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er
th
eless
,
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
e
ca
d
es
o
f
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
a
c
h
allen
g
e
h
as
ar
is
en
th
at
d
ef
ies
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
wis
d
o
m
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
’
s
r
o
le
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
cial
in
eq
u
ality
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t,
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
b
ei
n
g
f
u
lf
illed
in
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
g
lo
b
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
r
ea
c
h
es
f
o
r
its
ac
ce
s
s
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
lo
w
-
in
co
m
e
p
eo
p
le,
eth
n
ical
m
in
o
r
iz
es
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
ir
s
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
r
ef
lect
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
is
co
n
f
o
r
m
ity
o
f
s
o
cial,
e
co
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
in
eq
u
ality
in
ac
ce
s
s
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
b
etwe
en
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
o
cial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
,
wh
ich
ch
allen
g
es th
e
s
im
p
le
s
t
n
o
tio
n
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as a
n
a
u
to
m
atic
eq
u
alize
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
th
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ca
n
ex
p
o
s
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
u
p
war
d
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
y
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ills
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
I
t
also
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
lin
k
it
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
h
ea
lth
,
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
o
s
e
wh
o
asp
ir
e
to
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
d
e
g
r
ee
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
it
also
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
th
a
t
p
er
p
etu
ate
s
o
cial
in
eq
u
ality
b
y
lim
itin
g
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
f
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
s
an
d
h
in
d
er
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
en
er
atio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
f
am
ily
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ten
d
en
cies
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
wo
r
l
d
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
h
as
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
o
f
g
iv
in
g
an
a
n
s
wer
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
wh
at
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
le
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
?
H
o
w
is
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
o
f
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
?
Als
o
,
wh
a
t
is
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
i
lity
?
T
h
e
an
s
wer
to
t
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
will
b
e
k
ey
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
e
life
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
a
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
L
ik
ewise,
w
e
will
tr
y
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
s
itu
atio
n
s
lik
e
eq
u
ity
,
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
t
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
p
o
ten
tial so
cial
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
ad
o
p
ts
a
q
u
alitativ
e
-
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
d
esig
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
av
aila
b
le
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ad
h
e
r
es
to
th
e
g
u
i
d
elin
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
m
eth
o
d
(
PR
I
SMA
)
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atize
d
an
d
r
elev
an
t
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
s
elec
tio
n
u
n
d
er
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
d
escr
ip
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
ty
p
e
o
f
ar
ticle,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
u
s
in
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
ias
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[2
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ili
tates
an
in
-
d
ep
th
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
b
o
th
its
p
o
s
itiv
e
asp
ec
ts
an
d
its
am
b
iv
alen
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
e
x
h
au
s
tiv
e
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
y
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
with
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
in
d
ex
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
j
o
u
r
n
als,
r
ep
o
r
ts
is
s
u
ed
b
y
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
o
f
f
icial
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cial
p
o
lici
es
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
co
m
p
ilatio
n
,
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
,
an
d
c
r
itical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
ese
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
,
to
id
e
n
tify
an
d
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
ea
r
ch
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
a
tab
ases
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
p
r
esti
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
an
d
E
r
ic,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
2
0
1
4
-
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
ese
wer
e
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
th
em
atic
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
cien
ce
s
;
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
ex
ed
in
th
e
d
atab
a
s
es
g
u
ar
an
tee
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
le
v
el
o
f
q
u
ality
,
as
well
as
a
g
r
ea
t
tem
p
o
r
al
an
d
s
p
atial
am
p
litu
d
e,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
an
d
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
ias
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ar
ticles
[2
3
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
w
er
e
also
u
s
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
“in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
”,
“u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
”
an
d
“i
n
eq
u
ality
”
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
ese
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
clar
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ca
teg
o
r
i
es
an
d
s
u
b
ca
teg
o
r
ies
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
titl
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
t
o
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
a
n
s
wer
s
to
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
ies
wer
e
m
et
icu
lo
u
s
ly
ad
a
p
ted
to
th
e
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ities
o
f
ea
ch
d
atab
ase,
u
s
in
g
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
ato
r
s
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
f
ilter
s
to
cir
cu
m
s
cr
ib
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
last
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
th
u
s
g
u
a
r
an
teei
n
g
th
e
tim
elin
ess
an
d
r
ele
v
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
aly
ze
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
to
d
eli
m
it
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
ese
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Af
ter
th
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies,
an
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
e
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I
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2
2
5
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I
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J
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14
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20
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34
7
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34
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3480
id
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u
r
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wch
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t,
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ased
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h
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PR
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SMA
m
eth
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d
[2
2
]
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Af
ter
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ese
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r
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ip
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3
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4
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s
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Fig
u
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Arti
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re
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:
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S
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c
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s
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c
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Article
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:
28
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
I
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terg
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tio
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a
l so
cia
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o
b
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a
n
d
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a
mb
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o
f
h
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(
R
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to
Men
d
o
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r
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3481
T
ab
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3
.
PR
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p
r
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ce
d
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r
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S
t
a
g
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s
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f
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P
R
I
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M
A
p
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m
b
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f
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m
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28
Fig
u
r
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2
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q
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lic
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p
er
y
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r
T
ab
le
4
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
[
2
4
]
–
[
5
1
]
s
h
o
ws
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
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f
in
d
in
g
s
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m
th
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f
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2
8
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r
th
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al
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is
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h
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R
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cial
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d
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b
ilit
y
,
b
o
th
lo
ca
ted
in
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
Am
er
ica.
T
h
i
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
r
e
f
lecte
d
in
T
ab
le
5
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
Curre
nt
ro
le
o
f
hig
her
educa
t
io
n in int
er
g
ener
a
t
io
na
l so
cia
l m
o
bil
it
y
W
ith
in
a
cr
itical,
r
ef
lectiv
e,
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
Z
im
m
er
m
an
[
2
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
a
t
esti
m
ate
s
in
d
icate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
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2
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4
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Annu
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l
f
re
qu
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Yea
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Gr
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[3
3
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,
in
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Acc
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[3
9
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,
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e
ab
ilit
ies
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
Fro
m
th
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s
tan
d
p
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in
t,
u
n
iv
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r
s
ities
m
u
s
t
g
r
ad
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ally
estab
lis
h
th
em
s
elv
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as
f
o
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m
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p
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p
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ce
n
ter
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d
f
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p
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q
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ir
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ec
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k
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eq
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ls
as e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
.
D
r
ä
g
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r
[4
9
]
s
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On
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Sep
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5
0
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p
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I
n
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r
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Gar
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[
5
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a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
terg
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tio
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a
l so
cia
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o
b
il
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a
n
d
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e
a
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(
R
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Men
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3483
3
.
2
.
2
.
Rec
ent
inte
rg
ener
a
t
io
na
l so
cia
l m
o
bil
it
y
pa
t
t
er
ns
So
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
h
as
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
th
e
atten
tio
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o
f
s
ev
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s
ch
o
lar
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
p
o
licies
in
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
ad
es
d
u
e
to
its
p
r
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f
o
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n
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
ar
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s
asp
ec
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f
m
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cieties.
C
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eq
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tly
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it
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co
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p
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y
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m
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ch
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g
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th
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s
o
cio
ec
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n
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m
ic
p
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itio
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s
o
f
in
d
iv
id
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als,
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
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tim
e,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
cr
u
cial
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o
f
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
u
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d
er
s
tan
d
in
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s
o
cial
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
an
d
e
q
u
ality
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
.
Do
r
u
k
[2
6
]
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
in
ter
g
en
er
at
io
n
al
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
L
ati
n
Am
er
ica
r
e
m
ain
s
lar
g
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
w
-
s
k
illed
jo
b
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
eg
io
n
’
s
h
is
to
r
ically
lo
w
lev
els o
f
s
o
cia
l m
o
b
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
,
in
tu
r
n
,
h
elp
ex
p
lain
its
s
lo
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
Du
r
u
k
[2
6
]
a
r
g
u
es
t
h
a
t
i
n
B
r
az
il
,
b
o
t
h
m
a
r
r
ie
d
an
d
s
i
n
g
le
w
o
m
en
h
a
v
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t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
in
t
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ati
o
n
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l
i
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c
o
m
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t
r
a
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s
f
e
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elas
tic
it
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w
h
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n
Pa
n
a
m
a
s
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m
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v
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F
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cti
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o
f
s
e
v
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a
l
r
ese
a
r
c
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e
r
s
[2
4
]
,
[
40
]
,
i
n
te
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
al
s
o
ci
al
m
o
b
i
lit
y
is
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
ass
o
ci
at
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wit
h
a
n
at
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s
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m
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w
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a
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.
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ce
,
it
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f
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s
to
tr
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d
s
in
s
o
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d
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v
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r
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r
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p
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wee
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f
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en
t
s
t
r
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ta
wit
h
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c
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ll
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ti
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.
T
h
is
m
o
v
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t
ca
n
b
e
u
p
war
d
o
r
d
o
wn
war
d
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in
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v
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’
s
s
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cio
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n
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m
ic
s
tatu
s
im
p
r
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v
es
o
r
wo
r
s
en
s
r
e
lativ
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to
h
is
o
r
h
er
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
u
s
ed
to
m
e
asu
r
e
th
is
m
o
b
ilit
y
u
s
u
ally
in
clu
d
e
o
cc
u
p
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,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
in
c
o
m
e
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l,
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d
ac
cu
m
u
lated
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lth
.
T
h
er
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o
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,
wh
en
th
is
ch
an
g
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is
s
ee
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b
etwe
en
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p
l
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t g
en
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atio
n
s
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
as
in
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
in
wh
ic
h
an
in
d
iv
id
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al
’
s
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
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s
itio
n
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
at
o
f
h
is
o
r
h
er
f
am
ily
o
f
o
r
ig
in
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
u
p
w
ar
d
i
n
te
r
g
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n
e
r
ati
o
n
al
s
o
cia
l
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
Al
esi
n
a
et
a
l.
[4
8
]
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
t
h
a
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
v
a
r
y
s
u
b
s
t
an
tia
ll
y
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etwe
e
n
d
i
f
f
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n
t
a
r
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as,
c
o
n
ti
n
en
ts
,
a
n
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
o
f
th
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s
a
m
e
c
o
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n
t
r
y
.
T
h
is
is
g
r
ea
t
er
in
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
s
h
o
we
d
a
h
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le
v
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l
o
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d
e
v
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o
p
m
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t
at
th
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is
t
o
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al
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e,
wit
h
g
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at
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r
b
an
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ti
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m
p
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t
o
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I
n
A
f
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ica
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t
h
e
c
o
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d
iti
o
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s
o
f
t
h
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r
eg
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
cr
u
c
ial
f
o
r
h
av
in
g
a
n
ac
ce
p
t
ab
l
e
q
u
ali
ty
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d
u
c
ati
o
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a
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h
a
v
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a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
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m
p
ac
t
o
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te
r
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
al
m
o
b
i
lit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Su
r
m
eier
et
a
l.
[4
7
]
n
o
tes
th
at
i
n
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
o
ld
er
Am
er
ican
s
,
His
p
an
ics,
an
d
Af
r
o
-
Am
er
ican
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
g
r
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t
er
ed
u
ca
tio
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g
ain
s
r
elativ
e
t
o
th
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p
ar
en
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wh
ites
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
in
f
er
r
in
g
t
h
at
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a
p
r
o
p
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s
ity
f
o
r
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ter
g
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er
atio
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o
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ilit
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ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
eth
n
icity
o
r
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ac
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o
f
th
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in
d
iv
i
d
u
al.
Ho
we
v
er
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as
His
p
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ic
in
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id
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als
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tin
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to
attain
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o
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d
u
ca
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,
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clea
r
wh
eth
e
r
u
p
wa
r
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
will
tr
an
s
late
in
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
ass
im
ilatio
n
co
n
s
eq
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en
ce
s
.
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n
th
is
ap
p
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h
,
w
h
en
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ild
r
en
atta
in
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ig
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er
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o
n
o
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s
tatu
s
th
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th
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p
ar
en
ts
,
it
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
d
icato
r
o
f
s
o
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p
r
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ess
an
d
o
p
p
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tu
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ity
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f
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w
a
r
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
Al
e
s
i
n
a
et
a
l
.
[4
8
]
a
r
g
u
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s
t
h
a
t
it
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
a
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s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ma
r
e
an
d
So
n
g
[4
2
]
,
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
m
o
b
il
ity
tak
es
m
u
ltip
le
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
v
ar
io
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s
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f
f
ec
ts
.
I
t
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
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th
r
o
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g
h
th
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p
r
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ce
s
s
o
f
m
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b
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d
p
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itio
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attain
m
e
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t
its
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o
r
th
r
o
u
g
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d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
m
ar
r
iag
e,
f
er
tili
ty
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
tality
—
th
at
in
f
lu
en
c
e
in
ter
g
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s
o
cio
ec
o
n
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m
ic
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
ey
ad
d
th
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in
eq
u
a
lity
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f
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p
p
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r
t
u
n
ities
b
etwe
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m
en
an
d
wo
m
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to
th
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co
n
tex
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em
p
h
asizin
g
th
a
t
s
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cially
m
en
m
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ec
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tatu
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in
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h
e
o
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ch
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en
wh
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ab
le
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v
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ar
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ier
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C
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o
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H
e
c
k
m
a
n
a
n
d
L
a
n
d
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r
s
ø
[2
8
]
,
i
t
i
s
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
l
y
c
h
i
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-
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m
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s
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x
p
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o
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o
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w
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3
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im
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p
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f
eq
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p
p
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tu
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ities
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m
o
t
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f
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u
m
an
ca
p
ital
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lack
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
v
eh
icle
th
at
d
r
iv
es
in
eq
u
alities
.
Acc
e
s
s
to
h
ig
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-
q
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ality
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u
ca
tio
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f
o
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th
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tire
p
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p
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latio
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is
f
u
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d
am
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p
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d
m
o
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p
at
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way
s
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b
r
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t
h
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cy
cle
o
f
in
ter
g
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atio
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p
o
v
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ty
.
I
n
th
at
s
en
s
e,
p
u
b
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p
o
licies an
d
s
o
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s
p
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in
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in
a
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as h
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.
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itio
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ig
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tly
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m
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p
atter
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with
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a
s
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On
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ter
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v
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lv
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s
m
o
k
in
g
.
Gu
g
u
s
h
v
ili
et
a
l
.
[3
7
]
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
ter
g
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m
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d
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ac
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B
ased
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p
les
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2
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E
u
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ca
tio
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p
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a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
o
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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8
8
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2
I
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t
J
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v
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&
R
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
7
8
-
34
8
9
3484
Sp
ec
if
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wo
m
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s
is
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
in
ter
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
to
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ili
ty
.
I
t
is
in
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
at
C
am
p
b
ell
et
a
l.
[4
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
n
-
f
am
ily
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
attitu
d
e
o
f
th
e
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
s
to
p
u
s
h
th
e
m
s
elv
es
to
war
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
t
o
o
t
h
er
ac
ad
em
ic
lev
els.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
way
,
it
is
in
clin
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
in
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
esp
ec
t,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
,
allo
ws p
o
in
ti
n
g
o
u
t
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
atter
n
o
f
ascen
d
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
So
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
r
em
ain
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
asp
ec
t
o
f
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
I
ts
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
m
o
r
e
e
q
u
ita
b
le,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
co
h
esiv
e
s
o
cieties.
As
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ev
o
lv
e,
it
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
th
at
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lead
er
s
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
im
p
lem
en
t
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
cr
ea
te
g
e
n
u
in
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
all
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
o
ciety
to
r
ea
c
h
th
eir
f
u
ll p
o
ten
tial.
Fin
ally
,
wh
en
r
ev
iewin
g
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
g
en
er
atio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
Af
r
ican
Am
er
ica
n
s
an
d
His
p
an
ics
h
ad
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
r
ac
ial
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
m
i
g
r
atio
n
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ay
in
ter
f
er
e
with
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
4
4
]
–
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
im
p
ly
a
f
ac
to
r
th
at
m
ay
im
p
air
th
e
t
r
an
s
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
m
e
p
e
o
p
le
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
Af
r
o
-
His
p
an
ics
an
d
His
p
an
ics
h
ad
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
f
ac
ed
s
o
cial
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
er
s
pect
iv
es o
n inte
rg
ener
a
t
io
na
l so
cia
l m
o
bil
it
y
T
h
e
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
i
lity
o
v
er
tim
e
h
as
g
e
n
er
ated
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
an
d
d
ep
t
h
o
f
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
f
am
ily
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
Neu
m
ey
er
an
d
Pietrz
y
k
[2
9
]
s
h
o
w
th
at,
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Ger
m
a
n
y
,
s
o
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
im
m
ig
r
an
t
g
r
a
d
u
ates
m
ak
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
ef
f
o
r
t
to
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
th
ei
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
an
n
ativ
e
g
r
a
d
u
ates.
T
h
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
o
cial
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
s
im
ilar
lev
el
o
f
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
s
tr
ik
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
-
in
Ger
m
an
y
-
th
at
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies
o
f
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
n
ativ
es m
ak
e
m
o
r
e
a
m
b
itio
u
s
ch
o
ices th
an
im
m
ig
r
an
ts
.
I
n
L
atin
Am
er
ica,
Neid
h
ö
f
er
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
i
n
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
a
n
o
v
er
all
in
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
s
tem
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
u
p
war
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
f
r
o
m
f
am
ilies
with
lo
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
er
s
is
ts
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
at
th
e
u
p
p
er
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
is
ev
id
en
ce
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
well
-
b
ei
n
g
in
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate
th
is
,
av
er
ag
e
in
co
m
e
le
v
els
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
s
ix
b
r
o
a
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
alo
n
g
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
-
r
elate
d
in
co
m
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
co
m
p
ar
es
in
co
m
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
h
i
g
h
ly
ed
u
ca
ted
an
d
less
ed
u
ca
ted
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ac
r
o
s
s
y
o
u
n
g
er
a
n
d
o
l
d
er
co
h
o
r
ts
in
ea
ch
L
atin
Am
er
ican
C
o
u
n
tr
y
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ex
is
t
b
etwe
en
co
u
n
tr
ies,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
co
r
r
elate
with
h
ig
h
er
in
co
m
e
lev
els.
I
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
b
eh
av
io
r
in
Asi
a,
Mu
r
s
h
ed
an
d
Ud
d
in
[3
5
]
m
e
n
tio
n
th
at
in
B
an
g
l
ad
esh
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
ar
e
less
lik
ely
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
b
ey
o
n
d
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
’
le
v
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
ce
r
tain
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
s
in
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
m
o
b
ilit
y
wer
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
f
o
r
d
au
g
h
ter
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
o
n
s
,
an
d
f
o
r
ch
i
ld
r
en
o
f
m
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
te
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
ch
ild
r
e
n
o
f
less
ed
u
ca
ted
p
ar
en
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
h
e
r
e.
Ng
u
y
en
an
d
Ng
u
y
en
[3
6
]
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at
in
Vietn
am
,
s
ec
to
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
m
in
o
r
ity
r
ec
eiv
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
waiv
e
d
tu
itio
n
f
ee
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
t
u
itio
n
,
f
ee
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
to
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
p
en
d
in
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
b
o
o
s
t
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
tate
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
b
s
id
ies an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
tial lo
an
s
to
lo
wer
-
i
n
co
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
s
p
atial
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
n
tin
en
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l
f
o
r
ce
s
th
at
cr
ea
te
in
eq
u
alities
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
an
d
,
in
tu
r
n
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
wh
ich
ar
e
lar
g
ely
b
e
y
o
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
r
ea
ch
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
,
f
am
ily
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
b
etter
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
f
a
v
o
r
ed
t
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
with
o
u
t
m
u
ch
ef
f
o
r
t
in
t
h
e
s
o
-
ca
lled
“c
o
n
ce
r
ted
c
u
ltiv
atio
n
”
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
wh
ich
r
e
f
er
s
to
a
f
u
ll
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
p
o
ten
tial
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
ese
f
am
ilies
ar
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
all
y
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
W
ester
n
No
r
d
ic
C
o
u
n
t
r
ies,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
Fra
n
ce
,
Ger
m
an
y
,
I
r
elan
d
,
an
d
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
;
it
is
th
ese
n
a
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
est
to
th
e
u
p
p
er
lim
it
o
f
tr
an
s
-
g
en
er
atio
n
al
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
g
r
o
wth
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
terg
en
era
tio
n
a
l so
cia
l m
o
b
il
ity
a
n
d
th
e
a
mb
iva
len
t ro
le
o
f
h
ig
h
er
…
(
R
ey
n
a
ld
o
J
u
s
to
Men
d
o
z
a
Ma
r
ín
)
3485
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iewe
d
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
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Data
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RE
F
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NC
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[
1
]
E.
B
r
i
d
g
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
D
a
l
y
,
“
I
n
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o
n
a
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s
o
c
i
a
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b
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d
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s
mi
d
l
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2
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.
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.
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E.
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u
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P
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y
& A
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m
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3
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F
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d
K
.
M
.
J
a
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me
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[
4
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M
.
A
.
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.
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[
5
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S
.
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a
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d
M
.
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6
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D
.
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,
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Ja
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[
7
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E.
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e
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r
i
,
G
.
S
a
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m
i
,
a
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d
M
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[
8
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A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.