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f
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
q
u
o
ti
e
n
t
(IQ)
in
p
re
d
ictin
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
c
h
e
m
istry
a
m
o
n
g
se
n
i
o
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
.
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h
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
t
h
e
stu
d
y
is
t
o
d
e
term
in
e
i)
wh
e
th
e
r
IQ
p
re
d
ict
c
h
e
m
istry
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
sc
o
re
s
o
f
se
n
i
o
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
c
h
e
m
istry
a
n
d
i
i)
th
e
p
ro
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
se
n
i
o
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
c
h
e
m
istry
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
is
a
tt
rib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
IQ
a
re
a
s
o
f
lo
g
ica
l
th
in
k
in
g
,
sp
a
ti
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
n
u
m
e
rica
l
,
a
n
d
v
e
r
b
a
l
a
p
ti
t
u
d
e
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
’
s
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
sig
n
wa
s
a
c
o
rre
latio
n
.
T
h
e
st
u
d
y
wa
s
g
u
i
d
e
d
b
y
tw
o
re
se
a
rc
h
q
u
e
stio
n
s
a
n
d
two
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
se
s.
Th
e
stu
d
y
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
1
,
0
2
2
se
n
io
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
e
m
istry
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
s
it
s
p
o
p
u
l
a
ti
o
n
.
A
sa
m
p
le
o
f
3
2
0
se
n
i
o
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
e
m
istry
stu
d
e
n
ts
w
a
s
c
h
o
se
n
u
si
n
g
ra
n
d
o
m
sa
m
p
li
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
fr
o
m
1
0
p
u
b
l
ic
sc
h
o
o
ls.
T
h
re
e
e
x
p
e
r
ts
v
a
li
d
a
ted
th
e
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
q
u
o
ti
e
n
t
tes
t
(IQT),
wh
ich
wa
s
u
se
d
a
s
th
e
d
a
ta
g
a
th
e
rin
g
t
o
o
l
.
IQT
’
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
wa
s
d
e
term
in
e
d
t
o
b
e
0
.
6
8
u
ti
l
izin
g
K
u
d
e
r
-
Rich
a
rd
s
o
n
f
o
rm
u
la
2
0
(KR
-
2
0
).
Bo
t
h
sim
p
le
a
n
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
li
n
e
a
r
re
g
re
ss
io
n
s
we
re
u
se
d
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
d
a
ta.
Am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
th
i
n
g
s,
th
e
stu
d
y
’
s
re
su
lt
s
s
h
o
we
d
th
a
t
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
IQ
p
re
d
icte
d
1
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
riati
o
n
i
n
th
e
ir
c
h
e
m
istry
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
f
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
IQ
—
n
u
m
e
rica
l,
a
p
t
it
u
d
e
,
sp
a
ti
a
l,
a
n
d
lo
g
ica
l
—
a
ll
si
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
e
m
istry
.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
IQ
s
u
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
th
e
ir
c
h
e
m
istry
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
ra
ti
n
g
s.
S
in
c
e
c
h
e
m
istry
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
is
h
e
a
v
il
y
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
n
u
m
e
rica
l,
a
p
ti
t
u
d
e
,
sp
a
ti
a
l,
a
n
d
lo
g
ica
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
stu
d
e
n
ts
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
n
e
fit
fro
m
sp
e
c
ialize
d
tea
c
h
in
g
stra
teg
i
e
s
th
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
rt
t
h
e
se
d
o
m
a
in
s.
Th
e
a
d
d
it
io
n
o
f
IQ
tes
t
re
su
lt
s
a
s
a
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
fo
r
e
n
ro
ll
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
e
m
istry
c
o
u
rse
s
wa
s
su
g
g
e
ste
d
.
K
ey
w
o
rd
s
:
C
h
em
is
tr
y
I
n
tellig
en
ce
Pre
d
icto
r
Qu
o
tien
t
Seco
n
d
ar
y
T
h
is i
s
a
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o
p
e
n
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c
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a
rticle
u
n
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r th
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Od
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Facu
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Delta
State
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Nig
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
h
ea
lt
h
,
p
etr
o
le
u
m
,
a
n
d
p
etr
o
ch
em
ical
s
ec
to
r
s
.
C
h
em
is
tr
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
er
v
es
to
in
s
till
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
cien
ce
-
o
r
ien
ted
attitu
d
es
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
y
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
p
r
ec
o
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
-
r
elate
d
f
ield
s
.
W
h
en
th
ese
attitu
d
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
,
th
ey
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
ciety
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al,
an
d
th
e
citizen
s
’
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
lif
e.
Nwa
n
ze
an
d
Ok
o
li
[
2
]
s
tate
d
th
at
c
h
em
is
tr
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
is
s
u
es,
p
ay
g
r
ea
t
atten
t
i
o
n
to
d
etail,
ev
alu
ates
d
ata,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
b
o
th
o
r
ally
a
n
d
in
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
ab
ilit
ies th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
u
s
ed
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
d
o
m
ain
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
is
th
e
g
r
ad
e
a
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
eiv
es
in
a
v
ar
i
ety
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
b
jects.
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
test
s
co
r
es,
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
r
ates,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
ev
alu
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
b
y
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
g
au
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
[
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Ak
in
le
k
e
[
5
]
,
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
h
o
w
well
th
ey
d
o
o
n
test
s
,
ex
am
s
,
an
d
c
o
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
.
Aca
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
as
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
Ma
u
r
ee
n
an
d
C
h
in
elo
[
4
]
,
is
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
t
h
a
t
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
a
teac
h
er
u
s
in
g
g
r
a
d
es
an
d
/
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
estab
lis
h
to
b
e
m
et
o
v
e
r
a
ce
r
tai
n
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
wen
t
o
n
to
s
ay
t
h
at
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
r
ex
am
s
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
g
au
g
e
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
to
g
r
asp
th
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
atter
.
Nu
m
b
er
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
t
o
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
well
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
[
6
]
.
T
est
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
co
r
es
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
g
au
g
e
h
o
w
well
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
th
e
s
u
b
ject
an
d
to
ass
es
s
h
o
w
wel
l
th
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
is
g
o
in
g
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
f
r
am
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
-
tim
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
m
aster
ed
is
tau
g
h
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
in
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
a
wea
k
ac
ad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
f
in
d
th
e
s
u
b
ject
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
m
o
r
e
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
wh
en
th
e
y
en
ter
p
o
s
ts
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ad
eq
u
ate
b
asic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
s
till
m
o
s
tly
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
u
b
p
ar
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
ed
b
y
ch
em
is
tr
y
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ch
o
o
s
e
to
m
ajo
r
i
n
s
cien
ce
an
d
ch
o
o
s
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
jects
to
o
f
f
er
an
d
p
o
te
n
tially
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
r
ar
ely
ex
am
in
e
d
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
to
s
ee
wh
eth
er
th
ey
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
in
tellect
lev
el
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
b
e
ab
le
to
ac
tiv
ely
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
e
x
p
an
d
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
M
ar
wah
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
th
at
en
ab
le
th
em
to
m
ak
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
an
d
p
ick
u
p
n
ew
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
ast.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
e
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
n
eself
an
d
m
ak
in
g
an
attem
p
t
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
s
o
lid
s
elf
-
im
ag
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
s
to
p
b
ad
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
tim
es
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
t
o
f
a
v
o
r
ab
l
y
s
h
ap
e
th
eir
attitu
d
es,
id
ea
s
,
an
d
s
elv
es.
Sin
ce
in
tellig
en
ce
is
an
ab
s
tr
ac
t
ter
m
,
m
o
s
t
p
eo
p
le
th
in
k
o
f
it
as
th
e
ca
p
a
city
to
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
an
d
a
b
s
o
r
b
n
ew
i
d
ea
s
ea
s
ily
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
ain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
an
d
u
s
e
it
in
m
an
y
u
n
iq
u
e
co
n
tex
ts
is
th
e
r
estricte
d
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
i
n
tellig
en
ce
[
4
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
6
]
,
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
5
]
,
in
tellig
en
ce
is
a
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
m
ay
f
o
r
ec
ast
a
ca
d
em
i
c
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t in
k
id
s
’
f
u
tu
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
.
E
v
er
y
p
er
s
o
n
in
ev
er
y
f
ield
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
is
i
n
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
an
d
,
ev
en
tu
ally
,
life
s
u
cc
ess
.
I
t
en
ab
les
u
s
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
life
.
I
f
a
y
o
u
n
g
s
ter
is
r
aised
in
a
lo
v
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
t
h
e
y
ca
n
f
u
lly
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
in
t
ellec
tu
al
p
o
ten
tial
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ma
r
wah
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
,
in
tellig
en
ce
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ass
im
ilate
n
ew
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
u
s
e
it
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
Po
k
h
r
iy
al
an
d
Pan
g
tey
[
1
7
]
d
ef
in
es
it
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
ea
l
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ev
en
ts
a
n
d
d
er
iv
e
in
tellectu
al
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
wo
r
d
“
in
t
ellig
en
ce
q
u
o
tien
t”
is
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ly
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
q
u
alities
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
th
a
t
in
clu
d
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
co
g
n
itio
n
,
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
tellig
en
ce
q
u
o
tien
t
(
I
Q)
,
th
e
n
,
is
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
r
esp
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ately
to
a
s
tim
u
lu
s
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
An
in
tellig
en
ce
q
u
o
tien
t
test
(
I
QT
)
is
a
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
in
tellect.
T
h
e
wo
r
d
I
Q
r
ef
er
s
to
a
b
r
o
ad
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
m
en
tal
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
th
o
u
g
h
t,
co
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
I
QT
is
to
f
o
r
m
al
ly
ex
am
in
e
,
u
n
d
er
test
s
ettin
g
s
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
a
b
ilit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xa
min
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f in
tellig
e
n
ce
q
u
o
tien
t in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
s
en
i
o
r
…
(
Ha
n
n
a
h
E
jo
vwo
ko
g
h
en
e
A
vwi
r
i
)
3471
to
ad
ju
s
t
to
a
ce
r
tain
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
in
k
in
g
,
r
em
em
b
er
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
lear
n
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e
ar
e
all
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
th
at
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
r
r
elate
d
wi
th
in
tellig
en
ce
[
6
]
.
T
ests
o
f
I
Q
ar
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
in
tellect.
An
ab
ilit
y
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
is
s
o
m
etim
es r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as I
Q.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ic
n
am
e
f
o
r
m
en
tal
q
u
alities
th
at
in
clu
d
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
,
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
o
u
g
h
t
,
la
n
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e,
co
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
is
I
Q
[
1
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
I
Q
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
to
r
esp
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
t
o
a
s
tim
u
lu
s
th
at
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
th
em
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
r
wah
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
,
th
o
s
e
with
lo
w
I
Qs
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e,
h
o
s
tile,
an
d
d
is
ap
p
o
in
ted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
an
I
Q
test
ar
e
a
r
eliab
le
in
d
ic
ato
r
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
ch
o
o
l,
in
co
m
e,
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
an
y
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
u
cc
es
s
in
life
[
6
]
.
Go
o
d
I
Q
s
co
r
es
ar
e
also
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
[
6
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Hig
h
I
Q
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
g
o
in
g
t
o
d
o
b
etter
ac
ad
e
m
ically
th
an
lo
w
I
Q
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ku
llar
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at,
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
n
o
r
m
al
I
Qs,
th
o
s
e
with
lo
w
I
Qs
ac
h
iev
e
n
o
ticea
b
ly
less
ac
ad
em
ically
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
p
u
p
ils
’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
I
Q
lev
els.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Gu
ez
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
p
u
p
ils
wit
h
lo
w
I
Qs
h
a
v
e
lo
w
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
in
m
ath
em
atics,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
I
Qs
h
av
e
ex
ce
llen
t
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Hen
d
r
iy
an
to
an
d
J
u
an
d
i
[
1
4
]
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
ath
e
m
atics
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
I
Q
th
at
e
x
am
in
ed
b
asic
r
e
latio
n
s
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
1
0
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
Q
le
v
e
l
h
ad
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
m
ath
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
I
n
te
llig
en
ce
test
s
co
r
es
ar
e
co
r
r
elate
d
with
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
as
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
ey
em
i
an
d
Fato
y
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
3
]
o
n
I
Q
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
lo
wer
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
u
cc
ess
in
s
o
cial
s
tu
d
ies,
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
Q
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Pre
d
ictin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
is
s
u
e
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
r
esear
ch
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
[
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
o
n
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
b
y
I
Q
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
All
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
i
es
h
av
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
h
ig
h
i
n
tellig
en
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
eq
u
ate
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
th
at
in
tellig
en
ce
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
o
w
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
g
en
u
in
e
in
t
ellec
t
an
d
u
s
e
test
r
esu
lts
to
g
au
g
e
in
tellig
en
ce
lev
el
h
as
p
lag
u
ed
ac
ad
em
i
cs
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
th
e
m
o
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
ies.
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
in
tellig
en
ce
test
r
esu
lts
,
o
r
I
Q
s
co
r
es,
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
i
n
tellect.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
wid
el
y
ac
ce
p
ted
t
h
at
th
ey
ju
s
t
g
iv
e
a
g
lim
p
s
e
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
ap
titu
d
e
in
th
e
f
ield
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
f
u
ll
p
ictu
r
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
o
m
eo
n
e
with
a
h
ig
h
v
er
b
a
l
I
Q
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
I
Q
in
v
er
b
al,
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
with
a
h
ig
h
m
ath
em
atics
I
Q
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
I
Q
in
m
ath
em
atic
s
.
I
t
g
o
es
with
o
u
t
s
ay
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
es
th
at
ar
e
test
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
t
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
I
Q
m
ay
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
Kp
o
lo
v
ie
[
2
6
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
s
ev
er
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
I
Q
test
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
r
ea
ted
an
d
g
iv
en
b
y
q
u
alif
ied
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kp
o
lo
v
ie
[
2
6
]
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
te
s
t
th
at
ca
n
ass
ess
in
tellig
en
ce
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
h
as
led
t
o
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
ar
is
e
b
ec
au
s
e
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
er
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
v
e
r
b
al/lin
g
u
is
tic
in
tellig
en
ce
,
lo
g
ical
in
tellig
en
ce
,
v
is
u
al/s
p
a
tial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
an
d
in
tr
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
a
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
test
s
.
I
t
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
is
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
in
s
u
b
ject
lik
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
s
in
ce
test
s
ass
ess
in
g
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
:
i)
wh
eth
er
I
Q
p
r
ed
ict
ch
em
is
tr
y
Ach
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
in
Delta
C
en
tr
al
Sen
ato
r
ial
Dis
tr
ict,
Delta
State,
Nig
er
ia
an
d
ii)
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
is
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
I
Q
ar
ea
s
o
f
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
,
s
p
atial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
n
u
m
er
ical
an
d
v
er
b
al
ap
titu
d
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
, t
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
i)
Ho
w
well
d
o
es
I
Q
p
r
ed
ict
ch
em
is
tr
y
Ach
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
?
ii)
W
h
at
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
en
i
o
r
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
is
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
I
Q
ar
ea
s
o
f
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
,
s
p
atial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
n
u
m
e
r
ical
an
d
v
er
b
al
ap
titu
d
e?
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
s
tated
t
o
g
u
id
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
:
i)
t
h
e
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
with
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
o
ten
tial o
f
I
Q
(
H1
)
an
d
ii)
t
h
e
I
Q
ar
ea
s
o
f
s
p
atial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
,
l
o
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
,
n
u
m
er
ical
an
d
v
er
b
al
ab
ilit
y
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
i
ev
e
m
en
t o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
(
H2
)
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
Q
an
d
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
b
u
t
to
m
y
b
est
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
o
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
I
Q
an
d
th
eir
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
Delta
C
en
tr
al
Sen
ato
r
ial
Dis
tr
ict,
Del
ta
s
tate,
Nig
er
ia
h
en
ce
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
wh
et
h
er
I
Q
r
ea
lly
co
r
r
elate
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
c
h
em
is
tr
y
an
d
also
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
,
a
p
t
i
t
u
d
e
,
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
d
lo
g
ical
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
o
f
I
Q
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
es
w
it
h
s
e
n
i
o
r
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
e
m
is
t
r
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
6
9
-
34
7
7
3472
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
co
r
r
elatio
n
al.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Nwo
r
g
u
[
2
7
]
,
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
d
esig
n
is
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
lin
k
am
o
n
g
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
in
ter
est
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
Nwo
r
g
u
[
2
7
]
claim
s
th
at
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
was
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
lin
k
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Delta
C
en
tr
al
Sen
ato
r
i
al
Dis
tr
ict,
Delta
State,
Nig
er
i
a,
an
d
th
eir
I
Q.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
ed
1
,
0
2
2
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
f
er
in
g
c
h
em
is
tr
y
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
3
2
0
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ad
e
u
p
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
le,
wh
ich
was
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
1
0
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
Delta
C
en
tr
al
Sen
ato
r
ial
Dis
tr
ict
u
s
i
n
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
R
esear
ch
Ad
v
is
o
r
s
[
2
8
]
,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
9
1
f
r
o
m
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
1
,
2
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
o
f
9
5
%,
an
d
a
m
ar
g
in
o
f
er
r
o
r
o
f
5
%
is
q
u
i
te
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
b
ased
o
n
th
is
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
c
h
o
s
en
.
T
h
e
I
QT
,
wh
ich
was
m
o
d
if
ied
f
r
o
m
C
ar
ter
an
d
R
u
s
s
ell
[
2
9
]
,
was
th
e
to
o
l
u
s
ed
to
g
ath
er
th
e
d
ata.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
—
n
u
m
er
ical,
ap
titu
d
e,
s
p
atial,
an
d
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
—
ar
e
c
o
v
er
e
d
in
th
e
4
0
-
item
I
QT
ex
am
.
T
h
e
test
h
ad
6
0
-
m
in
u
te
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
tak
in
g
th
eir
o
r
g
a
n
ic
ch
em
is
tr
y
co
u
r
s
e
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ele
ctio
n
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
was
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
tis
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
ass
ess
ed
,
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
un
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
an
d
th
eir
f
am
iliar
ity
with
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
q
u
alities
s
u
ch
a
s
v
alid
ity
(
co
n
ten
t,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
an
d
c
r
iter
ia)
.
T
o
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
I
QT
’
s
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
il
ity
,
Ku
d
er
R
ich
ar
d
s
o
n
Fo
r
m
u
la
2
0
(
KR
-
2
0
)
was
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
6
8
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
s
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
b
e
r
eliab
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Z
ah
f
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
,
s
in
ce
it
is
ab
o
v
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
.
Mu
ltip
le
an
d
s
im
p
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
(
p
r
ed
icto
r
)
a
n
d
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t v
ar
iab
le
(
ac
h
iev
em
en
t)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
H
o
w
well
do
es
I
Q
pre
dict
c
hem
is
t
ry
a
chiev
em
ent
s
co
re
s
o
f
s
enio
r
s
ec
o
nd
a
ry
s
cho
o
l
s
t
ud
e
nts
in
chem
is
t
ry
?
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
1
,
th
er
e
is
a
lo
w
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
R
=0
.
1
1
5
)
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
I
Q
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
eir
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
s
co
r
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e,
th
eir
I
Q
p
r
ed
icts
1
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
t
h
eir
c
h
em
is
tr
y
s
co
r
es.
T
a
b
le
1
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
co
r
r
elati
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Delta
C
en
tr
al
Sen
ato
r
ia
l
Dis
tr
ict,
Delta
s
tate,
Nig
er
ia
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l a
n
d
t
h
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t in
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
alth
o
u
g
h
lo
w
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
Q
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
o
n
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t i
n
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
M
o
d
e
l
R
R
2
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
2
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s (
b
)
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
0
.
1
1
5
a
0
.
0
1
3
0
.
0
1
1
6
3
.
9
7
5
1
3
.
0
5
3
Lo
w
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
IQ
0
.
1
1
4
a
.
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s:
(
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
)
,
I
Q
3
.
1
.
2
.
W
ha
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
en
i
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
ud
e
n
t
s
’
c
hemi
s
t
r
y
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
men
t
i
s
a
t
t
ri
bu
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
he
IQ
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
h
in
ki
n
g
,
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
in
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
c
e
,
n
u
me
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
v
e
rb
a
l
a
p
t
i
t
u
d
e
?
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
b
eta
co
ef
f
icien
t,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
th
e
u
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
b
eta
co
ef
f
icien
t
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
o
wer
s
o
f
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
I
Q,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
eir
r
elativ
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
to
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
i
n
c
h
em
is
tr
y
,
a
r
e
b
o
th
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
T
ab
le
2
,
w
h
ich
also
r
ev
ea
ls
a
lo
w
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
(
R
=0
.
2
0
8
)
b
etwe
en
all
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
I
Q
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
T
h
e
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
4
3
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
I
Q
jo
in
tly
p
r
e
d
ict
4
.
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
ch
em
is
t
r
y
s
co
r
es.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
is
wea
k
ly
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
e
d
i
cted
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
R
=0
.
0
8
6
)
,
wea
k
l
y
p
o
s
itiv
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Fu
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2
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at
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ev
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th
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m
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s
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0
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o
m
ain
(
0
.
1
5
2
)
,
in
th
at
o
r
d
er
.
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3473
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
IQ
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ch
em
is
tr
y
s
co
r
es
M
o
d
e
l
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
R
R
2
T
S
i
g
.
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
B
e
t
a
1
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
6
1
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5
4
0
2
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9
6
5
0
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2
0
8
a
0
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4
3
2
0
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8
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8
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N
u
m
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l
0
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5
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0
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7
9
0
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0
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0
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t
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0
.
0
8
1
0
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0
8
9
2
.
1
2
1
0
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0
3
1
a
.
D
e
p
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n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
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a
b
l
e
:
c
h
e
mi
st
r
y
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
3
.
1
.
3
.
T
he
che
m
is
t
r
y
a
chi
e
v
e
m
en
t
s
co
re
s
o
f
s
e
c
o
nd
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
t
u
dents
d
o
no
t
s
i
g
ni
f
ic
a
n
t
l
y
c
o
r
re
l
a
t
e
wi
t
h
t
he
pr
edic
t
i
o
n
p
o
t
ent
ia
l
o
f
I
Q
(
H
1
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
3
,
I
Q
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icts
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
F(1
,
3
1
8
)
=4
.
7
4
5
,
P(0
.
0
2
1
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05
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As
a
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lt,
th
e
n
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ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
wi
th
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
I
Q
was
d
is
p
r
o
v
ed
.
I
t
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
I
Q
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
p
r
ed
icts
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
’
c
h
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t sco
r
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
ANOVA
a
o
n
th
e
r
ele
v
an
ce
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
em
e
n
t p
r
ed
ictio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
IQ
M
o
d
e
l
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
Df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
6
2
4
.
3
2
3
1
6
2
4
.
3
2
3
4
.
7
4
5
0
.
0
2
1
b
1
R
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d
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a
l
3
9
3
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7
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2
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1
3
7
.
0
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9
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t
a
l
3
9
9
9
1
.
5
4
7
3
1
9
a
.
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
:
c
h
e
m
i
st
r
y
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
b
.
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s:
(
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
)
,
I
Q
3
.
1
.
4
.
T
he
I
Q
a
re
a
s
o
f
s
pa
t
ia
l
in
t
ellig
ence
,
lo
g
ica
l
t
hin
k
ing
,
nu
m
er
ica
l
a
nd
v
er
ba
l
a
b
i
lity
do
no
t
s
ig
nifica
ntly
co
ntr
ibu
t
e
t
o
t
he
chem
is
t
ry
a
chiev
em
ent
o
f
s
enio
r
s
ec
o
nd
a
ry
s
cho
o
l st
ud
e
nts
(
H2
)
T
ab
le
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
wer
e
jo
in
tly
p
r
e
d
icted
b
y
all
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
I
Q:
F(4
,
3
1
4
)
=4
.
0
0
2
,
P(0
.
0
1
3
)
<
0
.
0
5
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
T
ab
le
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
s
co
r
es
.
T
ab
le
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
s
co
r
e
s
(
t=1
.
8
1
0
,
P(0
.
0
2
8
)
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
ap
titu
d
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
c
h
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
s
co
r
es
(
t=2
.
3
7
4
,
P(0
.
0
1
8
)
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
s
p
atial
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
es
(
t=3
.
1
0
9
,
P(0
.
0
0
9
)
<0
.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
lo
g
ica
l
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
is
also
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
s
co
r
e
s
(
t=2
.
1
2
1
,
P(0
.
0
3
1
)
<0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
a
ch
iev
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
I
Q.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
c
h
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
s
co
r
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
c
ed
b
y
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
all
I
Q
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
4
.
ANOV
A
o
n
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
p
r
ed
ictin
g
ch
em
is
tr
y
a
ch
iev
em
en
t b
y
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
IQ
d
o
m
ain
s
M
o
d
e
l
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
Df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
3
1
0
2
.
3
7
2
4
4
3
9
.
4
3
7
4
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
1
3
b
1
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
5
5
3
7
5
.
6
2
0
3
1
4
1
4
2
.
3
3
4
To
t
a
l
5
8
4
7
7
.
9
9
2
3
1
5
b
.
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s (
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
,
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
a
p
t
i
t
u
d
e
,
n
u
meri
c
a
l
,
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
wea
k
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
I
Q
an
d
th
eir
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
c
h
em
is
tr
y
,
with
I
Q
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
p
r
ed
i
ctin
g
1
.
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
in
c
h
em
is
tr
y
s
co
r
es
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
Ma
u
r
ee
n
an
d
C
h
in
elo
[
4
]
a
n
d
Ma
r
wah
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
,
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
b
io
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
ei
r
I
Q.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
at
o
f
Kp
o
lo
v
ie
[
2
6
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
e
latio
n
b
etwe
en
I
Q
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
Kp
o
lo
v
ie
[
2
6
]
r
esu
lts
th
at
p
r
i
v
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
I
Q
an
d
th
at
I
Q
is
th
e
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
ei
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
o
s
e
o
f
Ak
u
b
u
ilo
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
I
Q
was
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
Qu
ilez
-
R
o
b
r
es
et
al
.
[
3
1
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t a
n
d
I
Q,
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
y
h
ab
i
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
o
s
e
o
f
Ma
r
wah
a
et
a
l.
[
6
]
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
lin
k
b
etwe
en
I
Q
an
d
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
Ku
llar
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at,
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
p
u
p
ils
with
n
o
r
m
al
I
Qs,
th
o
s
e
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
6
9
-
34
7
7
3474
lo
w
I
Qs
ac
h
iev
e
n
o
ticea
b
ly
less
in
th
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
en
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
I
Q
lev
els.
Stu
d
y
b
y
He
n
d
r
iy
a
n
to
an
d
J
u
an
d
i
[
1
4
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
Q
lev
el
h
ad
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
m
ath
em
atica
l
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Gu
e
z
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
p
u
p
ils
with
h
ig
h
I
Q
s
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
well
ac
ad
em
ically
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
o
s
e
with
lo
w
I
Qs
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
in
m
ath
em
atics,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
Q
lev
el
h
as
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
Hig
h
er
I
Q
s
co
r
es
ar
e
o
f
te
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
r
ea
ter
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t;
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
o
n
e
’
s
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
o
n
e
’
s
s
k
ills
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
I
Q
is
cr
u
cial
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
atten
d
an
ce
m
ay
eith
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
o
r
less
en
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
I
Q
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
e
n
t,
ev
en
wh
en
I
Q
is
a
v
alid
p
r
e
d
icto
r
[
6
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
ag
r
ee
wit
h
r
esear
ch
by
Ma
r
wah
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
wh
o
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
I
Q
a
n
d
th
e
i
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
ca
n
o
f
f
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
er
tin
en
t
to
o
th
er
co
u
r
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
Hig
h
er
I
Q
s
co
r
es
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
etter
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esu
lts
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
ed
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
as
s
o
ciatio
n
(
R
=0
.
7
6
0
)
b
etwe
e
n
I
Q
an
d
b
io
lo
g
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
T
h
is
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ch
em
is
tr
y
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
m
ay
f
o
llo
w
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
I
Q
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
in
s
ch
o
o
l
v
ar
ies
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
less
o
n
s
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e
.
Hig
h
er
I
Q
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
ch
an
ce
o
f
lear
n
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
g
et
b
etter
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esu
lts
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
ea
s
ier
to
g
r
asp
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
m
ate
r
ial
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
n
g
ag
e
d
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
7
]
.
Un
d
e
r
i
d
en
tical
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
h
ig
h
er
I
Qs
h
av
e
g
r
ea
te
r
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
lo
wer
I
Qs.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ass
er
tio
n
,
it
m
ay
b
e
s
aid
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
e
r
I
Qs
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
b
etter
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
I
Q
h
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
o
le
i
n
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
in
g
ab
i
liti
es
an
d
o
v
er
all
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
On
a
v
e
r
ag
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
I
Q
s
co
r
es
wil
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
ette
r
o
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
life
s
u
cc
ess
,
s
u
c
h
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t.
M
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
is
c
o
m
p
leted
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
in
tellig
en
t,
o
r
in
tellect
r
is
es
with
lo
n
g
er
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
k
id
s
with
lo
w
I
Qs,
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
ab
le
to
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
d
an
d
r
etain
th
eir
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
d
o
b
etter
o
n
test
s
.
Du
e
to
t
h
eir
wea
k
lear
n
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
lo
w
I
Q
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
e
q
u
ir
e
l
o
n
g
e
r
tim
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
wh
ich
in
ev
ita
b
ly
r
esu
lts
in
lo
w
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
b
etter
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
ar
t
t
h
at
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
I
Q
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
lay
in
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
c
o
u
r
s
es
lik
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
Nu
m
e
r
ical
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
elate
d
.
A
p
titu
d
e
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
a
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
lik
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
I
t
m
ig
h
t
b
e
in
n
ate,
n
atu
r
al,
tau
g
h
t,
o
r
a
cq
u
ir
ed
,
o
r
it
ca
n
b
e
a
s
p
ec
ial
ab
ilit
y
o
r
s
et
o
f
ab
ilit
ies
th
at
c
o
u
ld
h
elp
s
o
m
eo
n
e
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
ask
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ch
em
is
tr
y
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
lear
n
er
m
ay
m
ak
e
an
ed
u
ca
ted
ch
o
ice
if
th
ey
ar
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
en
g
th
s
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
th
at
p
ar
ticu
la
r
m
ater
ial
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
ap
titu
d
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
eir
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es in
p
ar
ticu
lar
ar
ea
s
o
f
c
h
em
is
tr
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
test
in
g
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
I
Q,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
l
ea
r
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
eir
o
b
jectiv
es.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
th
a
t
u
s
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
ar
e
a
b
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
item
s
as
well
as
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
it
e
n
ab
les
y
o
u
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
ee
s
h
ap
es
an
d
th
in
g
s
in
th
eir
m
in
d
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
o
b
ject
ca
teg
o
r
i
es
an
d
q
u
alities
ar
e
ab
le
to
ar
r
an
g
e
o
b
jects in
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t b
o
t
h
p
h
y
s
ically
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
th
at
p
o
s
s
ess
s
p
atial
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
s
p
atial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
id
e
n
tify
ite
m
s
an
d
tr
av
er
s
e
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
with
ea
s
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
p
atial
in
tell
ig
en
ce
i
s
m
ax
im
ized
in
a
n
im
atio
n
s
an
d
im
ag
es.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ap
p
ly
th
eir
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
co
n
te
x
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
an
d
life
in
g
e
n
er
al
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
es
to
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
s
cien
ce
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
th
e
ir
I
Q.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
ch
em
is
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[
1
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.