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20
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CC B
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C
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A
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T
an
Owe
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Ko
wan
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Facu
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o
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Ma
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Un
i
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s
iti T
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alay
s
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J
o
h
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B
ah
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u
,
Ma
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s
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E
m
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k
tan
@
u
tm
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
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C
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id
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in
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wif
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3
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4
b
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s
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wth
,
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asizin
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th
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p
r
o
m
o
tio
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o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
[
1
]
.
On
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
ca
le,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
d
iv
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d
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al
r
ec
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c
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g
b
eh
a
v
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as
a
f
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d
f
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ir
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tr
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v
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Pu
b
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ities
in
Ma
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en
v
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io
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ed
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p
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u
b
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m
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b
e
h
av
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to
war
d
s
s
u
s
t
ain
ab
ilit
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[
2
]
.
T
h
e
y
s
er
v
e
as
cr
u
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
p
r
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m
o
ti
n
g
th
e
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ig
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if
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ce
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im
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r
ec
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n
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p
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a
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g
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o
b
al
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n
v
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m
en
tal
c
h
a
llen
g
es
[
3
]
.
Pu
b
lic
u
n
iv
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s
ities
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
av
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
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lem
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ted
g
r
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ca
m
p
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s
in
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to
tack
l
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is
s
u
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lik
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lo
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war
m
in
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an
d
p
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a
cu
lt
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s
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s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
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n
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s
tu
d
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ts
.
So
m
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u
n
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,
s
u
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as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
2
7
-
3734
3728
Un
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er
s
iti
Sab
ah
Ma
lay
s
ia,
U
n
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
a,
an
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Un
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e
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s
iti
Keb
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g
s
aa
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Ma
lay
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h
av
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ed
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ec
o
g
n
itio
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g
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ee
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in
s
titu
tio
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s
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n
d
er
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co
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in
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th
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ed
icatio
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to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
er
v
e
as
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
in
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till
in
g
p
r
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p
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is
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o
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al
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ts
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tie
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ity
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tan
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th
e
s
ig
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if
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t im
p
ac
t o
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r
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clin
g
o
n
b
o
th
h
u
m
an
ity
a
n
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
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y
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g
b
eh
av
io
r
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
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s
p
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s
p
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tiv
es
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n
h
o
w
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
r
ac
tices
r
ec
y
clin
g
.
I
t is d
escr
ib
ed
as a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
th
at
ac
ts
as a
h
u
m
an
d
r
iv
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
task
s
s
u
ch
as r
ec
y
clin
g
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
er
v
es
as
a
g
au
g
e
o
f
an
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n
d
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v
id
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’
s
co
m
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t
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en
v
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ef
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th
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T
h
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et
a
l.
[
6
]
d
ef
in
e
d
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
as
in
d
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als
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in
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to
m
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n
im
ize
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s
e
o
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n
-
r
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in
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o
f
th
ei
r
u
s
ef
u
l
life
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
cr
ea
ti
o
n
o
f
n
ew
item
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
[
7
]
v
iewe
d
r
e
cy
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
as
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
r
ec
y
cled
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
to
d
aily
life
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
waste
r
ec
y
clin
g
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
Ali
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
attr
ib
u
tes
in
v
o
lv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
’
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
s
eg
r
eg
atin
g
r
ec
y
clab
les
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
ty
p
es,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
to
o
th
er
s
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
ec
y
clab
les ar
e
clea
n
b
ef
o
r
e
p
lacin
g
th
em
in
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
in
s
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t’
s
3
R
(
r
ed
u
ce
,
r
eu
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
y
cle
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
e
m
p
h
as
izes
wast
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
r
eu
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
y
cl
in
g
,
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
n
d
ad
v
o
ca
ted
at
all
s
o
cieta
l
lev
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
c
atio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
(
HE
I
)
s
ec
to
r
f
ac
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
allen
g
es
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
3
R
p
r
ac
tices,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lev
el
,
wh
er
e
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
3
R
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
waste
m
in
im
izatio
n
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
h
a
v
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
less
th
an
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
r
a
te,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
r
ea
t
t
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
wi
th
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t’
s
3
R
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
v
iews
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
as
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
’
in
itiativ
es
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
p
r
ac
ticin
g
waste
m
in
im
izatio
n
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
r
ec
y
clab
le
m
ater
ia
ls
an
d
r
eu
s
in
g
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
r
ec
y
cla
b
le
m
ater
ials
.
Mo
s
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
e
th
at
r
ec
y
clin
g
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
attitu
d
e
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
d
r
iv
es st
u
d
en
ts
to
a
d
o
p
t r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
la
tf
o
r
m
f
o
r
in
s
till
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
was
te
d
is
p
o
s
al
h
a
b
its
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
twen
ties
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
o
n
b
o
th
h
u
m
an
ity
an
d
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
r
ate,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
r
ea
t
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lid
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Un
iv
er
s
it
i
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
to
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
ac
t
ices
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
h
ib
itio
n
o
f
p
o
ly
s
ty
r
en
e
a
n
d
p
last
ic
b
ag
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
3
R
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
waste
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
r
e
u
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
an
d
a
d
v
o
ca
te
d
f
o
r
at
all
s
o
cieta
l le
v
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
9
]
.
R
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
d
r
iv
e
r
s
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
.
Pro
m
o
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
o
s
e
o
f
HE
I
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
ev
iews
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
r
ec
y
cli
n
g
h
as
ten
d
ed
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
f
o
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
T
PB
)
.
T
PB
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
s
o
cial
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
el
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
in
r
esear
c
h
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
ts
u
tili
ty
s
p
an
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
elu
cid
atio
n
a
n
d
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
te
n
tio
n
s
in
ar
ea
s
lik
e
waste
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
1
5
]
an
d
waste
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
T
PB
v
iews
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
as
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
r
ee
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
:
i)
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
attitu
d
es
o
r
b
elief
s
to
war
d
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
;
ii)
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
o
r
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
b
elief
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
s
o
cial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
;
an
d
iii)
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
co
n
tr
o
l o
r
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
ab
ilit
y
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
T
PB
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
in
clu
d
e
ex
tr
a
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
m
ak
e
m
o
d
el
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ar
g
u
es
th
at,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
b
elief
s
,
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
b
elief
s
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
b
elief
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
h
o
u
ld
also
in
clu
d
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als’
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
e
n
ess
r
ef
er
s
to
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
co
n
s
c
io
u
s
n
ess
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
th
at
r
e
f
er
s
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
b
eli
ef
s
ab
o
u
t
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
1
0
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
l
o
r
es
f
o
u
r
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
: a
ttit
u
d
e
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
e
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
.
As
s
u
ch
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
r
ee
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jectiv
es
(
R
Os)
:
i)
t
o
id
e
n
tify
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ates
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
(
R
O
1
)
;
ii)
t
o
ex
a
m
in
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
b
ased
o
n
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
(
R
O
2
)
;
an
d
iii)
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
R
O
3)
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
o
p
ts
th
e
th
r
e
e
co
m
m
o
n
b
elief
s
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
T
PB
a
s
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
f
o
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
:
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
e
cy
clin
g
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
ec
y
clin
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
T
PB
co
n
ce
p
t
b
y
ad
d
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
awa
r
en
ess
as
a
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
d
e
ter
m
in
an
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
f
o
u
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
r
ec
yc
lin
g
b
eh
a
vio
u
r
:
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
mo
d
el
o
f th
e
…
(
Ta
n
Ow
ee
K
o
w
a
n
g
)
3729
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
:
i)
a
ttit
u
d
e
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
(
H1
)
;
ii)
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
H2
)
;
iii)
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
l
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
ec
y
clin
g
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
H3
)
;
a
n
d
iv
)
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
(
H4
)
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
its
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
PB
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
as
a
k
ey
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
in
a
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
u
b
li
c
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
attitu
d
e
s
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
in
s
h
ap
in
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t p
r
ac
tices.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
x
ten
d
e
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
T
PB
f
o
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
r
is
es
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
f
r
o
m
a
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
7
9
1
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ates in
to
ta
l f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t,
Ma
r
k
etin
g
,
an
d
Acc
o
u
n
tin
g
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
ct
at
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
M)
,
Sk
u
d
ai
ca
m
p
u
s
,
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
6
0
was
d
er
iv
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
a
n
s
am
p
lin
g
tab
le.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Kau
r
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
y
ield
s
an
av
er
ag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
4
7
%;
h
en
ce
,
th
e
tar
g
eted
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
5
5
3
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
(
i.e
.
,
2
6
0
/0
.
4
7
)
.
T
h
e
5
5
3
tar
g
eted
s
am
p
les
wer
e
s
tr
atif
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
with
th
e
s
tr
atif
ied
s
am
p
lin
g
s
i
ze
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sam
p
les
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
Fo
llo
win
g
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
to
th
ese
s
t
r
ata,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ts
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
s
am
p
le.
As
s
tated
b
y
Saav
ed
r
a
-
Niev
es
[
2
1
]
,
s
tr
atif
ied
s
am
p
lin
g
is
ch
o
o
s
in
g
s
am
p
les
at
r
an
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
lay
er
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
en
t
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
y
f
ir
s
t
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
to
s
ev
er
al
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
r
le
v
els.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
ath
er
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
Facu
lty
o
f
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t in
UT
M
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
b
ased
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
ts
,
n
am
ely
Par
t
A,
Par
t
B
,
an
d
Pa
r
t
C
.
Par
t
A
co
llects
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Par
t
B
g
ath
er
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
,
wh
ile
Par
t C ass
ess
es th
e
lev
el
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
2
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
v
er
if
ied
v
ia
n
o
r
m
ality
test
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
al
p
h
a
test
.
Data
f
r
o
m
Par
t
B
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
R
O1
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
test
wa
s
ap
p
lied
to
as
s
es
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ased
o
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics,
u
tili
zin
g
d
ata
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
Par
ts
A
an
d
C
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
(
Par
t
B
)
an
d
r
e
cy
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
Par
t
C
)
w
as
test
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
p
u
latio
n
an
d
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
P
r
o
g
r
a
ms
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
S
a
mp
l
e
s
i
z
e
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
2
7
8
1
9
4
M
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
2
3
5
1
6
4
A
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
2
7
8
1
9
4
To
t
a
l
7
9
1
5
5
3
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s t
o
w
a
r
d
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
Perce
i
v
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
n
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
Re
c
y
c
li
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
2
7
-
3734
3730
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
cr
ee
nin
g
a
nd
m
is
s
ing
v
a
lue
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
h
ase
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
to
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
team
co
llected
2
5
9
r
etu
r
n
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
9
1
(
o
r
3
5
.
1
%)
wer
e
m
ar
k
etin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates,
8
6
(
3
3
.
2
%)
wer
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ates,
an
d
8
2
(
3
1
.
7
%
)
wer
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ates.
Da
ta
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
es
ted
th
at
all
2
5
9
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
.
3
.
2
.
No
r
m
a
lit
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
t
est
Sk
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
t
o
s
is
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Par
t
B
an
d
Par
t
C
o
f
th
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
to
as
s
e
s
s
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
s
et
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
-
1
.
2
4
2
to
-
0
.
3
5
5
,
wh
ile
th
e
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
7
3
to
1
.
0
0
7
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
f
all
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
+/
-
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
co
llected
ar
e
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ata
s
et
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
7
7
to
0
.
7
9
8
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
ca
n
p
r
o
ce
ed
f
o
r
p
ar
am
etr
ic
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
tial te
s
ts
.
3
.
3
.
Resul
t
s
a
nd
dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
RO
1
R
O
1
is
to
id
en
tify
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
lev
el
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
Par
t
B
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
was
an
aly
ze
d
v
ia
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
to
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
eter
m
in
an
t.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
lev
el
f
o
r
e
ac
h
d
eter
m
in
an
t
was
ju
d
g
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
le
v
el
s
ca
le
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Kau
r
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
5
t
o
b
elo
w
4
.
5
in
d
icate
s
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
th
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
w
h
ile
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
5
an
d
ab
o
v
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
t
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
lev
els ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
l
e
2
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
est th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
is
th
e
m
ain
d
r
iv
er
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
2
3
]
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
i
n
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
r
ec
y
cle
[
1
8
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
in
v
o
lv
es
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
ca
r
e,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
en
g
ag
e
in
r
ec
y
clin
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
p
lay
i
n
g
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
llu
tio
n
-
f
r
ee
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
s
ettin
g
[
2
5
]
.
Awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
s
ettin
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
tim
u
lates
ef
f
o
r
t
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
waste
an
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
er
v
e
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
6
]
lead
in
g
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[
9
]
.
I
t
was
em
p
h
asized
th
at
g
en
er
al
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
elief
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
b
e
h
av
io
r
u
n
less
th
ey
ar
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
tied
to
th
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
7
]
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
also
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
at
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
is
a
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ete
r
m
in
an
t
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
Attitu
d
e
i
s
an
elem
en
t
o
f
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al’
s
b
elief
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ce
r
t
ain
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
I
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
em
p
h
a
s
ized
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
9
]
.
Attitu
d
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
e
d
ict
an
d
d
escr
ib
e
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
9
]
.
R
ec
y
clin
g
attitu
d
e
r
ef
e
r
s
to
a
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
a
n
d
v
alu
e
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Asri
an
d
Dau
d
[
2
8
]
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
a
ct
o
n
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
J
u
lian
a
et
a
l.
[
9
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
attitu
d
e
is
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
id
ea
s
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
Hu
an
g
[
2
9
]
also
n
o
tes
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
a
h
eig
h
ten
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
o
f
ten
s
ee
k
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
b
lic
r
elatio
n
s
ch
a
n
n
els.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
s
tates
th
at
attitu
d
e
is
an
elem
en
t
o
f
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
b
elief
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
ce
r
tain
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
I
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
em
p
h
asized
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
1
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lt
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
M
e
a
n
Le
v
e
l
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
4
.
7
2
6
6
V
e
r
y
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s t
o
w
a
r
d
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
4
.
6
6
8
0
V
e
r
y
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
n
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
4
.
1
1
3
5
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
4
.
0
6
6
4
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
3
.
4
.
Resul
t
s
a
nd
dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
RO
2
RO
2
is
to
ex
am
in
e
if
th
er
e
is
an
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
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a
tes
’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
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r
lev
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b
ased
o
n
th
eir
d
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r
ap
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ics.
T
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e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
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ata
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o
llected
in
Pa
r
t
A
o
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th
e
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esti
o
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n
air
e
i
n
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d
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
ag
e,
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
eth
n
icity
,
a
n
d
r
e
lig
io
n
.
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with
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ates
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th
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d
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ap
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f
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r
ical
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p
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t
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th
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le
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ANOV
A
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aly
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is
f
o
r
in
te
r
p
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tatio
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.
T
h
e
an
al
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s
is
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ANOV
A
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
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in
T
a
b
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3
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I
n
T
ab
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3
,
t
h
e
p
-
v
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all
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clin
g
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eh
a
v
io
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ased
o
n
ag
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p
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elig
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in
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ates’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
lev
els
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ates’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
d
icate
s
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
r
en
d
in
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
1
to
y
ea
r
4
,
with
y
e
ar
4
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
ex
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Pu
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Ma
lay
s
i
a
h
av
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
ted
g
r
ee
n
ca
m
p
u
s
i
n
itiativ
es
to
tack
le
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
ANOV
A
an
aly
s
is
also
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
6
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
o
n
to
p
o
f
p
la
y
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
er
v
e
as c
r
u
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate.
T
ab
le
3
.
ANOV
A
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
A
g
e
0
.
2
9
2
N
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
0
.
8
3
4
N
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Y
e
a
r
o
f
st
u
d
y
0
.
0
1
3
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Et
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
0
.
4
8
4
N
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
0
.
9
9
2
N
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Un
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
b
ased
o
n
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
3
.
5
.
Resul
t
s
a
nd
dis
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
RO
3
RO
3
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
to
test
h
y
p
o
th
eses
H1
to
H4
.
T
h
e
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
an
d
r
ec
y
c
lin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
test
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
f
o
r
all
f
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
ese
s
is
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
all
f
o
u
r
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
(
attitu
d
e
to
wa
r
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
H1
)
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
H2
)
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
H3
)
,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
(
H4
)
)
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at:
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
r
=0
.
6
8
9
)
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
(
r
=0
.
6
8
5
)
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
r
=
0
.
2
8
7
)
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
r
=
0
.
2
4
7
)
also
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
r
-
v
a
lu
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
0
.
1
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
to
g
eth
er
with
0
.
0
5
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
e
ch
o
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
R
O1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
b
o
th
attitu
d
e
t
o
war
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
3
2
]
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
[
3
3
]
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
as
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
f
o
r
p
r
ac
ticin
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
b
u
t b
o
t
h
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
ar
e
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
2
7
-
3734
3732
T
ab
le
4
.
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
(r)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
H1
0
.
6
8
9
*
*
(
S
t
r
o
n
g
)
<
0
.
0
0
1
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
H2
0
.
2
8
7
*
*
(
W
e
a
k
)
<
0
.
0
0
2
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
H3
0
.
2
4
7
*
*
(
W
e
a
k
)
<
0
.
0
0
3
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
H4
0
.
6
8
5
*
*
(
S
t
r
o
n
g
)
<
0
.
0
0
4
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
*
*
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
s s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
T
PB
is
a
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
th
e
o
r
y
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
in
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
i
n
ten
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
g
u
es
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
b
elief
s
,
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
b
elief
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
elief
s
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
T
PB
,
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
co
u
ld
b
e
a
n
o
th
er
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
war
en
ess
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
eter
m
in
an
t
as
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
R
O1
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
awa
r
en
ess
is
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
(
R
O3
)
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
im
p
ly
th
at
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
is
to
cr
ea
te
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
as
well
a
s
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
r
o
les
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
war
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ili
ty
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
is
a
cr
itica
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
tect
io
n
an
d
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
in
p
r
o
tectin
g
n
atu
r
e
an
d
r
esp
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
ea
r
th
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
y
.
HE
I
s
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
g
lo
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es.
Pu
b
lic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
av
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
r
ec
y
clin
g
an
d
g
r
ee
n
ca
m
p
u
s
in
itiativ
es to
tack
le
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ANOV
A
an
aly
s
is
(
R
O2
)
in
d
icate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
e,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
’
r
ec
y
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
lev
els
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
1
to
y
ea
r
4
o
f
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
g
g
es
ts
th
at
th
e
g
r
ee
n
ca
m
p
u
s
in
iti
ativ
es
tak
en
b
y
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
u
ld
p
r
ac
tically
b
e
im
p
lem
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[
1
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Te
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o
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c
h
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t,
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i
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lay
sia
(UTM
).
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s
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to
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P
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m
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m
Un
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tac
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m
a
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:
g
c
fe
i@u
tm.m
y
.
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