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u
als
an
d
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
co
o
p
er
atio
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at
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
liter
ac
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in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
5
]
.
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
co
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ativ
e
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g
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id
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th
at
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
in
itiativ
e’
s
im
p
ac
t,
m
ak
in
g
liter
ac
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p
r
o
m
o
tio
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more
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f
ec
tiv
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
r
eg
io
n
ally
ad
ap
tiv
e
,
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
en
n
e
r
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
p
o
licy
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
y
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
alig
n
i
n
g
with
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
it
s
u
r
v
ey
s
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
ag
ed
0
-
6
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
r
eg
io
n
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
th
r
ee
-
b
o
o
k
welf
ar
e
in
itiativ
e
o
n
f
a
m
ily
r
ea
d
i
n
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
an
d
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
A
p
p
ly
in
g
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
e
n
n
er
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
at
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
a
n
d
r
eg
i
o
n
ally
a
d
ap
tiv
e
liter
a
cy
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
[
5
]
.
I
t
in
v
esti
g
ates
ch
an
g
es
in
p
ar
en
tal
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
p
r
ac
tices,
a
n
d
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
p
o
s
t
-
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
f
am
ily
b
o
n
d
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
es
h
o
w
th
e
in
itiativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
ea
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
r
el
ated
t
o
h
ea
lth
an
d
s
af
ety
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
Fin
d
i
n
g
s
aim
to
e
n
h
an
ce
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
,
p
ar
e
n
t
-
ch
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
f
am
ily
well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
r
ea
d
in
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
a
n
d
ad
u
lt
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
[
1
9
]
.
Stu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
ten
s
iv
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
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to
b
r
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liter
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ap
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d
im
p
r
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v
e
ac
a
d
em
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o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
3
]
,
wh
ile
eq
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itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
ea
d
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
ap
tiv
e
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
4
8
-
34
6
0
3450
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Desp
ite
o
n
g
o
in
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
T
h
ailan
d
f
ac
es
lo
w
r
ea
d
in
g
r
at
es
d
u
e
to
f
in
an
cial
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
lim
ited
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
m
ed
ia
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
S
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
eq
u
ality
lim
its
b
o
o
k
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
o
v
e
r
1
.
1
m
illi
o
n
T
h
ai
h
o
m
e
s
,
lead
in
g
t
o
a
lear
n
in
g
d
e
f
icit e
q
u
iv
alen
t
t
o
o
n
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
e
ar
,
r
ef
lecte
d
in
lo
w
PISA
s
co
r
es
an
d
wo
r
s
en
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
is
p
ar
ities
.
Ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
th
ese
is
s
u
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
tar
g
eted
p
o
licies
an
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
life
l
o
n
g
lear
n
in
g
an
d
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
liter
ac
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Key
i
n
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
i)
R
eg
io
n
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
co
n
d
u
cts
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le,
r
eg
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ass
ess
m
en
ts
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
e
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
;
ii)
Ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
en
n
e
r
’
s
th
eo
r
y
–
u
s
es
an
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
t
o
an
aly
ze
h
o
w
f
am
i
ly
,
s
ch
o
o
l,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
an
d
p
o
licy
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
in
ter
ac
t
to
s
h
ap
e
r
ea
d
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
;
an
d
iii)
B
ey
o
n
d
lite
r
ac
y
:
a
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
–
ex
p
an
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
to
as
s
ess
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
h
e
alth
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
o
tectio
n
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
liter
ac
y
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
,
r
eg
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
licies
r
ath
er
th
an
a
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ed
u
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
eq
u
ality
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
life
lo
n
g
r
e
ad
in
g
cu
l
tu
r
e
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
pro
c
ess
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ac
tiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
s
an
d
ass
ess
es
welf
a
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
h
r
e
e
b
o
o
k
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
h
o
m
es,
aim
in
g
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
h
if
t
s
in
f
am
ily
b
o
o
k
u
tili
za
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
an
d
id
en
tify
k
ey
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
is
to
o
u
tlin
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
i
n
th
ese
in
itiativ
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
i
n
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
a
n
d
f
a
m
ilies
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
te
g
r
ates
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
wo
r
k
,
Dem
in
g
’
s
p
lan
-
do
-
ch
ec
k
-
ac
t
(
PDC
A
)
m
o
d
el,
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t u
n
d
er
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dem
in
g
’
s
PDC
A
m
o
d
el
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
m
e
t
ho
d
o
lo
g
y
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
ata
co
llectio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
r
o
m
a
s
elec
ted
s
am
p
le
o
f
7
3
8
f
am
ilies
an
d
642
f
am
ilies
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
(
8
6
.
9
9
%)
t
h
is
h
ig
h
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
−
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
t
o
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
−
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
−
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
g
e
d
0
-
6
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
W
e
l
f
a
r
e
3
b
o
o
k
s
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
h
o
m
e
s
C
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
b
o
o
k
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
(
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
a
f
t
e
r
)
1.
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
s
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
−
P
a
r
e
n
t
’
s rea
d
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
−
D
e
b
r
i
e
f
i
n
g
w
h
i
l
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
st
o
r
y
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
2.
Y
o
u
r
c
h
i
l
d
’
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
w
h
i
l
e
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
t
o
p
a
r
e
n
t
s re
a
d
−
S
t
a
r
i
n
g
a
t
a
b
o
o
k
w
h
i
l
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
r
e
a
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
i
l
d
.
−
Th
e
c
h
i
l
d
’
s
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
.
−
K
n
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s b
o
o
k
s
−
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
t
h
a
t
o
c
c
u
r
s
a
s
a
r
e
su
l
t
o
f
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
m
.
3.
P
o
st
-
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
f
a
mi
l
i
e
s
−
P
o
st
-
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s fo
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
4.
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
f
o
r
c
h
i
l
d
a
n
d
f
a
mi
l
y
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
g
a
i
n
st
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
h
a
i
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
t
t
h
e
f
a
m
i
l
y
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
G
at
h
er
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n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
a
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al
y
ze
d
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d
i
scu
ss
a
n
d
d
r
aw
c
o
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
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al
&
R
es E
d
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
n
textu
a
liz
in
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
a
cy
:
less
o
n
s
fr
o
m
Th
a
ila
n
d
’
s
n
a
tio
n
w
id
e
… (
Ha
r
ee
s
o
l Kh
u
n
-
I
n
ke
eree
)
3451
m
eticu
lo
u
s
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
f
am
ilies
,
tailo
r
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ar
ea
s
.
A
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ex
is
ts
with
a
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
ce
n
ter
co
m
m
itted
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
r
ea
d
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e
in
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
is
ce
n
ter
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
h
u
b
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
an
g
es
an
d
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
ex
p
an
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
o
u
tr
ea
ch
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
r
ea
d
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e.
C
en
tr
al
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
ap
p
o
in
tm
en
t
o
f
a
co
r
e
h
ea
lth
co
m
m
u
n
icato
r
d
ed
icate
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icato
r
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
cr
iter
ia
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
a
welf
ar
e
ca
m
p
aig
n
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
b
o
o
k
s
to
f
am
il
ies.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
ar
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
f
u
s
e
f
o
r
m
ality
,
r
atio
n
ality
,
an
d
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
r
atio
n
ale
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
im
p
ac
t
as:
i
)
th
e
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
welf
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
r
ee
b
o
o
k
s
is
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esear
ch
;
ii
)
it
is
a
p
o
o
r
f
am
ily
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
in
co
m
e
to
b
u
y
books
;
iii
)
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
b
o
o
k
s
in
th
e
f
am
ily
;
iv
)
f
am
ily
with
a
p
r
eg
n
an
t
m
o
th
er
o
r
ch
ild
u
p
to
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
;
v
)
p
ar
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
r
ea
d
a
s
to
r
y
b
o
o
k
to
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
d
aily
if
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
o
n
e
;
vi
)
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
is
welc
o
m
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
k
;
an
d
v
ii
)
th
er
e
is
a
co
llectiv
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
C
r
ea
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
s
a
p
o
licy
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ity
.
2
.
3
.
T
a
rg
e
t
s
a
m
ple c
ha
ra
c
t
e
ristics
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
es
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
ca
r
eg
i
v
er
s
o
f
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
0
–
6
y
ea
r
s
i
n
f
am
ilies
r
ec
eiv
in
g
welf
ar
e
f
o
r
th
r
ee
b
o
o
k
s
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
an
d
n
in
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
T
h
aila
n
d
.
T
h
ese
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e:
i
)
No
r
th
er
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
r
ee
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
:
Ph
ay
ao
,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i,
an
d
L
am
p
a
n
g
;
ii
)
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
th
r
e
e
p
r
o
v
in
c
es:
R
o
i
E
t,
L
o
ei,
an
d
Su
r
in
;
iii
)
C
en
tr
al
T
h
aila
n
d
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
B
an
g
k
o
k
as
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
o
v
in
ce
;
an
d
iv
)
So
u
t
h
er
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
co
v
er
in
g
two
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
s
:
Nak
h
o
n
Si
T
h
am
m
ar
at
an
d
Yala
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
c
o
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l,
with
a
1
0
0
%
r
etr
iev
al
r
ate
f
o
r
all
k
its
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
f
am
ilies
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
all
6
4
2
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
leted
.
2
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
’
s
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Valid
ity
,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
o
w
well
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ass
ess
es
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
y
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
th
e
welf
ar
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
f
am
ily
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
m
eth
o
d
s
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
f
am
ily
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
r
eg
io
n
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
v
er
if
ied
b
y
alig
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
en
n
er
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
th
eo
r
y
an
d
u
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
C
r
iter
io
n
v
alid
ity
was
ass
ess
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
ac
y
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
an
d
p
ast
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
test
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a,
with
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
est
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
v
er
tim
e,
wh
ile
in
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
0
.
7
8
)
en
s
u
r
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
co
r
in
g
f
o
r
s
u
b
jectiv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
with
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
allo
wed
f
o
r
r
ef
in
em
e
n
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
clar
ity
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ata
o
n
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
b
o
o
k
welf
ar
e
in
itiativ
e
o
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
y
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
o
p
t
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
welf
ar
e
p
r
o
jects
in
th
e
ar
ea
co
v
er
ed
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
all
6
4
2
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
’
s
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
f
r
o
m
ev
er
y
p
ar
t in
T
h
ailan
d
as th
e
r
esu
lt sh
o
w.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
W
e
aim
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
was la
r
g
e
en
o
u
g
h
to
d
etec
t m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
6
4
2
f
am
ilies
was
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
atif
ied
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
:
No
r
th
er
n
,
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
,
C
en
tr
al,
an
d
So
u
th
er
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
alig
n
s
with
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
C
o
ch
r
an
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
am
p
le
s
izes
in
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
at
least
3
8
4
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
with
a
5
%
m
ar
g
in
o
f
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
u
r
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
7
3
8
ex
ce
ed
s
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
b
asis
f
o
r
o
u
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
p
led
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ch
ild
r
en
,
ag
ed
0
–
6
y
ea
r
s
,
in
f
am
ilies
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
th
r
ee
-
b
o
o
k
welf
ar
e
in
itiativ
e
in
f
o
u
r
r
eg
io
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
n
in
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
ar
e
elu
cid
ated
as:
i
)
No
r
th
er
n
R
eg
io
n
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
Ph
ay
ao
,
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i,
an
d
L
am
p
an
g
,
with
C
h
ian
g
Ma
i
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
welf
ar
e
f
o
r
th
r
ee
b
o
o
k
s
(
3
1
.
2
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
L
am
p
an
g
(
1
9
.
3
%);
ii
)
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
R
eg
io
n
in
clu
d
in
g
R
o
i E
t,
L
o
ei,
an
d
Su
r
in
;
iii
)
C
en
tr
al
R
eg
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
B
an
g
k
o
k
;
an
d
iv
)
So
u
th
er
n
R
eg
io
n
in
clu
d
in
g
Nak
h
o
n
Si
T
h
am
m
ar
at
an
d
Yala
,
with
Nak
h
o
n
Si
T
h
am
m
ar
at
lead
in
g
at
1
3
.
6
%.
Deta
iled
s
tatis
tics
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
re
s
4
an
d
5
with
6
4
2
f
am
ilies
s
am
p
led
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
4
8
-
34
6
0
3452
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
v
in
ce
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
o
i
n
t o
f
p
r
o
v
in
c
e
An
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
an
d
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
n
in
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
m
o
th
er
s
(
f
em
ales)
,
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
6
6
.
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
Gr
an
d
p
a
r
en
ts
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
1
9
.
2
%,
f
ath
er
s
7
.
9
%,
teac
h
er
s
,
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
,
an
d
m
en
to
r
s
2
.
8
%.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
in
clu
d
ed
u
n
cles
an
d
a
u
n
ts
(
2
.
0
%),
eld
er
s
ib
lin
g
s
(
1
.
2
%),
an
d
o
t
h
er
r
el
ativ
es
(
0
.
3
%).
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
0
.
5
%)
ch
o
s
e
n
o
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
d
ec
lin
ed
to
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
p
e
cif
ics
r
elate
d
to
th
e
welf
ar
e
p
r
o
jects
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
b
o
o
k
s
ar
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
p
r
esen
t in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifi
ed
th
at
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
g
r
ad
u
ates,
to
talin
g
3
0
9
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
3
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
th
o
s
e
with
an
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
am
o
u
n
ted
to
1
5
4
p
e
o
p
le,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
2
4
.
0
%
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
ac
co
u
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
8
8
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
1
3
.
7
%,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
with
a
d
ip
lo
m
a
o
r
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
ed
1
6
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
.
5
%.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
1
1
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
als
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
a
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
d
ip
lo
m
a
o
r
ce
r
tif
icate
,
m
ak
in
g
u
p
1
.
7
%,
an
d
1
2
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
o
t
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
1
.
9
%.
Po
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
wer
e
h
eld
b
y
s
ix
p
eo
p
le
,
r
ef
lectin
g
0
.
9
%.
A
s
m
aller
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
4
in
d
iv
id
u
als
(
0
.
6
%),
in
d
icate
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
attain
m
en
t
b
elo
w
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
No
tab
ly
,
4
2
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
6
.
5
%,
o
p
ted
n
o
t
to
d
is
clo
s
e
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
d
id
n
o
t
r
esp
o
n
d
,
as
d
elin
ea
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
n
textu
a
liz
in
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
a
cy
:
less
o
n
s
fr
o
m
Th
a
ila
n
d
’
s
n
a
tio
n
w
id
e
… (
Ha
r
ee
s
o
l Kh
u
n
-
I
n
ke
eree
)
3453
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
Am
o
n
g
th
e
6
4
2
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
g
en
er
al
co
n
tr
a
ctin
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
aily
g
en
er
al
h
ir
e,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
an
d
h
o
u
s
e
p
ain
tin
g
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
9
5
in
d
iv
id
u
als (
3
0
.
4
%).
Self
-
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
s
er
v
ice
-
b
ased
r
o
les,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
o
ce
r
y
s
to
r
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
m
o
to
r
cy
cle
r
ep
air
,
b
ea
u
ty
s
alo
n
s
,
lau
n
d
r
y
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
m
o
to
r
b
ik
e
tax
is
,
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
1
3
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
0
.
9
%).
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
f
is
h
in
g
,
an
d
liv
esto
ck
-
r
elate
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
ed
6
1
in
d
iv
id
u
als
(
9
.
5
%),
wh
ile
4
4
(
6
.
9
%)
wo
r
k
ed
in
p
r
iv
ate
co
m
p
an
ies,
f
ac
to
r
ies,
h
o
tels
,
an
d
s
to
r
es.
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
was
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
b
y
2
5
in
d
iv
id
u
als
(
3
.
9
%),
with
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
2
3
(
3
.
6
%)
in
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ice
r
o
les.
Sm
aller
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
clu
d
ed
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ea
ch
with
6
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
0
.
9
%),
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
o
cto
r
s
an
d
n
u
r
s
es,
to
talin
g
3
in
d
iv
id
u
als
(
0
.
5
%).
Ad
d
itio
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t statu
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.
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etailed
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u
r
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.
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h
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to
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y
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r
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led
d
is
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atter
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s
in
ter
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s
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e
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u
m
b
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o
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ch
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r
en
with
in
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ch
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am
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.
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h
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m
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ity
,
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m
p
r
is
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g
4
6
6
f
am
ilies
,
o
r
7
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.
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%,
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–
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r
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4
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ile
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f
in
d
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g
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r
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ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
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8
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J
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14
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u
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ild
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x
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icate
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ter
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Deta
ils
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T
a
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1
.
T
h
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is
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ically
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ig
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im
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ter
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Par
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ated
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en
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/car
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9
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ig
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f
o
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ild
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ile
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o
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q
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ed
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y
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ild
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n
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in
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s
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t
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g
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e.
g
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elate
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9
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in
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in
itiativ
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ly
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d
ch
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p
m
en
t.
Deta
ils
ar
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p
r
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id
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i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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I
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14
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5
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20
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34
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ly
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Dis
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T
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t
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s
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ess
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ac
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
at
th
e
ea
r
lie
r
s
tag
e
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
b
o
o
k
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
r
ea
d
in
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b
eh
av
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r
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o
n
g
th
e
ch
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e
n
,
p
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r
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ts
,
g
u
ar
d
ian
s
o
r
ca
r
eg
iv
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wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
m
ad
e
b
y
Datta
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
af
f
ir
m
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
l
iter
ac
y
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
lev
el
am
o
n
g
ch
i
ld
r
en
at
t
h
e
ea
r
lier
s
tag
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
t
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
p
er
tain
to
th
e
m
o
d
e
in
wh
i
ch
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
:
c
o
n
ten
t
r
ea
d
in
g
t
o
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
wh
o
o
p
in
e
d
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
c
o
n
ten
ts
to
ch
ild
r
en
wh
ile
th
ey
s
tar
e
at
t
h
em
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
il
ls
at
an
ea
r
lier
s
tag
e
in
life
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
o
y
n
e
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
s
aid
th
at
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
lear
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Fre
q
u
en
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
ca
n
s
h
o
r
ten
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
s
an
d
cr
ea
te
a
p
r
ef
er
en
c
e
f
o
r
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s
tan
t
g
r
atif
icatio
n
,
m
a
k
i
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g
it
c
h
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
ch
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n
to
e
n
g
ag
e
in
th
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
,
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
th
at
b
o
o
k
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e.
B
alan
cin
g
s
cr
e
en
tim
e
with
r
ea
d
in
g
ca
n
h
elp
m
ain
tain
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
cu
s
d
ee
p
ly
.
T
h
en
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
b
r
ea
k
in
g
th
e
cy
cl
e
o
f
p
o
v
er
ty
a
n
d
in
e
q
u
ality
d
em
an
d
s
a
r
ad
ical
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
a
s
s
ets
as
Ger
s
ten
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
en
d
in
g
p
o
v
er
ty
a
n
d
in
eq
u
ality
ca
lls
f
o
r
a
b
o
ld
s
h
if
t
in
h
o
w
p
o
wer
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Par
en
tal
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
7
]
.
W
h
en
p
a
r
en
ts
s
et
h
ig
h
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
an
d
m
o
d
el
a
p
o
s
itiv
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attitu
d
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to
war
d
lear
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g
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ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
an
d
r
em
ain
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
a
g
ed
in
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
p
ar
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
u
t
als
o
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
h
ea
lth
,
as
b
o
th
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
o
v
er
all
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
[
3
9
]
.
A
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
well
-
b
e
in
g
,
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
en
co
u
r
ag
em
e
n
t
h
elp
s
ch
ild
r
en
s
ta
y
en
g
ag
e
d
,
m
o
tiv
ated
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
in
th
e
ir
lear
n
in
g
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
c
h
ild
r
en
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
ask
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wh
en
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
u
n
clea
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
ask
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
y
th
ese
ch
ild
r
en
is
in
f
lu
en
tial
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
attesti
n
g
to
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
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lier
s
ch
o
lar
s
wh
o
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
allo
win
g
c
h
ild
r
en
to
ask
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
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f
th
ese
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
ess
es
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lear
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
o
o
k
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ev
alu
ates
p
o
s
t
-
r
ea
d
in
g
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
s
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
cu
s
s
b
o
o
k
co
n
ten
t
an
d
ap
p
ly
lear
n
ed
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
im
p
ac
t.
Fin
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
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s
r
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s
u
p
p
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e
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o
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Ad
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ig
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d
liter
a
cy
:
less
o
n
s
fr
o
m
Th
a
ila
n
d
’
s
n
a
tio
n
w
id
e
… (
Ha
r
ee
s
o
l Kh
u
n
-
I
n
ke
eree
)
3457
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
af
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
with
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
ca
r
e
g
iv
er
s
r
ev
ea
led
d
is
tin
ct
p
atter
n
s
.
A
n
o
tab
le
m
a
jo
r
ity
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
ex
h
i
b
ited
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
es,
wit
h
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
est
in
b
o
o
k
s
(
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ictu
r
es
an
d
ca
r
to
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
)
an
d
h
eig
h
ten
ed
atten
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
,
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
3
0
.
4
%
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
clo
s
ely
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
b
s
er
v
an
t
an
d
cu
r
i
o
u
s
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
in
clin
atio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
m
o
r
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
i
m
ag
in
atio
n
,
an
d
an
en
h
an
ce
d
ab
ilit
y
to
u
tili
ze
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
f
r
o
m
b
o
o
k
s
in
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
an
d
im
itate
ch
a
r
ac
ter
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
to
talin
g
1
5
.
7
%
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
n
o
tab
le
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
,
4
.
2
%
,
r
ep
o
r
ted
e
x
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
g
r
ea
ter
jo
y
,
ch
ee
r
f
u
ln
ess
,
an
d
e
n
jo
y
m
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
m
aller
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
3
.
0
%
,
s
h
ar
ed
th
e
s
to
r
i
es
th
ey
r
e
ad
an
d
lis
ten
ed
t
o
,
Kiv
ir
an
ta
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
s
ess
io
n
s
in
th
eir
d
aily
li
v
es.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
o
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
R
ea
d
in
g
is
a
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
im
ag
in
atio
n
an
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
en
d
u
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
[
4
3
]
–
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
a
ct
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
ca
n
y
ield
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
en
ef
its
in
t
h
e
liv
es
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
b
o
n
d
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
am
ily
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
,
an
d
th
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
r
r
ec
t
r
ea
d
in
g
al
o
u
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
en
ab
les
ch
ild
r
e
n
to
ad
ap
t
to
n
ew
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
ca
lm
n
ess
an
d
p
atien
ce
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
ea
d
in
g
is
v
ital
in
s
tim
u
latin
g
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
b
r
ain
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
o
u
ts
id
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
[4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
Ov
er
all,
in
s
till
in
g
life
lo
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
n
u
r
tu
r
es
im
ag
in
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
th
eir
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
a
l d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
an
g
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ch
ild
r
en
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
with
b
o
o
k
s
,
s
h
ed
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
est in
b
o
o
k
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
en
h
an
ce
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
b
o
th
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
with
b
o
o
k
s
,
as sh
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
4.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
3
0
.
4
%
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
a
n
d
i
n
ter
est
in
b
o
o
k
s
,
wh
ile
1
5
.
7
%
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
in
cr
ea
s
ed
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
im
ag
in
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
a
p
p
ly
n
ew
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
in
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
.
A
s
m
aller
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
c
h
ild
r
e
n
ex
h
ib
it
en
h
an
ce
d
ch
ee
r
f
u
ln
ess
(
4
.
2
%)
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
h
ar
e
s
to
r
ies
an
d
a
p
p
ly
less
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
r
ea
d
i
n
g
to
d
aily
life
(
3
.
0
%).
Ho
wev
er
,
a
n
o
tab
le
4
2
.
5
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ch
o
s
e
n
o
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
g
a
p
in
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
r
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
g
r
o
wth
,
wh
ile
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
ateg
ies to
en
h
an
ce
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
all
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ch
an
g
es in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
em
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
N
u
mb
e
r
(
p
e
r
so
n
s)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
(
%)
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
b
e
t
t
e
r
,
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
b
o
o
k
s
(
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
s,
c
a
r
t
o
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
i
n
b
o
o
k
s)
,
h
a
v
e
mo
r
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
.
1
9
5
3
0
.
4
O
b
serv
a
n
t
c
h
i
l
d
c
u
r
i
o
u
s,
m
o
r
e
i
n
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
v
e
,
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
t
o
u
se
t
h
e
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
t
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
se
a
n
d
i
mi
t
a
t
e
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
.
1
0
1
1
5
.
7
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
,
c
h
e
e
r
f
u
l
,
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
y
t
o
l
i
s
t
e
n
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
.
27
4
.
2
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
s
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
i
e
s
t
h
e
y
r
e
a
d
a
n
d
l
i
st
e
n
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
u
t
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
l
e
a
r
n
f
r
o
m
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
d
a
i
l
y
l
i
v
e
s.
19
3
.
0
O
t
h
e
r
s
27
4
.
2
D
o
n
o
t
w
i
s
h
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
/
d
o
n
o
t
a
n
sw
e
r
.
2
7
3
4
2
.
5
To
t
a
l
6
4
2
1
0
0
.
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
b
o
o
k
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
y
an
d
f
a
m
ily
r
ea
d
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
a
lar
g
ely
u
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
co
n
tex
t
f
o
r
s
u
ch
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
it
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
es,
u
s
in
g
s
tati
s
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
an
g
es
wh
ile
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
life
p
ar
en
tal
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
c
h
ild
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
A
k
e
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
its
r
eg
io
n
al
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
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ak
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.
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