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m
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k
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ag
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m
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Natio
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Du
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T
r
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in
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Sy
s
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PLS
-
SEM
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
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T
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is i
s
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C
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p
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A
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:
R
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Ab
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Dep
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Un
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3
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Ser
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Selan
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S5
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.
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
g
ain
ed
p
o
p
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lar
ity
as
a
m
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f
o
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en
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a
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cin
g
p
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s
s
an
d
p
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d
u
ct
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f
ec
tiv
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d
co
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u
o
u
s
ly
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aisi
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g
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
ex
ce
ed
cu
s
to
m
e
r
ex
p
ec
t
atio
n
s
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
a
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
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o
t
ca
u
s
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o
f
b
u
s
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ess
p
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o
b
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s
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em
u
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a
s
tatis
tical
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ac
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a
n
d
,
at
th
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s
am
e
ti
m
e,
cr
ea
te
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
a
lo
wer
c
o
s
t
[
2
]
.
I
n
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
,
th
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
o
u
t
p
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t
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
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s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
in
s
er
v
ice
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
er
e
is
m
o
r
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
an
d
alig
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
t
o
m
ee
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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p
r
io
r
to
to
tal
q
u
ality
m
an
a
g
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en
t
(
T
QM
)
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
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v
em
en
t
(
C
I
)
b
ec
au
s
e
th
i
s
m
eth
o
d
in
clu
d
es
m
ea
s
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r
ed
an
d
r
ep
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ted
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
m
eth
o
d
is
p
a
tter
n
ed
af
ter
th
e
p
la
n
-
do
-
ch
ec
k
-
ac
t
(
PDC
A)
f
o
r
n
ew
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
;
m
ea
n
wh
ile,
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
th
e
f
iv
e
-
s
tep
m
et
h
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
u
s
in
g
d
e
f
in
e,
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
a
n
aly
ze
,
im
p
r
o
v
e,
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
DM
AI
C
)
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
DM
AI
C
is
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
v
er
th
e
PDC
A
m
eth
o
d
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
,
as
DM
AI
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
o
ls
in
to
ea
ch
s
tep
o
f
th
e
p
h
ases
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
m
eth
o
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
esire
d
g
o
als
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
6
5
-
3573
3566
T
h
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
C
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
ality
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Six
-
Sig
m
a
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
B
ill
Sm
ith
,
an
en
g
in
ee
r
at
Mo
to
r
o
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in
th
e
m
id
-
1
9
8
0
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
at
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
.
Du
e
to
its
s
u
cc
ess
as
a
p
r
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lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
to
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l
,
Mo
to
r
o
la
r
ec
eiv
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ir
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t
Ma
lco
lm
B
ald
r
id
g
e
Natio
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al
Qu
ality
Awa
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in
1
9
8
8
.
Sin
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e
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e
n
,
th
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
attr
ac
ted
m
an
y
lar
g
e
c
o
m
p
an
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es,
in
clu
d
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g
T
e
x
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in
s
tr
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m
e
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ts
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
B
u
s
in
ess
Ma
ch
in
es
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
(
I
B
M)
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
elec
tr
o
n
ics
,
to
ap
p
l
y
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
q
u
ality
an
d
s
er
v
ices
as
well
as
o
p
tim
ize
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
cin
g
waste.
No
wad
ay
s
,
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
m
an
y
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
er
v
ice
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
h
o
s
p
itality
an
d
to
u
r
is
m
,
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t,
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
[
1
0
]
–
[1
2
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
aid
th
at
th
e
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
co
n
ce
p
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
to
o
ls
as
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
B
u
m
jaid
an
d
Ma
lik
[1
3
]
.
I
t
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
HE
I
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
eth
o
d
s
in
m
o
s
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
s
tu
d
en
t
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
as
wel
l
as
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
2
],
[
9
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
it is
s
till
in
it
s
in
f
an
cy
in
th
e
o
th
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
C
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
3
]
b
eg
in
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
DM
AI
C
co
n
ce
p
t
in
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
to
ass
es
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
lin
e
le
ar
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Stu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
s
co
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
5
5
.
8
1
%
d
u
r
in
g
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
a
c
e
lectu
r
es
to
6
1
.
5
9
%
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
af
ter
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
wh
e
n
DM
AI
C
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
itiativ
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
DM
AI
C
s
ee
m
ed
to
wo
r
k
well
with
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
it
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
i
n
o
th
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
asian
a
an
d
Hid
ay
atu
llo
h
[
5
]
d
ep
lo
y
th
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
a
q
u
ali
tativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
in
ter
v
iews,
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al,
v
ice
p
r
in
ci
p
al,
a
n
d
o
th
er
r
ela
ted
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
as
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
DM
AI
C
co
n
ce
p
t
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
lain
ts
am
o
n
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
ar
e
g
r
a
d
u
ally
r
e
d
u
c
ed
.
R
esea
r
c
h
b
y
Al
-
G
h
a
m
d
i
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
Si
x
-
Si
g
m
a
DM
AI
C
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
e
q
u
ati
o
n
m
o
d
elli
n
g
(
SE
M)
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
j
o
b
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
t
h
e
te
ch
n
ic
al
a
n
d
v
o
c
ati
o
n
al
tr
ai
n
i
n
g
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
(
T
VT
C
)
i
n
Sau
d
i
A
r
a
b
ia
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
M
ea
n
w
h
ile,
th
e
SEM
ap
p
licatio
n
ass
is
t
s
in
s
tatis
t
ically
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
m
ed
iato
r
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
Pal
a
n
d
G
o
s
h
[1
5
]
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
t
h
e
ap
p
l
ic
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
DM
AI
C
co
n
c
e
p
t
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
t
o
s
atis
f
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
at
e
i
n
I
n
d
i
a.
An
u
n
in
te
r
est
in
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
,
o
n
e
-
wa
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
r
i
g
id
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
p
a
s
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
a
r
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
i
s
s
u
es
th
at
co
n
s
tr
ain
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
tatis
tically
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
d
r
o
p
o
u
t r
ate
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
el
ess
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
Six
-
Si
g
m
a
DM
AI
C
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Dav
id
s
on
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
f
er
s
er
v
ices
t
h
at
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
i
n
tan
g
i
b
le,
p
er
is
h
ab
le,
an
d
h
eter
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
with
a
wid
er
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ca
u
s
es
a
n
d
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
i
t is
d
if
f
i
cu
lt
to
s
y
s
t
em
a
tic
all
y
m
e
as
u
r
e
th
e
k
e
y
m
et
r
i
cs,
s
u
c
h
as
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
s
at
is
f
ac
ti
o
n
.
Me
as
u
r
i
n
g
d
ef
ec
ts
als
o
b
ec
o
m
es
co
m
p
l
ex
i
n
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
.
I
n
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
d
ef
ec
t
d
ef
in
i
ti
o
n
c
o
u
ld
b
e
a
p
o
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
a
m
is
s
ed
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
is
t
ic
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
let
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
s
ec
to
r
,
th
e
d
ef
ec
t
is
a
n
i
n
d
ef
in
a
b
le
ar
ea
s
i
n
c
e
s
e
r
v
ic
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
r
e
less
tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
th
a
n
m
an
u
f
a
ct
u
r
in
g
,
c
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
l
e
v
el
o
f
h
u
m
an
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
i
c
u
lt
to
p
in
p
o
i
n
t
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
i
s
b
r
o
k
e
n
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
tr
ac
e
b
a
ck
th
e
r
o
o
t
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
[1
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
ch
allen
g
es,
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[1
7
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew,
ex
am
in
in
g
25
DM
AI
C
m
o
d
els an
d
tak
in
g
ex
p
er
t v
iewp
o
in
ts
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
g
en
er
al
DM
AI
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
en
ab
les
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
s
tr
ateg
ica
lly
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
th
is
g
en
er
al
DM
AI
C
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
m
a
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
o
th
v
is
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
es,
as
is
o
f
ten
t
h
e
ca
s
e
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
an
d
in
tan
g
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
es
lik
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
ac
tio
n
p
la
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
iv
e
s
tep
s
o
f
DM
AI
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Ku
m
ar
e
t
a
l
.
[1
7
]
,
as in
T
ab
le
1
.
Prio
r
liter
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ap
p
lied
th
e
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
h
allen
g
es
in
o
t
h
er
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
n
o
t
y
et
b
ee
n
lar
g
e
ly
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
in
t
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
ap
p
r
e
n
ticesh
ip
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
e
n
g
a
g
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
(
I
E
M
)
b
y
ex
t
en
d
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[1
7
]
to
i
d
en
tify
th
e
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
ap
p
r
en
ticesh
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
Natio
n
al
Du
al
T
r
ain
in
g
Sy
s
tem
(
NDT
S).
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
en
ef
ited
to
ass
is
t
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
m
ak
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
e
r
v
ice
an
d
q
u
ality
in
a
p
p
r
e
n
ticesh
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
f
ield
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ix
-
S
ig
ma
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
imp
r
o
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t str
a
teg
ies in
Ma
la
ysia
n
…
(
R
o
z
iya
ti
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
3567
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
Six
-
Sig
m
a
DM
AI
C
g
en
er
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
D
M
A
I
C
5
-
p
h
a
s
e
s
D
M
A
I
C
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
D
e
f
i
n
e
(
D
)
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
M
e
a
su
r
e
(
M
)
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s (A
)
D
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
mp
r
o
v
e
(
I
)
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
i
mp
r
o
v
e
men
t
s
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
C
)
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
(
def
ine
)
:
re
s
ea
r
ch
v
a
ria
bles
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h hy
po
t
hes
es
T
h
e
d
ef
i
n
e
p
h
ase
in
ten
d
s
t
o
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
esear
c
h
v
a
r
iab
les
to
d
ev
el
o
p
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
Sco
p
u
s
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
an
d
Me
n
d
ele
y
W
eb
Sear
ch
f
o
r
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
2
0
2
2
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
“E
m
p
lo
y
er
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t”
OR
“I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t”
AND
“Ap
p
r
en
ticesh
ip
,
”
“E
m
p
lo
y
er
E
n
g
ag
em
en
t”
OR
“I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
E
n
g
a
g
em
en
t”
AND
“Wo
r
k
-
b
ased
L
ea
r
n
in
g
,
”
“E
m
p
lo
y
er
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t”
OR
“I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
E
n
g
a
g
em
en
t”
AND
“Du
al
T
r
ain
in
g
,
”
an
d
“E
m
p
lo
y
er
E
n
g
a
g
em
en
t”
OR
“I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t”
A
ND
“Vo
ca
tio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
T
r
ain
in
g
.
”
Fro
m
th
e
in
itial
1
7
3
ar
ticles,
7
6
ar
ti
cles
wer
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
d
u
e
to
in
c
o
n
clu
s
iv
e
r
esu
lts
,
f
u
ll
a
r
ticles
wer
e
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
,
th
u
s
th
e
f
in
al
ar
ticles
to
b
e
r
ev
iewe
d
w
er
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
9
7
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
9
7
ar
ticles
wer
e
u
p
lo
ad
e
d
to
th
e
AT
L
AS.ti
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
to
s
cr
u
tin
ize
th
e
ar
ticles
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
elev
an
t
co
d
es
an
d
s
o
r
t o
u
t p
o
te
n
tial th
em
es a
n
d
item
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
an
d
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
.
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
2
(
m
e
a
s
ure
)
:
re
s
ea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
m
e
asu
r
e
p
h
ase
d
e
v
e
lo
p
s
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
an
d
d
e
s
cr
i
b
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
d
at
a
co
l
le
cti
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
s
et
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
was
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
v
ali
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
(
C
VI
)
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
i
n
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
,
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
th
e
g
u
i
d
el
in
es
b
y
Kis
h
o
r
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
a
n
d
S
h
r
o
t
r
y
ia
an
d
D
h
a
n
d
a
[
19
]
.
A
p
i
lo
t
test
was t
h
en
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
t
o
c
h
ec
k
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
n
g
it
f
o
r
a
f
i
el
d
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
(
a
na
ly
z
e
)
:
re
s
ea
rc
h m
o
del dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
p
h
ase
ex
a
m
in
es
t
h
e
d
ata
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
esear
c
h
v
ar
i
ab
les
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
r
esear
c
h
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
-
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
a
l
eq
u
ati
o
n
m
o
d
el
li
n
g
(
PLS
-
SE
M)
s
o
f
twar
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
to
o
l
to
em
p
lo
y
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
f
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
cr
itical
s
u
cc
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
d
er
iv
e
m
an
a
g
er
ial
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
[2
0
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
i
n
v
o
lv
es
:
i
)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
item
s
a
n
d
th
eir
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
(
co
n
s
tr
u
ct)
an
d
ii
)
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
to
e
x
am
i
n
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
v
a
r
iab
les
to
an
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
[2
1
]
.
2
.
4
.
P
ha
s
e
4
(
im
pro
v
e
)
:
e
x
a
m
ine t
he
k
ey
s
t
r
a
t
eg
ies
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
h
ase
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
in
PLS
-
SEM
u
s
in
g
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
(
I
PMA)
to
id
en
tify
wh
ich
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
ar
e
r
e
lativ
ely
cr
itical
f
o
r
p
r
io
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
b
ased
o
n
r
an
k
in
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[2
2
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
wh
er
eb
y
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
th
is
f
ield
g
r
ea
tly
b
o
o
s
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
NDT
S
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
[2
3
]
.
2
.
5
.
P
ha
s
e
5
(
co
ntr
o
l
)
:
s
ug
g
e
s
t
a
ct
io
n pla
n
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
h
ase
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
ac
tio
n
item
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
av
o
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ev
iatio
n
[2
4
]
.
T
h
e
item
s
with
a
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
7
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
r
a
ctica
l
ac
tio
n
p
lan
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[2
1
]
.
T
h
e
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
an
d
u
n
f
o
ld
ed
in
a
m
a
n
n
er
as in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
D
MA
I
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t stu
d
y
D
ef
i
n
e
•
D
e
f
i
n
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
se
r
a
c
h
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
se
s
M
e
a
su
r
e
•
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
d
a
t
a
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
•
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
at
a
Im
p
r
o
v
e
•
Ex
a
mi
n
e
t
h
e
k
e
y
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
•
P
r
o
p
o
se
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
6
5
-
3573
3568
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
(
def
ine
)
:
identif
y
re
s
ea
rc
h v
a
ria
bles
a
nd
dev
elo
p r
esea
rc
h hy
po
t
hes
es
Af
ter
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
an
d
s
cr
u
tin
izin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
f
in
al
v
ar
i
ab
les
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
f
iv
e
th
e
m
es
f
o
r
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
(
I
Vs),
n
am
ely
:
f
in
an
cial
in
ce
n
tiv
e
o
r
FI
(
H1
)
,
d
ig
ital
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
r
DA
(
H2
)
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
r
PC
(
H3
)
,
f
lex
ib
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
r
FT
(
H4
)
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
r
EP
(
H5
)
,
an
d
o
n
e
th
em
e
f
o
r
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
(
DV)
,
n
am
ely
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
(
I
P)
.
T
h
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
v
ar
iab
les
lead
s
t
o
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
eses
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
wh
er
eb
y
all
th
e
I
Vs
(
H1
to
H5
)
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
n
DV
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
th
em
atic
an
al
y
s
is
als
o
id
en
tifie
s
item
s
to
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
I
Vs an
d
DV.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
3
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
2
(
m
e
a
s
ure
)
:
re
s
ea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
ent
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
A
s
et
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
2
=d
is
ag
r
ee
,
3
=n
o
t
s
u
r
e,
4
=a
g
r
ee
,
an
d
5
=stro
n
g
ly
a
g
r
e
e
)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
es
4
4
item
s
to
e
x
p
lain
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
I
t
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
s
ev
en
e
x
p
er
ts
,
w
ith
th
e
C
VI
v
alu
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
a
cc
ep
ted
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
8
0
,
an
d
test
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ilo
t
te
s
t
with
a
h
ig
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
5
1
to
0
.
9
7
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t w
as tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
an
d
r
eli
ab
le
f
o
r
f
ield
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
to
NDT
S
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
NDT
S
en
g
ag
em
en
t
s
em
in
ar
o
r
g
an
ized
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t o
f
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
DSD)
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
lim
ited
to
to
p
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
t
h
e
NDT
S
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
a
n
d
th
e
NDT
S
co
ac
h
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
Par
ticip
a
n
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
co
m
p
lete
an
d
s
u
b
m
it
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
f
o
r
m
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
em
in
ar
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
6
4
d
atasets
wer
e
co
llected
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
elo
w
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
S=1
7
5
as
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
Kr
ejcie
a
n
d
Mo
r
g
an
s
am
p
le
s
ize
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tab
le
[1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
DSD
o
f
f
icer
s
ass
is
ted
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
v
is
its
to
NDT
S
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
wh
ich
m
an
a
g
ed
t
o
o
b
tain
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
4
3
d
atasets
,
m
a
k
in
g
a
to
tal
o
f
2
0
7
d
atasets
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
r
ee
d
at
asets
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
u
e
to
a
m
b
ig
u
ity
er
r
o
r
;
th
u
s
,
o
n
ly
2
0
4
d
atasets
wer
e
f
it f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
as
in
T
ab
le
2
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
NDT
S
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
ag
es
b
etw
ee
n
3
1
a
n
d
4
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
f
r
o
m
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
en
ter
p
r
is
es
(
SME
s
)
an
d
h
eld
d
ip
lo
m
as
i
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
NDT
S
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
is
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
w
h
o
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
in
g
th
e
NDT
S
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
with
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
.
M
ea
n
wh
ile,
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
0
%
o
f
NDT
S
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e
SME
s
.
Th
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
p
er
s
u
ad
e
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
th
at
t
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
wer
e
s
u
itab
le
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
.
3
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
(
a
na
ly
ze
)
:
re
s
ea
rc
h m
o
del dev
elo
pm
ent
3
.
3
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del a
na
ly
s
is
I
tem
s
th
at
h
av
e
an
o
u
ter
lo
ad
in
g
lo
wer
th
an
0
.
4
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
n
o
t
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
elete
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
[2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
o
u
t
o
f
4
4
item
s
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
6
item
s
wer
e
d
i
s
ca
r
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
with
an
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
i
n
g
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
.
4
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
3
8
item
s
with
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
in
g
r
an
g
i
n
g
b
etwe
en
0
.
5
5
0
a
n
d
0
.
8
7
6
wer
e
test
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
a
n
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t.
R
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
all
th
e
3
8
item
s
m
et
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
c
r
iter
ia,
th
u
s
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
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en
t
m
o
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el
r
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ir
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d
r
ea
d
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r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
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el
an
aly
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is
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del a
na
l
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is
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p
ath
m
o
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el
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wh
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1
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9
6
,
t
h
e
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alu
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th
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n
0
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0
5
,
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n
d
th
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e
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a
s
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o
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p
o
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itiv
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r
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n
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ip
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ath
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1
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.
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4
4.
DIS
CU
SS
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O
N
T
h
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Six
-
Sig
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a
DM
AI
C
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a
m
eth
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s
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iew
t
o
id
en
tif
y
th
e
b
est
r
elate
d
ar
ticles
o
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
ap
p
r
en
ticesh
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
to
s
cr
u
tin
ize
th
em
es
lead
s
to
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
le
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
n
am
ely
:
FI
(
H1
)
,
DA
(
H
2
)
,
PC
(
H3
)
,
FT
(
H4
)
,
an
d
EP
(
H5
)
.
All
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
IP
.
A
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
l
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
f
ield
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
NDT
S
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
l
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
s
ec
to
r
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
est
NDT
S
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
lim
ited
to
to
p
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t,
NDT
S
co
o
r
d
in
at
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
NDT
S
co
ac
h
es
at
NDT
S
co
m
p
an
ies
wh
o
s
e
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2252
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8
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2
2
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ix
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ig
ma
a
p
p
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imp
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y
en
g
a
g
eme
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t str
a
teg
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Ma
la
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(
R
o
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b
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u
lla
h
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3571
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
s
till
in
ef
f
ec
t.
I
n
r
etu
r
n
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2
0
4
d
atasets
wer
e
co
llected
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
em
in
ar
an
d
co
m
p
an
y
v
is
it,
wh
ich
is
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
Data
co
llected
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
,
s
tatis
tical
s
o
f
twar
e
to
e
x
am
in
e
lin
ea
r
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les,
test
f
o
r
m
ed
iato
r
s
,
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
a
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
[2
1
]
.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
PLS
-
SEM
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
FI
,
FT
,
an
d
EP
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
IP
;
th
u
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
n
th
is
v
ar
iab
le
ar
e
ac
ce
p
ted
.
Ho
wev
er
,
DA
an
d
PC
r
eq
u
ir
e
EP
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
IP
.
W
ith
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
r
esear
c
h
m
o
d
el
k
n
o
wn
as th
e
I
E
M
was d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
s
u
b
s
tan
tial p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
t
h
e
I
E
M
o
n
ly
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
p
e
cif
y
wh
ich
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
cr
u
cial
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
th
e
I
PMA
m
ay
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
lain
th
is
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
I
P
MA
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
h
a
v
e
r
a
n
k
e
d
h
ig
h
i
n
b
o
th
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wer
e
FT
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
,
a
n
d
DA
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
FI
an
d
PC
h
as
litt
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
th
e
NDT
S p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
I
PMA
an
aly
s
is
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
ali
g
n
wit
h
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
t
u
d
ies
[2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
t
h
a
t
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
f
le
x
i
b
i
lit
y
in
t
r
a
in
in
g
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
f
r
e
ed
o
m
t
o
t
r
ai
n
a
p
p
r
en
tic
es
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
n
e
ed
s
as
“c
u
s
t
o
m
er
s
”.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n
,
H
u
d
d
lest
o
n
a
n
d
B
r
a
n
c
h
-
Had
d
o
w
[
29
]
cl
aim
s
t
h
at
tr
a
d
iti
o
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
ti
m
e
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
as
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
n
l
in
e
p
la
tf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
ci
al
m
e
d
i
a
n
etw
o
r
k
s
,
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
s
i
m
p
le
t
o
en
g
ag
e
wit
h
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
ac
t
w
it
h
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
De
c
u
y
p
er
e
a
n
d
L
e
wis
[3
0
]
ag
r
e
e
th
at
d
ig
ita
liz
ati
o
n
i
n
ad
m
i
n
is
t
r
at
io
n
ass
is
ts
p
r
i
v
a
te
s
e
cto
r
s
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
wit
h
m
o
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
,
l
ess
b
u
r
e
au
cr
ac
y
,
a
n
d
l
ess
p
a
p
e
r
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
i
ch
w
o
u
ld
d
ev
el
o
p
h
i
g
h
er
p
u
b
li
c
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
Sy
a
u
q
i
e
t
a
l.
[3
1
]
ass
er
te
d
t
h
a
t
s
t
r
o
n
g
co
lla
b
o
r
ati
o
n
r
eq
u
i
r
es
cl
ea
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
s
h
ar
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
tn
e
r
’
s
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
d
ig
italizatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
t
io
n
as
well
as
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
th
at
will
lead
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
FI
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
IP
,
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
alo
n
e
co
u
ld
n
o
t su
s
tain
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
wh
en
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
s
ev
e
r
e
b
u
d
g
ets
[3
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
th
e
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
as
a
to
o
l
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
in
th
e
Ma
l
ay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
5
-
p
h
ase
DM
AI
C
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
ev
elo
p
s
a
n
I
E
M
to
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
k
e
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
o
en
h
an
ce
IP
in
t
h
e
NDT
S.
Fi
n
d
in
g
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
FT
,
EP
,
an
d
DA
ar
e
th
e
h
ig
h
-
i
m
p
ac
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
IP
in
th
e
NDT
S
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
FI
an
d
PC
o
n
ly
b
r
in
g
s
a
s
m
all
im
p
ac
t
o
n
IP
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
id
ea
th
at
t
h
e
Six
-
S
ig
m
a
DM
AI
C
co
n
ce
p
t
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
er
v
ice
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
R
o
ziy
ati
Ab
d
u
llah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Z
u
lk
if
lle
L
em
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
.
T
Han
g
T
u
ah
B
ah
ar
u
d
in
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sit
i A
zf
an
izam
Ah
m
ad
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
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z
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t
i
o
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p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
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P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
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Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
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CO
NF
L
I
C
T
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F
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N
T
E
R
E
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T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
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n
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lict o
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3573
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