[
4
2
]
,
b
ik
in
g
an
d
p
a
p
er
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
4
3
]
,
an
d
en
g
a
g
i
n
g
s
o
ciety
in
em
er
g
en
cy
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
o
o
d
,
s
u
p
p
lies
,
an
d
m
o
n
ey
,
s
h
elter
o
r
o
f
f
er
in
g
m
ed
ical
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
aid
[
4
4
]
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices o
f
m
itig
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
is
3
.
7
8
with
a
v
e
r
b
al
d
escr
ip
t
io
n
o
f
“
a
g
r
ee
,
”
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
e
in
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
lik
ely
tak
e
th
e
in
itiativ
e
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
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t,
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a
r
ticip
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in
clim
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ch
an
g
e
m
itig
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o
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f
o
r
ts
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an
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t
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its
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m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
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ln
er
ab
le
to
its
n
eg
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ce
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As
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m
o
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t
s
ch
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ls
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lig
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tly
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b
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an
d
d
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ien
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
5
0
-
3664
3658
co
o
r
d
in
at
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
is
d
ail
y
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s
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
aid
ac
tiv
ity
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
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is
co
m
m
en
d
ab
le
in
alm
o
s
t
all
s
ch
o
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ls
.
T
h
e
s
ch
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o
l
h
as
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lis
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ed
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p
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if
ic
h
o
u
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
wh
ich
elec
tr
icity
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
n
s
er
v
es
en
e
r
g
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ac
tiv
el
y
en
g
ag
ed
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
-
r
elate
d
ac
t
iv
ities
at
s
ch
o
o
l
in
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
Dep
E
d
Or
d
er
No
.
3
3
,
s
.
2
0
0
8
.
T
h
ese
ac
t
io
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
g
l
o
b
al
war
m
in
g
,
a
s
th
ey
ar
e
m
an
d
ated
an
d
s
tr
ictly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
co
in
cid
es
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
K
o
len
atý
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
,
wh
o
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
in
th
e
i
n
ter
v
iews
wit
h
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
s
ev
er
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
C
ze
ch
R
ep
u
b
lic
th
at
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
ten
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
r
ea
l
clim
ate
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
to
b
e
a
n
ex
tr
e
m
ely
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
way
to
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
in
d
iv
id
u
al
clim
ate
ac
tio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
g
lo
b
al
wa
r
m
in
g
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
at
Ass
iu
t
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
E
g
y
p
t.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
m
o
s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
a
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
o
n
th
e
t
o
p
ic
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
at
R
u
tg
er
s
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
New
J
er
s
ey
,
p
ap
er
waste
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
d
o
u
b
le
-
s
id
ed
p
r
in
tin
g
th
e
d
ef
a
u
lt
s
ettin
g
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
lab
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
aw
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
ap
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
tr
an
s
la
tin
g
to
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
7
.
4
m
illi
o
n
s
h
ee
t
s
o
f
p
ap
er
s
av
ed
-
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
to
p
r
eser
v
in
g
n
ea
r
ly
6
2
0
tr
ee
s
.
T
h
is
ch
an
g
e
also
h
e
lp
ed
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ef
o
r
estatio
n
a
n
d
p
ap
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
n
ew
d
ef
au
lt
s
ettin
g
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
a
last
in
g
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
p
ap
er
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
in
g
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
p
r
ac
tice
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
s
en
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
s
tr
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
ac
t
iv
ely
en
g
ag
e
d
in
b
io
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
h
o
wed
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
co
n
c
er
n
s
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
[
4
6
]
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
t
h
ey
ten
d
t
o
e
x
p
r
ess
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
esire
to
en
g
ag
e
in
ef
f
o
r
ts
aim
e
d
at
s
o
l
v
in
g
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Neg
r
o
s
Or
ien
tal
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l,
wh
ich
aim
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
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e
lev
e
l
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
r
ea
ctio
n
s
o
f
g
r
a
d
e
1
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
is
p
lay
ed
“
f
av
o
r
ab
le
”
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
ac
tio
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
cli
m
ate
ch
an
g
e
[
7
]
.
A
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
i
n
tr
ee
p
lan
tin
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
San
J
o
s
e,
B
atan
g
as
[
4
7
]
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
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an
d
f
u
lf
illme
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t,
d
escr
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in
g
th
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ac
tiv
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as
p
r
o
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id
in
g
a
‘
s
en
s
e
o
f
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u
cc
ess
an
d
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er
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f
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t
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e
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t
,
’
wh
ich
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ef
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cts
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p
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s
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o
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h
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m
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itiv
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n
v
ir
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m
en
t
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T
h
is
ac
tiv
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in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
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’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
en
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ir
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m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e
is
s
u
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
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d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
r
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ap
p
r
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atu
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d
s
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ticip
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m
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in
itiativ
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3
.
5
.
T
est
o
f
s
ig
nifica
nt
diff
er
ence
in
t
he
lev
el
o
f
s
cient
if
ic
k
no
wledg
e,
c
o
m
pet
ence
,
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
e
bet
wee
n pro
f
ile
v
a
ria
ble g
ro
up
ing
s
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
t
-
test
r
esu
lt
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
,
an
d
a
ttit
u
d
es
o
n
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
wh
en
g
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p
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d
ac
co
r
d
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n
g
t
o
tr
ac
k
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h
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n
aly
s
is
y
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a
t
-
v
alu
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6
.
2
5
1
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7
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.
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r
e,
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ll h
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p
o
t
h
esis
r
elate
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to
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les is
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
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r
e
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lt
s
s
h
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w
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d
t
h
a
t a
g
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r
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t
a
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g
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t
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h
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T
VL
t
r
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k
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t
h
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D
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R
R
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l
at
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d
t
o
c
li
m
a
t
e
c
h
an
g
e
[
4
8
]
.
T
ab
le
7
.
T
-
test
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
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wled
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d
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u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
L
ag
o
n
[
4
9
]
,
w
h
ich
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
tr
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n
g
p
o
s
itiv
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co
r
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elatio
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’
g
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last
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ap
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th
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with
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STE
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tr
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d
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Si
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Naz
ar
en
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a
l.
[
5
0
]
also
p
o
in
ted
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u
t
th
e
ass
o
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etwe
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s
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o
r
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
ls
o
alig
n
with
th
e
id
ea
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
is
a
p
r
im
ar
y
m
o
tiv
ato
r
f
o
r
clim
ate
ac
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
es
ts
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ad
o
p
t
ec
o
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
h
ab
its
wh
en
th
ey
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
r
u
n
s
lik
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Alk
air
et
a
l.
[
5
1
]
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
wca
s
es
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
c
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
ey
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
o
r
e
v
ital
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
h
if
t
in
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
tac
k
le
co
m
p
lex
is
s
u
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Alm
er
in
o
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
,
wh
i
c
h
ev
alu
ated
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
o
f
K
-
1
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ch
o
last
ic
ab
ilit
y
test
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
S
T
E
M
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tan
cy
,
b
u
s
in
ess
,
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
(
AB
M
)
s
tr
an
d
s
s
co
r
ed
ab
o
v
e
av
er
ag
e,
wh
er
ea
s
th
o
s
e
in
h
u
m
a
n
ities
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
HUM
SS
)
an
d
GAS
g
e
n
er
all
y
attain
ed
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
es.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
T
VL
s
tr
an
d
ten
d
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
elo
w
a
v
er
ag
e
in
m
o
s
t su
b
test
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
t
h
e
m
an
if
est
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
4
4
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
.
2
9
1
.
T
h
is
d
ata
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
u
t
e
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
r
co
u
r
s
e
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
r
o
lled
,
th
ey
m
ay
u
n
k
n
o
w
in
g
ly
en
g
ag
e
in
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
co
u
ld
in
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
an
d
a
d
ju
s
t
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
c
lim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
p
r
ac
tices
i
n
teg
r
al
t
o
d
aily
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
life
.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
all
y
ea
r
lev
els
an
d
tr
ac
k
s
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
ex
p
ec
ted
to
s
ep
ar
ate
waste,
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
clea
n
in
g
an
d
g
ar
d
en
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
r
ef
r
ain
f
r
o
m
b
u
r
n
in
g
tr
ash
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
waste
m
ater
ials
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
was
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
av
e
v
ar
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
is
s
u
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
b
o
th
ca
s
es
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tlo
o
k
o
n
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
e
d
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
p
r
o
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ac
tio
n
[
4
7
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
o
r
th
e
tr
ac
k
th
ey
ar
e
en
r
o
lled
i
n
,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
lik
ely
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
tak
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
ac
tio
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
c
lim
ate
ch
an
g
e
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
3
.
6
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
curr
icul
um
enha
ncem
ent
inte
g
ra
t
ing
cli
m
a
t
e
c
ha
ng
e
a
da
pta
t
io
n a
nd
m
it
i
g
a
t
io
n
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
k
e
y
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
aim
ed
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
8
(
s
ee
Ap
p
e
n
d
ix
).
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lar
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
aim
s
t
o
estab
lis
h
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
well
-
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
clim
ate
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
T
VL
tr
ac
k
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
l
o
w
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
ca
u
s
es,
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
ei
r
lo
w
tes
t
s
co
r
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
s
c
ien
tific
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
clim
at
e
ch
an
g
e
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
af
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
e
n
g
ag
em
en
ts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
w
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
is
s
u
es,
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
alar
m
ab
o
u
t
i
ts
g
lo
b
al
im
p
a
cts.
B
eh
av
io
r
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
ec
o
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
p
r
ac
tices,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
itiativ
es
aim
ed
at
m
itig
atin
g
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
o
n
th
e
ac
a
d
em
i
c
tr
ac
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
n
th
e
T
VL
tr
ac
k
i
n
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
cien
tific
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
an
d
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
T
VL
tr
ac
k
s
s
h
ar
ed
s
im
ilar
ities
in
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