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20
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3356
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u
ca
tio
n
ac
t,
’
allo
ws
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
en
g
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
n
atio
n
ally
with
f
o
r
eig
n
c
o
u
n
te
r
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
is
n
e
w
law
p
r
o
m
o
tes
r
esear
ch
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
th
at
alig
n
s
with
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
as
ar
ticu
lated
in
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
ew
law
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
is
en
g
ag
ed
in
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
ag
en
d
a.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lin
k
ag
es
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
r
an
s
n
atio
n
al
h
i
g
h
er
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
[
7
]
.
Fo
l
lo
win
g
th
e
E
DC
OM
I
I
r
ep
o
r
t
,
th
e
tr
an
s
n
atio
n
al
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
t
,
a
n
d
m
em
o
r
an
d
u
m
o
r
d
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
i.e
.
,
C
MO
1
5
s
2
0
1
9
)
,
th
e
Ph
i
lip
p
in
es
is
m
o
v
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
in
th
e
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
i
ts
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
g
l
o
b
al
n
o
r
m
s
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
p
er
s
is
t,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
c
es,
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
ti
o
n
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
C
h
in
a,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
estab
lis
h
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Pr
o
ject
2
1
1
in
1
9
9
3
,
Pro
ject
9
8
5
in
1
9
9
8
,
an
d
wo
r
l
d
class
2
.
0
in
2
0
1
5
[
1
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
in
Fra
n
ce
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
lau
n
c
h
ed
th
e
Fre
n
ch
E
x
ce
llen
ce
I
n
itiativ
e
to
co
m
b
at
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
g
am
e
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
U
n
ited
States
,
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
o
u
r
p
atter
n
s
:
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
h
o
m
e,
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
r
u
itm
e
n
t,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ab
r
o
a
d
,
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
ter
-
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
,
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
,
c
o
n
s
o
r
tia,
lin
k
ag
es,
an
d
twin
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
4
]
.
Sin
ce
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
t
o
f
1
9
9
4
,
t
h
e
P
h
ilip
p
in
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
ex
ce
llen
ce
(
C
OE
)
in
itiativ
e
in
m
ak
i
n
g
Ph
i
lip
p
in
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
g
lo
b
ally
co
m
p
etitiv
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
C
OE
in
itiativ
e
aim
s
to
en
h
an
ce
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
,
w
h
ile
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
n
atio
n
-
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
p
r
o
g
r
es
s
.
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
atio
n
h
as
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
r
o
s
ter
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
d
esig
n
ated
as
C
OE
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
cr
im
in
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ea
lth
-
r
elat
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
h
u
m
an
iti
es,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
cien
ce
an
d
m
ath
e
m
a
tics
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
tea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
ten
f
ield
s
h
av
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
eter
m
in
in
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
’
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
.
T
h
e
C
OE
a
war
d
is
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
e
x
ten
s
io
n
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
,
n
atio
n
al
b
o
ar
d
ex
a
m
r
atin
g
s
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
b
y
th
e
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
R
eg
u
latio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
PR
C
)
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s.
As
o
f
Ma
y
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
th
e
c
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
f
icially
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
15
p
u
b
lic
an
d
19
p
r
iv
ate
HE
I
s
as
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
n
d
u
ct
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Of
th
e
3
9
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
s
ev
en
b
elo
n
g
to
th
e
Natio
n
al
C
ap
ital
R
eg
io
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
1
7
r
e
g
io
n
s
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es,
E
aster
n
Vis
ay
as,
So
cc
s
k
s
ar
g
en
,
an
d
C
en
tr
al
Min
d
an
ao
,
th
e
Au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
R
eg
io
n
o
f
Mu
s
lim
Min
d
an
ao
(
also
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
B
an
g
s
am
o
r
o
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
R
eg
io
n
in
Mu
s
lim
Min
d
an
ao
)
h
as
n
o
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
d
esig
n
ated
as
th
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
’
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
C
OE
in
itiati
v
e,
it
co
n
s
id
er
ed
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
‘
m
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
’
a
n
d
a
‘
f
ailed
s
y
s
tem
,
’
m
ak
i
n
g
it
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
asp
ec
t i
n
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
s
ep
ar
ate
d
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
C
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
o
n
an
i
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
s
ca
le
u
n
ites
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
h
i
lo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
en
h
an
ce
s
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
t
ac
k
lin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est th
at
d
if
f
er
en
t f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
en
t
to
f
ello
w
wo
r
k
m
ates,
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
i
n
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
n
o
tab
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
b
r
in
g
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
n
ex
u
s
co
u
ld
b
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
r
ea
lized
in
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
en
g
ag
in
g
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
th
ese
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
cu
ltiv
ate
tr
u
s
t
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
u
tco
m
es a
r
e
p
er
tin
en
t
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
ess
en
tial
in
tack
lin
g
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
co
llectiv
e
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
s
[
2
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
e
“
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
its
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
b
etter
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
id
ea
ls
o
f
f
air
n
ess
an
d
eq
u
ity
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
ev
e
r
y
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
es
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ic
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
esear
ch
-
p
r
ac
tice
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l res
ea
r
ch
th
r
o
u
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h
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
:
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
fr
o
m
P
h
ilip
p
in
e
…
(
N
ilo
Ja
yo
ma
C
a
s
tu
lo
)
3357
(
R
PP
s
)
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
d
is
tr
icts
co
u
ld
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
tr
icate
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
es
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
p
r
ac
tice
(
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
u
s
e)
,
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
(
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
u
s
e)
,
o
r
em
b
r
ac
in
g
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
b
o
ls
ter
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
e)
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
r
elev
an
t
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
p
o
licy
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
,
r
esear
ch
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
v
ital
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
-
class
in
itiativ
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
r
an
k
in
g
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
g
ap
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
im
p
ed
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
r
estrictin
g
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
ca
d
em
ic
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
o
u
tco
m
es.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t c
h
al
len
g
e
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
co
h
esiv
e
web
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
en
ab
le
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
m
is
s
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
i
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
allo
ca
ted
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
.
Ma
n
y
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
en
co
u
n
ter
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
h
o
r
tag
es,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
b
o
th
s
taf
f
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
i
m
p
ac
tf
u
l
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
lac
k
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
in
ten
s
if
ies
th
is
is
s
u
e.
W
ith
o
u
t f
o
cu
s
ed
in
i
tiativ
es to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
esear
c
h
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
th
e
ca
lib
er
o
f
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
e
s
u
b
p
ar
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
ar
e
r
estricte
d
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
a
lack
o
f
a
s
tr
o
n
g
cu
ltu
r
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
in
q
u
ir
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
i
m
in
is
h
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
lim
ited
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
in
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t
s
[
3
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
r
an
k
in
g
b
etwe
en
f
if
th
an
d
s
ix
th
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ct
iv
ity
[
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
g
ap
s
an
d
ar
ea
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
.
Desp
ite
v
ar
io
u
s
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
d
iv
id
e
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
an
d
p
r
ac
tice,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
teac
h
e
r
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
r
esear
ch
-
p
r
ac
tice
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
n
o
r
th
er
n
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
U
n
ited
States
,
with
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
tak
en
in
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
.
B
r
o
ad
en
in
g
t
h
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
b
e
y
o
n
d
a
US
-
ce
n
tr
ic
v
iewp
o
in
t
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
v
a
r
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
en
g
ag
e
with
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
ese
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
E
DC
OM
I
I
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
id
en
tifie
s
p
r
io
r
ity
ar
ea
s
1
3
,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
g
r
ad
u
at
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
1
5
,
wh
i
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
in
ter
n
at
io
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
ef
icien
cies
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
q
u
a
lity
r
esear
ch
with
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
f
ac
ed
in
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
,
wh
ich
im
p
lies
th
e
lack
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
l
o
ca
lly
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
[
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
h
as b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
,
litt
le
is
k
n
o
wn
ab
o
u
t
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
in
tea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
th
e
n
u
an
ce
s
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
E
D
C
OM
I
I
r
ep
o
r
t
u
s
in
g
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ics
s
tu
d
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
SciVal
an
aly
tics
to
an
aly
ze
n
atio
n
al
an
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
tr
en
d
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
in
t
ea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
-
W
h
at
is
th
e
s
ta
tu
s
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
ty
p
es
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
llab
o
r
ato
r
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
3
?
-
Ho
w
h
av
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
n
atio
n
al
v
s
.
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
)
e
v
o
lv
ed
am
o
n
g
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
3
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
SciVa
l,
a
web
-
b
ased
an
aly
tics
to
o
l
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
,
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
eir
clai
m
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
at
io
n
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sci
Val
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
en
e
f
i
ts
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
r
esear
ch
b
y
estab
li
s
h
in
g
its
elf
as
a
cr
u
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
ad
v
an
c
em
en
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
o
f
f
e
r
s
an
in
-
d
ep
th
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
to
tal
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
t,
p
o
p
u
l
ar
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
th
em
es,
co
llab
o
r
at
io
n
p
atter
n
s
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
wid
er
s
o
cieta
l
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
all
o
ws
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
t
o
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
eir
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
asp
ec
ts
th
at
n
ee
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
th
e
r
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
in
g
a
d
ata
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
r
esear
ch
in
itiativ
es
[
3
6
]
.
Utilizin
g
its
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
b
ase,
SciVal
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tical
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
em
atic
d
iv
er
s
ity
with
in
r
esear
ch
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
b
r
o
ad
e
n
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
p
lo
r
ed
two
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
as
e
is
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
g
en
e
r
al,
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
c
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
en
g
ag
e
d
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tin
e
n
ts
with
wh
ich
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
cu
r
r
en
tly
co
llab
o
r
ate.
T
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
p
h
ase
was
th
e
Natio
n
a
l
an
d
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
33
5
5
-
33
6
6
3358
R
esear
ch
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
elec
ted
C
OE
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ain
ly
f
o
r
th
eir
wo
r
ld
-
class
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
itiativ
es,
wh
ich
wer
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
law.
T
h
is
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
in
itiativ
es
o
f
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
u
ch
as
Pro
ject
9
8
5
o
f
C
h
i
n
a
an
d
th
e
Fre
n
ch
E
x
ce
llen
ce
I
n
itiativ
e
o
f
Fra
n
c
e.
T
h
e
tim
ef
r
am
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
was
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
t
o
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ch
o
s
e
10
y
ea
r
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ly
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
wer
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
SciVal
,
wh
ich
r
elied
o
n
ly
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
o
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
p
a
p
er
s
in
d
ex
ed
in
o
th
er
d
ata
b
ases
,
s
u
ch
as
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
o
r
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
th
er
eb
y
lea
d
in
g
to
a
n
i
n
co
m
p
let
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
im
p
a
ct
[
3
8
]
.
Desp
ite
its
lim
itatio
n
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
m
etr
ics
g
en
er
ated
in
SciVal
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
C
OE
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
o
p
u
lar
r
an
k
in
g
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
T
im
es
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
T
HE
)
an
d
Qu
ac
q
ar
elli
-
Sy
m
o
n
d
s
(
QS)
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
,
em
p
lo
y
ed
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
f
o
r
r
an
k
in
g
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
34
HE
I
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
o
n
ly
21
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
SciVal
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
e
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
ea
ch
in
s
titu
tio
n
o
r
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
p
r
o
f
ile.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
2
1
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
r
ep
o
r
ted
en
g
ag
i
n
g
in
n
atio
n
wid
e,
n
atio
n
al,
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Data
wer
e
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
in
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
in
v
o
lv
e
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
in
c
o
m
p
li
an
ce
with
th
e
Helsin
k
i D
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
E
t
h
ics f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
f
o
llo
ws
two
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
ex
p
lo
r
es
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
r
ese
ar
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
g
e
n
er
al
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
c
o
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
s
en
g
a
g
ed
in
i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tin
en
ts
with
wh
ich
t
h
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
ex
am
in
e
s
th
e
Natio
n
al
an
d
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
R
esear
ch
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
C
OE
teac
h
er
ed
uc
atio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
an
d
SciVal
an
aly
tics
to
g
en
er
ate
r
esu
lts
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
P
hil
i
pp
i
nes
a
nd
o
t
her
S
o
uthea
s
t
Asi
a
n
co
un
t
ries int
er
na
t
io
na
l r
esea
rc
h c
o
lla
bo
r
a
t
io
n
W
ith
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
leag
u
e
tab
les,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
QS
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
T
HE
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es’
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
ase
d
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
b
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ch
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
.
Desp
ite
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
b
ein
g
th
e
r
eg
io
n
’
s
to
p
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
es
ea
r
ch
[
5
]
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
le
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
with
a
s
teep
u
p
wa
r
d
t
r
en
d
,
esp
ec
ially
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
o
n
w
ar
d
s
.
B
y
2
0
2
3
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
7
7
4
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
s
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
its
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a’
s
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
s
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
f
o
llo
wed
,
b
o
th
s
h
o
win
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
r
o
wth
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
an
u
p
wa
r
d
tr
ajec
to
r
y
s
in
ce
2
0
1
7
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e
h
as
h
ad
an
u
n
s
tab
le
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
in
ce
2
0
1
6
.
T
h
ailan
d
a
n
d
Vietn
am
h
av
e
m
o
d
er
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
c
o
u
n
ts
,
with
a
s
tead
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
v
e
r
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tead
y
b
u
t
less
in
ten
s
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
th
a
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
B
r
u
n
ei
Dar
u
s
s
ala
m
,
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
My
an
m
a
r
,
an
d
L
ao
s
s
h
o
wed
lo
wer
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
lev
els,
with
r
elativ
ely
s
lo
w
g
r
o
wth
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
with
a
g
r
ad
u
al
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
n
ea
r
in
g
1
5
0
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
b
y
2
0
2
3
,
wh
er
ea
s
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
B
r
u
n
ei
Dar
u
s
s
alam
,
C
am
b
o
d
ia,
My
an
m
ar
,
a
n
d
L
a
o
s
)
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
5
0
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
in
2
0
1
6
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
an
d
Vietn
am
b
eg
an
a
s
im
ilar
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es lag
g
ed
b
eh
in
d
Vietn
am
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
8
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t,
wh
e
r
ea
s
Ma
lay
s
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
eir
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
hil
ipp
ine r
esea
rc
h c
o
lla
bo
r
a
t
io
n:
a
deca
de
in re
v
iew
T
ab
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1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
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p
es
o
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atio
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e
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h
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es
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d
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0
2
3
.
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h
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ad
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ata
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ate
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ly
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ip
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ar
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ip
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o
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elativ
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with
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ic
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co
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0
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m
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d
s
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d
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ad
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m
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ati
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ly
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u
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ig
h
lig
h
t
a
n
ar
ea
f
o
r
p
o
te
n
tial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fin
ally
,
o
th
e
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
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s
r
ec
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ly
eig
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s
with
m
in
im
al
g
r
o
wth
o
v
er
th
e
d
ec
a
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
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N:
2252
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u
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ates
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atin
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as
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Af
r
ica
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as
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lla
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th
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s
im
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r
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t
co
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s
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o
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ies,
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th
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p
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s
in
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ast
ly
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th
e
Ph
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p
in
es
en
g
ag
ed
less
in
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a,
with
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c
o
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
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s
b
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t
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4
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
(
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
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)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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c
,
Vo
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.
14
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
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20
25
:
33
5
5
-
33
6
6
3360
3
.
3
.
Cent
er
o
f
ex
ce
llence
in t
ea
cher
educa
t
io
n uni
v
er
s
it
ies
by
na
t
io
na
l c
o
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
2
1
C
OE
in
tea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
er
y
ea
r
.
De
L
a
Salle
Un
iv
er
s
ity
-
Ma
n
ila
(
DL
SU)
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
b
u
t
lead
s
in
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
p
ea
k
s
in
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
2
0
2
1
,
with
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
co
u
n
t
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
23
-
2
9
.
T
h
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
(
UP)
s
h
o
ws
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
r
o
wth
in
n
atio
n
al
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
with
a
s
tead
y
u
p
war
d
tr
en
d
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
7
o
n
w
ar
d
s
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
n
o
ta
b
le
co
u
n
t
in
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
PNU)
an
d
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
San
to
T
o
m
as
(
UST)
h
av
e
ex
h
ib
ited
m
o
d
er
ate
b
u
t
s
tead
y
g
r
o
wth
i
n
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
.
Oth
e
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
s
u
ch
a
s
C
eb
u
No
r
m
al
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
W
est
Vi
s
ay
as
Sta
te
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
C
en
tr
al
L
u
zo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
g
r
ad
u
al
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
o
c
ca
s
io
n
al
p
ea
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
d
is
p
lay
lo
wer
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
m
o
v
em
en
ts
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
Far
E
aster
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Pan
g
asin
an
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
Min
d
an
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
–
I
lig
a
n
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
OE
in
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
is
cip
lin
e
b
y
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
y
ea
r
3
.
4
.
Cent
er
o
f
ex
ce
llence
in t
ea
cher
educa
t
io
n uni
v
er
s
it
ies
by
inte
rna
t
io
na
l
co
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
tr
en
d
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
d
is
cip
lin
e
b
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
4
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
th
e
UP
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
g
r
o
wth
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
o
n
wa
r
d
s
,
with
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
p
ea
k
in
2
0
2
3
.
DL
SU
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
tead
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
its
h
ig
h
est
p
o
in
t
in
2
0
1
8
.
T
h
e
UST
h
as
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
3
,
m
ar
k
in
g
its
m
o
s
t
ac
tiv
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
C
en
tr
al
L
u
zo
n
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Min
d
an
ao
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
PNU
s
h
o
wed
m
o
d
er
ate
b
u
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
r
o
wt
h
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
a
f
ter
2
0
1
9
.
Oth
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Sain
t
L
o
u
is
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
Far
E
aster
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
C
eb
u
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
h
av
e
s
m
aller
b
u
t
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
lev
els
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
with
o
cc
asio
n
al
s
p
ik
es.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
u
n
s
tab
le
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
r
an
k
e
d
s
ix
th
in
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
h
as
b
ee
n
b
e
h
in
d
Vietn
am
s
in
ce
2
0
1
8
,
wh
ile
Ma
lay
s
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
a
n
d
T
h
ailan
d
co
n
tin
u
e
to
h
a
v
e
u
p
war
d
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Similar
ly
,
an
o
th
er
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
an
al
y
ze
d
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
t
atu
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
6
to
2
0
1
8
,
with
I
n
d
o
n
esia
r
an
k
in
g
f
ir
s
t,
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
ec
o
n
d
,
S
in
g
ap
o
r
e
th
ir
d
,
T
h
ailan
d
f
o
u
r
th
,
th
e
Ph
i
lip
p
in
es
f
if
th
,
Vietn
am
s
ix
th
,
an
d
B
r
u
n
ei
Dar
u
s
s
alam
s
ev
en
th
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
r
an
k
ed
s
ix
th
a
m
o
n
g
all
d
is
cip
lin
es
u
s
in
g
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
b
etw
ee
n
1
9
9
6
an
d
1
9
9
4
b
u
t
r
an
k
e
d
f
if
th
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
r
esear
ch
[
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
is
an
ess
en
tial
en
d
ea
v
o
r
in
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
s
cien
ce
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
b
y
p
o
o
lin
g
th
eir
e
x
p
er
tis
e,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
a
ch
iev
e
th
eir
s
h
ar
ed
o
b
jectiv
es.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
c
r
ea
tes m
u
ltip
lier
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l res
ea
r
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
:
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
fr
o
m
P
h
ilip
p
in
e
…
(
N
ilo
Ja
yo
ma
C
a
s
tu
lo
)
3361
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
OE
in
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
: in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
is
cip
lin
e
b
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
h
as
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
E
u
r
o
p
e.
T
h
is
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
jects
o
f
th
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
E
u
r
o
p
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
J
o
in
t
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
Nich
e
Pr
o
g
r
am
m
es
(
J
DNP)
Pro
ject
in
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
with
th
e
B
r
itis
h
C
o
u
n
cil.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
ca
n
lea
d
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
jo
in
t
r
es
ea
r
ch
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
o
f
f
er
f
in
an
cial
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
g
lo
b
al
r
ep
u
tatio
n
[
4
0
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
tu
d
ies,
s
h
o
win
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
ch
an
g
e
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
4
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
-
o
n
ly
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
wer
e
m
in
im
al.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
in
an
cin
g
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
d
im
in
i
s
h
th
e
ap
p
ea
l
o
f
r
esear
c
h
ac
ti
v
ities
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
,
an
d
h
am
p
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
d
in
g
lim
itatio
n
im
p
ed
es
p
r
o
p
er
s
u
s
ten
an
ce
a
n
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
at
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
a
n
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
p
a
r
tn
er
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
Facu
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
av
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
t
h
ese
as im
p
o
r
tan
t p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
eir
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
-
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
[
2
7
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
DL
SU,
a
p
r
iv
a
te
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
h
a
d
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
a
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
a
wid
esp
r
ea
d
lack
o
f
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
HE
I
s
in
t
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
B
o
th
s
ec
to
r
s
co
n
f
r
o
n
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
ality
a
n
d
tr
ain
in
g
is
s
u
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
llab
o
r
at
io
n
to
en
h
an
ce
th
ese
ar
ea
s
[
28
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
r
ea
s
o
n
co
u
ld
b
e
th
e
s
tr
ict
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
talen
t,
wh
ich
is
m
o
r
e
s
ele
ctiv
e,
attr
ac
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
ally
d
r
iv
en
an
d
well
-
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
ac
ad
em
ically
.
C
ath
o
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
elec
tio
n
g
u
ar
an
tees
an
elev
ated
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
43
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
UP
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
tly
in
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
UP
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
as
th
e
o
n
ly
n
atio
n
al
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
it
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
ce
in
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
is
d
esi
g
n
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
jo
in
t r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
44
]
,
[
45
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
esear
ch
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
alter
n
ativ
es
a
n
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
g
lo
b
ally
[
46
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lar
g
est
n
eo
lib
er
al
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
an
k
in
g
ta
b
les,
s
u
ch
as
T
HE
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
wit
h
a
2
.
5
%
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
th
eir
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
[
47
]
,
a
n
d
QS
r
an
k
i
n
g
,
i
n
clu
d
ed
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
R
esear
ch
Netwo
r
k
(
I
R
N)
i
n
d
e
x
[
47
]
.
T
h
ese
n
eo
lib
er
al
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
leag
u
e
tab
les
u
tili
ze
Sco
p
u
s
(
E
ls
ev
ier
)
d
ata
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
HE
I
s
r
an
k
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
ity
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
ca
v
ea
t
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
;
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Hale
y
et
a
l.
[
48
]
,
it
is
cr
itical
th
at
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
e
‘
g
o
o
d
’
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
’
s
in
ce
it
is
r
o
o
ted
in
“
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
u
ild
i
n
g
,
tr
u
s
t,
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
lear
n
an
d
m
u
tu
a
l r
esp
ec
t a
r
e
ce
n
tr
al.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
33
5
5
-
33
6
6
3362
3
.
5
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
f
o
r
po
licy
a
nd
pra
ct
ice
in hig
her
educa
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
e
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
s
ettin
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
th
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
h
as
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
te
r
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
co
m
p
elled
ac
a
d
em
ician
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
f
ac
u
lty
,
r
esear
ch
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
s
ee
k
q
u
an
tifia
b
le
i
n
d
icato
r
s
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
p
o
licies
o
f
HE
I
s
[
49
]
,
[
50
]
,
wh
eth
er
it
is
an
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
o
r
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
p
o
licy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
S
ciVa
l
u
n
d
er
Sco
p
u
s
to
ex
am
in
e
an
d
v
is
u
alize
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
p
r
iv
at
e
an
d
p
u
b
lic
HE
I
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
3
.
5
.
1
.
T
hin
k
g
lo
ba
lly
,
a
ct
lo
c
a
lly
T
h
e
g
lo
ca
lizatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
es
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
an
d
lo
ca
lizatio
n
[
51
],
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
a
n
d
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
to
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
cu
ltu
r
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ter
m
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
-
at
-
h
o
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
in
itial
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
elate
d
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es
[
2
6
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
lim
ite
d
to
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
ick
led
d
o
wn
to
lo
ca
l
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
to
ca
p
a
city
an
d
u
n
leash
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
tio
n
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
B
ra
in
circ
ula
t
io
n str
a
t
eg
y
T
h
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
is
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
l
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
a
b
r
ain
d
r
ain
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
n
eo
lib
er
al
p
o
licy
o
f
s
en
d
in
g
Fil
ip
in
o
s
ch
o
lar
s
an
d
talen
t
o
v
er
s
ea
s
[
52
]
.
B
r
ain
cir
cu
lat
io
n
s
er
v
es
as
a
r
em
ed
y
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
ai
n
d
r
ain
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
wh
en
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
s
en
d
th
eir
n
atio
n
als
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
r
o
ad
,
with
th
e
ex
p
ec
ta
tio
n
th
at
th
ey
will
r
etu
r
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
[
53
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
UP
in
itiated
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
ca
lled
th
e
“
B
alik
”
Ph
.
D
.
r
ec
r
u
itm
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
n
2
0
1
2
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
s
ca
led
d
o
wn
b
y
2
0
2
3
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
f
in
an
cial
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
in
ce
1
9
7
5
,
th
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
DOST
)
h
as
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
th
e
“
B
alik
”
s
cien
tis
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
o
v
er
s
ea
s
Fil
ip
in
o
s
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
o
n
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
is
to
ad
o
p
t
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
y
with
C
h
in
a
(
Ma
in
lan
d
)
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
itiativ
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
1
0
0
talen
ts
p
lan
an
d
th
e
C
h
an
g
jian
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
p
la
n
[
54
]
t
o
in
ce
n
tiv
ize
Fil
ip
in
o
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
ab
r
o
ad
to
r
etu
r
n
a
n
d
en
g
a
g
e
Fil
ip
in
o
s
ch
o
lar
s
ab
r
o
ad
with
Fil
ip
in
o
d
o
m
esti
c
s
ch
o
lar
s
as a
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
r
ain
cir
c
u
latio
n
.
3
.
5
.
3
.
E
s
t
a
bli
s
hi
ng
co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
nd
inte
rna
t
io
na
l e
du
ca
t
io
n ins
t
it
ute
s
Sin
ce
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
en
ter
ed
t
h
e
g
am
e
o
f
n
eo
lib
e
r
al
in
ter
n
at
io
n
aliza
tio
n
,
th
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
an
in
s
titu
te
with
a
m
an
d
ate
to
s
tu
d
y
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
’
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
d
i
v
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
with
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
as
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
-
at
-
h
o
m
e
d
escr
ib
ed
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
is
in
ter
ested
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
d
eb
ates
an
d
is
s
u
es
[
55
]
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
in
Pro
g
r
am
m
e
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Stu
d
en
t
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
(
PISA)
an
d
p
o
o
r
p
lace
m
en
t
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
[
1
]
,
[
56
]
,
[
57
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
is
in
s
titu
tio
n
co
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
to
alig
n
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
tr
en
d
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
(
T
AL
I
S)
an
d
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
p
r
im
ar
y
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
etr
ics
(
SEA
-
PLM
)
.
3
.
5
.
4
.
E
qu
it
a
ble
a
cc
ess
t
o
re
s
o
urce
s
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
b
lem
in
in
t
er
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
is
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
a
r
in
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
allo
ws
s
m
all
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
p
latf
o
r
m
as
a
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
f
o
r
all
r
esear
ch
th
at
u
s
es
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
th
eir
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
l
icly
av
ailab
le
to
all
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
o
licies
th
a
t
en
h
an
ce
d
atab
ase
ac
ce
s
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
a
r
in
g
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
On
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
esear
ch
d
atab
as
es,
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
s
with
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
58
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
n
d
in
g
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
to
ac
ce
s
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
esear
ch
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
An
o
th
er
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
h
ea
d
ed
b
y
B
eijin
g
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
is
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
“
Natio
n
al
Allian
ce
o
f
L
ib
r
ar
ies
o
f
T
ea
ch
er
s
(
N
o
r
m
a
l)
C
o
lleg
es/Un
iv
er
s
ities
”
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
a
r
in
g
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
m
ig
h
t
co
n
s
id
er
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
i
m
ilar
in
itiativ
es
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
o
t
h
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
tate
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
l
o
ca
ted
awa
y
f
r
o
m
I
m
p
er
ial
M
an
ila.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l res
ea
r
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
:
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
fr
o
m
P
h
ilip
p
in
e
…
(
N
ilo
Ja
yo
ma
C
a
s
tu
lo
)
3363
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
am
i
n
es
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
n
o
tab
ly
i
n
th
e
C
OE
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
s
in
g
SciVal
an
a
ly
tics
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
at
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
r
an
k
s
s
ix
th
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies,
f
o
llo
win
g
Ma
lay
s
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e,
T
h
ailan
d
,
an
d
Vietn
am
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
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DATA AV
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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7
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8
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1
4
]
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[
15]
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1
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