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[
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E
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Fu
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[
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,
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9
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.
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f
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as
PERM
A,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
h
e
d
o
n
ic
a
n
d
eu
d
aim
o
n
ic
asp
ec
ts
to
p
r
esen
t
a
h
o
lis
tic
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
iv
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
(
PE)
,
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
(
E
N)
,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
(
R
L
)
,
m
ea
n
in
g
(
MN
)
,
an
d
a
cc
o
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
(
AC
)
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
with
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
n
u
r
tu
r
e
well
-
b
ein
g
ac
r
o
s
s
cr
itical
ar
ea
s
—
class
r
o
o
m
,
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
f
ac
u
lty
,
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
l c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
—
by
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
t
h
e
co
r
e
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
PERMA
[
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
PERMA
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
,
a
p
lu
r
ality
o
f
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
f
in
ed
to
W
ester
n
s
ett
in
g
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
with
r
elativ
ely
lim
ited
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
E
aster
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itical
n
ee
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
well
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
n
u
a
n
ce
d
len
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
l
y
in
Asi
an
co
n
te
x
ts
,
wh
er
e
co
llectiv
is
t
v
alu
es
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
f
a
m
ily
b
o
n
d
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
at
Asi
an
Am
er
ican
s
ty
p
ically
f
o
s
ter
s
tr
o
n
g
f
a
m
ilial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
co
llectiv
is
t
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
a
d
ed
icatio
n
to
m
ee
tin
g
f
am
ilial
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
u
p
war
d
s
o
cial
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
n
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
ex
am
in
e
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
in
f
o
r
m
ed
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
Asi
an
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
er
e
co
llectiv
is
t
id
ea
ls
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
,
f
am
ilial
ties
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
8
]
.
A
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
g
a
p
p
er
s
is
t
s
in
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
c
u
ltu
r
ally
tailo
r
e
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
esig
n
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
T
h
ai
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
c
o
u
n
te
r
d
is
t
in
ctiv
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
ch
allen
g
es,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
a
PERMA
-
b
ased
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
cu
s
to
m
ized
f
o
r
th
is
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic,
c
ap
tu
r
in
g
b
o
th
h
ed
o
n
ic
an
d
e
u
d
aim
o
n
ic
asp
ec
ts
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
with
in
th
e
T
h
ai
cu
l
tu
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ets
o
u
t
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
a
c
u
ltu
r
ally
tailo
r
ed
well
-
b
ein
g
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
T
h
ai
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
o
o
ted
in
th
e
PERMA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
co
n
f
i
r
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
we
aim
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
PERMA
—
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
ass
es
s
in
g
well
-
b
ein
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
C
FA
in
PERMA
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
r
ei
n
f
o
r
cin
g
its
v
alid
ity
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
aly
s
is
s
er
v
es
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
alter
n
a
tiv
e,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
cr
itical
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
e
ctio
n
s
an
d
ce
n
t
r
ality
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
in
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
p
r
esen
ts
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tr
en
g
th
b
y
r
ev
ea
lin
g
d
ata
p
atter
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
p
r
im
ar
i
ly
in
ter
p
r
ets
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
lcu
lates
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
in
d
ices,
s
u
ch
as
ce
n
tr
ality
in
d
ices
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
p
ar
tial
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
s
im
p
lify
in
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
iab
les
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
a
well
-
b
ein
g
ass
es
s
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
a
n
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
d
is
tin
ct
to
T
h
ailan
d
.
I
t
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
two
k
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
Do
es th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
PERMA
m
o
d
el
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
r
ef
lect
th
e
T
h
ai
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
t?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
with
in
th
is
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic?
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
its
d
u
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
zin
g
b
o
t
h
C
FA
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
PERMA
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
am
in
e
th
eir
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
ass
is
t
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
cu
ltu
r
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
e
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
its
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
aim
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cieta
l
b
en
e
f
its
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
b
etter
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
life
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
T
h
a
i
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
ar
ticu
la
ted
b
y
C
r
eswell
[
2
4
]
.
A
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
was
ch
o
s
en
a
s
it
i
s
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
o
r
th
e
e
n
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
aim
.
2.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
p
ro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
esig
n
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
P
E
R
MA
well
-
b
ein
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
N
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
aila
n
d
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3837
3826
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
R
eg
io
n
.
A
m
u
ltis
tag
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
r
e
cr
u
it
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e,
s
ix
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
th
e
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
r
e
g
io
n
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
:
i
)
Ma
h
asar
ak
h
am
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
;
ii
)
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
;
iii
)
Ub
o
n
R
atch
ath
an
i
Un
iv
er
s
ity
;
iv
)
Nak
h
o
n
R
atch
asima
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
;
v
)
R
o
i
E
t
R
a
jab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
;
an
d
vi
)
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Asi
an
Sch
o
lar
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
th
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
r
awn
.
A
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
8
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
was
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
r
el
iab
le
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
C
FA,
alig
n
in
g
with
C
o
m
r
ey
an
d
L
ee
[
2
5
]
ass
er
tio
n
th
at
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
o
r
m
o
r
e
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
ed
a
d
iv
er
s
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
f
f
ir
s
t
-
to
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
4
(
B
E
2
5
6
7
)
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
8
1
8
wer
e
f
em
al
e
(
7
5
.
7
%),
an
d
2
6
2
wer
e
m
ale
(
2
4
.
3
%).
T
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
clu
d
ed
3
7
4
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
4
.
6
%),
5
1
5
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
7
.
7
%),
1
2
5
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
1
1
.
6
%),
a
n
d
6
6
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
6
.
1
%),
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
d
iv
er
s
ity
en
s
u
r
es a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es in
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
T
o
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
i
n
g
lect
u
r
e
h
o
u
r
s
to
m
in
im
ize
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
ch
ed
u
les.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
p
er
s
o
n
ally
v
is
ited
ea
ch
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
n
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
,
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
was
av
ailab
le
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
clea
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
f
t
h
eir
r
ig
h
t
t
o
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e
t
o
p
r
io
r
itize
th
eir
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
ticip
an
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
(
n
=1
,
0
8
0
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
N
o
.
%
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
M
a
h
a
s
a
r
a
k
h
a
m U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
U
b
o
n
R
a
t
c
h
a
t
h
a
n
i
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
N
a
k
h
o
n
R
a
t
c
h
a
s
i
ma
R
a
j
a
b
h
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
R
o
i
E
t
R
a
j
a
b
h
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
A
si
a
n
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
s
1
8
0
1
6
.
6
7
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
2
6
2
2
4
.
3
F
e
mal
e
8
1
8
7
5
.
7
Y
e
a
r
F
i
r
st
-
y
e
a
r
3
7
4
3
4
.
6
S
e
c
o
n
d
-
y
e
a
r
5
1
5
4
7
.
7
Th
i
r
d
-
y
e
a
r
1
2
5
1
1
.
6
F
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
e
a
r
66
6
.
1
2.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
t
h
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
as
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
ea
r
li
er
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
f
o
llo
win
g
Selig
m
an
’
s
PERMA
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
o
f
th
is
PERMA
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
ates
f
iv
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
PE
,
EN
,
RL
,
MN
,
an
d
AC
.
T
h
e
PE
R
MA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
5
item
s
o
v
er
all,
with
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
t
h
r
ee
item
s
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
em
p
lo
y
s
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
(
1
)
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
(
5
)
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
s
o
m
e
f
u
r
th
er
d
etails;
th
er
e
ar
e
two
p
ar
ts
:
i)
p
ar
t
1
,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
aim
ed
at
co
llectin
g
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
;
an
d
ii)
p
ar
t
2
,
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as
s
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
iv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
in
t
h
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
is
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
s
ec
u
r
ed
f
o
r
m
al
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
ce
e
d
with
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
r
ec
eip
t
o
f
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia,
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
b
e
at
least
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
an
d
cu
r
r
en
tly
e
n
r
o
lled
as
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
clea
r
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t.
T
h
o
s
e
wh
o
f
u
lly
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
a
n
d
ag
r
ee
d
to
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
to
co
m
p
let
e
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
T
h
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
etwe
en
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
4
an
d
J
u
ly
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
to
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes
to
co
m
p
lete.
I
n
itially
,
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
f
r
o
m
1
,
3
0
1
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
Fo
llo
win
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
d
ata
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
an
y
an
o
m
alo
u
s
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
,
th
e
f
in
al
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
,
0
8
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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MA
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ca
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a
s
s
ess
men
t in
u
n
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r
a
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a
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d
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P
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3827
2.
5
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
es
T
o
s
u
it
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
tatis
tical
to
o
ls
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ch
o
s
en
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
th
u
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
C
FA
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
n
d
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
(
ML
)
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
ev
alu
ate
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
er
al
cr
iter
ia:
a
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
,
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ex
(
GFI
)
,
T
u
ck
er
-
L
ewis
’
s
i
n
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
,
an
d
ad
ju
s
ted
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ex
(
AGFI
)
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
9
0
,
as
well
as
a
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
an
d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
[2
6
]
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
tics
a
n
d
C
FA
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
L
a
v
aa
n
R
p
ac
k
a
g
e
(
v
er
s
io
n
0
.
6
–
1
8
)
in
R
Stu
d
io
(
v
er
s
io
n
2
0
2
3
.
2
.
1
)
[2
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
i
ti
o
n
t
o
C
FA
,
n
etw
o
r
k
a
n
a
ly
s
is
was
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
t
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
PER
MA
well
-
b
ei
n
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
i
n
g
J
e
f
f
r
e
y
s
’
A
m
az
i
n
g
Stat
is
ti
cs
Pr
o
g
r
a
m
(
J
AS
P
)
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
0
.
1
6
.
2
[2
8
]
.
J
ASP
is
a
f
r
ee
ly
a
v
ai
la
b
le
s
t
atis
ti
cs
s
o
f
twa
r
e
th
at
is
d
esi
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
e
ase
o
f
u
s
e.
Net
wo
r
k
a
n
al
y
s
is
all
o
ws
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
v
is
u
al
ly
e
x
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
ab
les
wi
t
h
i
n
a
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
e
n
t
iti
es
(
i
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
,
o
b
je
cts
)
a
r
e
r
ef
er
r
e
d
t
o
as
n
o
d
es
,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
i
n
f
e
r
r
e
d
c
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
t
h
es
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
as
e
d
g
es
[2
8
]
.
T
h
e
esti
m
a
to
r
,
a
p
a
r
ti
al
c
o
r
r
el
ati
o
n
(
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ati
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
)
,
s
h
o
ws
e
d
g
es
as
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
b
et
we
en
n
o
d
es,
r
e
f
le
cti
n
g
c
o
r
r
ela
ti
o
n
s
n
o
t
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
v
ar
ia
b
les
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
as
s
u
g
g
este
d
b
y
L
e
m
e
et
a
l
.
[2
9
]
.
N
etw
o
r
k
p
l
o
ts
,
w
ei
g
h
t
m
at
r
i
ce
s
,
c
e
n
tr
ali
t
y
p
l
o
ts
,
a
n
d
ce
n
t
r
al
it
y
t
a
b
les
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
k
e
y
o
u
t
p
u
ts
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
[2
8
]
.
T
h
e
c
en
tr
alit
y
o
p
t
io
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
tes
a
n
et
wo
r
k
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
a
s
a
v
is
u
al
p
l
o
t
an
d
n
u
m
er
i
ca
l
ta
b
l
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
r
e
e
k
e
y
m
et
r
ics
:
b
etw
ee
n
n
ess
(
a
n
o
d
e
’
s
r
o
l
e
i
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
f
l
o
w)
,
cl
o
s
e
n
ess
(
a
n
o
d
e
’
s
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
wi
th
in
t
h
e
n
etw
o
r
k
)
,
a
n
d
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
a
n
o
d
e
’
s
d
i
r
e
ct
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
b
ase
d
o
n
e
d
g
e
w
ei
g
h
t
)
[
30
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
3
.
1
.
F
a
ct
o
rs o
f
t
he
P
E
RM
A
well
-
being
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
t
ud
ent
s
T
h
e
d
esc
r
i
p
t
iv
e
s
t
atis
tics
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
e
an
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
d
ev
i
ati
o
n
(
SD
)
f
o
r
th
e
l
ate
n
t
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es
a
n
d
in
d
ic
at
o
r
s
o
u
tli
n
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
Am
o
n
g
p
ar
tic
ip
a
n
ts
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
m
e
an
s
c
o
r
e
was
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
f
o
r
M
N,
wit
h
E
N
clo
s
el
y
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
,
r
ef
lec
ti
n
g
s
tr
o
n
g
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
n
its
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e.
T
h
e
o
t
h
er
v
a
r
i
ab
les
—
P
E
,
R
L
,
a
n
d
AC
—
al
o
n
g
wit
h
t
h
e
t
o
t
al
m
e
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
P
E
R
MA
wel
l
-
b
ei
n
g
,
wer
e
a
ll
class
if
ie
d
as
“
a
g
r
ee
”
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Facto
r
s
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
e
a
n
SD
Le
v
e
l
PE
3
3
.
8
5
3
0
.
6
9
7
A
g
r
e
e
P
E1
-
H
a
p
p
i
n
e
ss
3
.
9
3
2
0
.
8
5
6
P
E2
-
Li
f
e
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
3
.
8
1
7
0
.
8
4
6
P
E5
-
O
p
t
i
m
i
sm
3
.
8
1
0
0
.
8
3
0
EN
3
4
.
3
3
2
0
.
5
9
7
SA
EN
1
0
-
A
b
so
r
p
t
i
o
n
4
.
2
1
7
0
.
8
0
3
EN
1
1
-
F
l
o
w
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
4
.
5
7
9
0
.
6
2
6
EN
1
2
-
D
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
2
0
1
0
.
7
8
6
RL
3
3
.
6
7
8
0
.
6
7
2
A
g
r
e
e
R
L1
6
-
B
e
i
n
g
e
n
t
r
u
s
t
e
d
3
.
5
2
3
0
.
8
5
5
R
L1
7
-
B
e
i
n
g
l
o
v
e
d
3
.
8
5
8
0
.
8
5
9
R
L1
8
-
B
e
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
3
.
6
5
4
0
.
7
5
8
MN
3
4
.
4
1
0
0
.
5
9
7
SA
M
N
2
1
-
S
e
l
f
-
e
st
e
e
m
3
.
8
8
7
0
.
9
7
2
M
N
2
2
-
V
a
l
u
e
i
n
l
i
f
e
3
.
9
8
3
0
.
8
6
7
M
N
2
3
-
A
l
t
r
u
i
s
m
3
.
5
5
3
1
.
0
0
5
AC
3
3
.
8
0
8
0
.
8
1
3
A
g
r
e
e
A
C
2
7
-
G
o
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
4
.
2
0
9
0
.
7
9
8
A
C
2
8
-
A
se
n
se
o
f
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
4
.
4
7
7
0
.
6
8
7
A
C
2
9
-
G
o
a
l
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
4
.
5
4
3
0
.
6
9
5
P
ER
M
A
w
e
l
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
15
4
.
0
1
6
0
.
5
0
2
A
g
r
e
e
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
me
a
n
sc
o
r
e
s:
4
.
2
1
-
5
.
0
0
:
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
(
S
A
)
,
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
:
a
g
r
e
e
,
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
:
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
,
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
:
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
,
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
8
0
:
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
3
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
5
item
s
eq
u
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
with
a
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
0
.
8
9
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
e
q
u
ac
y
.
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
o
f
s
p
h
e
r
icity
(
χ²
(
1
0
5
)
=6
,
0
6
9
.
6
1
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
v
alid
ate
d
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
in
ter
r
elate
d
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esu
lts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3837
3828
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
ass
es
s
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wer
e
as:
PE=
0
.
7
6
7
,
E
N
=0
.
7
2
5
,
R
L
=0
.
7
4
5
,
MN
=0
.
7
5
6
,
an
d
AC
=0
.
8
1
8
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
item
s
with
in
ea
c
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
laten
t
v
ar
i
ab
les,
also
r
ef
lecte
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
els:
PE=
0
.
7
4
8
,
E
G
=0
.
7
3
3
,
R
L
=0
.
7
1
1
,
MN
=0
.
7
8
3
,
an
d
AC
=0
.
8
3
2
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
item
s
r
o
b
u
s
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
PERMA
s
ca
le
ex
h
ib
ited
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
lti
p
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
a
lid
ity
was
af
f
ir
m
ed
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
with
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
v
alu
es
f
o
r
PE,
MN
,
an
d
AC
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
5
0
,
alth
o
u
g
h
E
N
an
d
R
L
f
ell
s
lig
h
tly
b
elo
w
th
is
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
.
Di
s
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
as
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
ex
ce
ed
ed
its
co
r
r
e
latio
n
s
with
o
th
er
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
0
.
6
7
2
–
0
.
7
8
9
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
clea
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
.
3
.
3
.
P
E
RM
A
well
-
being
s
ca
l
e
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n wit
h str
uct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n m
o
dels
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
a
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
-
g
en
er
ated
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
c
o
llected
.
Fo
r
s
o
d
o
i
n
g
,
t
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
was
cr
itical
in
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
as
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SE
M)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
PERMA
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
PE
,
EN
,
RL
,
MN
,
an
d
AC
,
s
o
as
to
af
f
ir
m
alig
n
m
en
t
with
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
ata
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
al
y
s
is
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
wh
ic
h
n
o
tes th
e
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
h
ib
ited
a
n
ex
c
ellen
t
f
it
with
χ²/d
f
=
1
.
2
1
7
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
9
8
>
0
.
9
,
T
L
I
=0
.
9
9
7
>0
.
9
,
GFI
=0
.
9
9
1
>
0
.
9
,
AGFI
=0
.
9
8
3
>
0
.
9
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
1
3
<
0
.
0
5
,
an
d
SR
MR=0
.
0
1
6
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
cr
iter
ia
as
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Mc
Do
n
ald
an
d
Ho
[
2
6
]
.
No
t
o
n
ly
d
id
th
ey
m
ee
t
th
ese
cr
iter
ia,
b
u
t
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
th
e
C
FA
also
v
alid
ate
d
th
at
t
h
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
is
a
v
alid
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
f
it
in
d
ices
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
d
ataset
ad
eq
u
ately
ca
p
tu
r
es th
e
f
i
v
e
el
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
4
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
n
f
o
r
m
ity
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
n
=1
,
0
8
0
)
I
n
d
e
x
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
χ²
N
o
t
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
,
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
χ
²
/
d
f
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
2
.
0
0
0
χ
²=7
1
.
4
0
1
,
d
f
=
6
0
,
p
=
0
.
1
4
9
χ
²/
d
f
7
1
.
4
0
1
/
6
0
=
1
.
2
1
7
C
F
I
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
9
9
8
G
F
I
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
9
9
1
TLI
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
9
9
7
A
G
F
I
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
9
8
3
S
R
M
R
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
6
R
M
S
EA
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
0
.
0
5
0
0
.
0
1
3
T
ab
le
4
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ativ
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
(
n
=1
,
0
8
0
)
Th
e
P
ER
M
A
w
e
l
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
mo
d
e
l
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
v
a
l
u
e
t
b
B
SE
AC
1
0
.
7
9
4
-
-
MN
0
.
8
5
4
0
.
7
7
7
0
.
0
7
4
1
1
.
4
9
8
*
*
PE
0
.
9
6
8
0
.
7
8
2
0
.
0
7
6
1
2
.
6
9
4
*
*
RL
0
.
8
9
6
0
.
7
4
6
0
.
0
7
2
1
2
.
3
8
9
*
*
EN
0
.
4
9
7
0
.
5
1
3
0
.
0
6
7
7
.
4
3
7
*
*
P
E5
1
0
.
7
9
1
-
-
P
E2
0
.
8
5
5
0
.
6
8
6
0
.
0
5
2
1
6
.
3
5
3
*
*
P
E1
0
.
7
7
6
0
.
6
3
4
0
.
0
5
1
1
5
.
3
3
*
*
EN
1
2
1
0
.
6
7
6
-
-
EN
1
1
0
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8
6
4
0
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7
3
6
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5
3
1
6
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2
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5
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1
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0
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4
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5
9
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1
5
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6
5
8
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R
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7
1
0
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7
7
1
-
-
R
L1
8
0
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8
2
5
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6
3
3
0
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6
4
1
2
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5
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R
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6
0
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7
3
2
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6
3
8
0
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3
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1
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N
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2
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6
8
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8
9
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1
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0
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9
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1
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9
5
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9
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8
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3
3
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7
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0
1
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6
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9
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M
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R
M
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6
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p
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0
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
P
E
R
MA
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
a
s
s
ess
men
t in
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
co
n
fir
ma
to
r
y
… (
P
h
a
mo
r
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p
u
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Yu
r
a
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t
)
3829
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
χ2
=
71
.
4
0
1
,
d
f
=6
0
,
p=
0
.
1
4
9
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
9
8
,
T
L
I
=0
.
9
9
7
,
GFI
=0
.
9
9
1
,
AGFI
=0
.
9
8
3
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
1
3
,
SR
MR=0
.
0
1
6
)
T
h
e
C
FA
an
aly
s
is
f
u
r
th
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
weig
h
ts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
1
to
0
.
7
9
,
with
all
elem
en
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
b
ein
g
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
t
h
e
0
.
0
1
lev
el.
First,
th
e
AC
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
weig
h
t
o
f
0
.
7
9
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
with
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
9
8
.
0
0
%).
Seco
n
d
,
b
o
th
PE
an
d
MN
ex
h
i
b
ited
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
weig
h
t o
f
0
.
7
8
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
h
ig
h
v
ar
iatio
n
wit
h
th
e
m
o
d
el
(
9
5
.
4
0
%).
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
R
L
,
h
ad
a
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
weig
h
t
o
f
0
.
7
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
m
o
d
er
ate
v
ar
iatio
n
(
7
5
.
6
0
%)
with
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el.
Fin
ally
,
E
N
r
e
g
is
ter
ed
th
e
l
o
west
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
weig
h
t
o
f
0
.
5
1
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
m
o
d
er
ate
v
ar
iatio
n
(
3
4
.
3
0
%)
with
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3
.
4
.
P
E
RM
A
well
-
being
s
ca
l
e
m
ea
s
urem
ent
wit
h a
net
wo
rk
mo
del
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
el,
as
v
is
u
alize
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
ig
u
r
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
ar
tial c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
item
s
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
g
r
a
p
h
u
s
es n
o
d
e
co
lo
r
s
to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
ed
g
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
to
in
d
icate
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
m
atr
ix
b
etwe
en
item
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
a
r
tial
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
s
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
s
u
ch
as
PE2
with
PE1
(
0
.
3
2
0
)
,
E
N1
1
with
E
N1
2
(
0
.
3
1
0
)
,
an
d
R
L
1
6
with
R
L
1
7
(
0
.
4
2
0
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
tab
le
in
ter
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
AC
2
8
with
A
C
2
9
(
0
.
3
2
0
)
an
d
MN
2
3
with
M
N2
2
(
0
.
2
4
0
)
.
T
h
ese
c
o
r
r
elat
io
n
s
r
ef
lect
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
co
n
s
tr
u
cts an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
p
ec
if
ic
ite
m
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
ia
g
r
am
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les,
g
r
o
u
p
ed
i
n
to
f
iv
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
b
y
d
is
tin
ct
co
lo
r
s
f
o
r
clar
ity
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
le
with
in
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
ed
g
e
s
(
lin
es
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
n
o
d
es)
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
ar
tial
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
l
es.
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
co
lo
r
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
ed
g
es
in
d
icate
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
ick
er
ed
g
es
d
en
o
te
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
co
r
r
e
latio
n
s
.
B
lu
e
ed
g
es
in
d
icate
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
r
ed
ed
g
es in
d
icate
n
eg
at
iv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
ality
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
etwe
en
n
ess
,
clo
s
en
ess
,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
,
f
o
r
ea
c
h
v
ar
iab
le
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
a
n
d
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e.
I
n
t
h
e
PE
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
PE5
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
with
h
ig
h
b
etwe
en
n
ess
(
0
.
8
1
0
)
an
d
clo
s
en
ess
(
1
.
3
3
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
its
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
as
a
m
e
d
iato
r
a
n
d
its
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
PE1
an
d
PE2
ex
h
ib
it
lo
wer
ce
n
tr
ality
v
alu
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
y
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
er
ip
h
er
al.
T
h
e
E
N
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
ws
a
clea
r
d
is
tin
ctio
n
,
with
E
N1
1
h
av
i
n
g
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
i
g
h
ce
n
tr
ality
m
ea
s
u
r
es
(
b
etwe
en
n
ess
:
1
.
2
8
0
,
clo
s
en
ess
:
1
.
8
2
0
,
s
tr
en
g
th
:
1
.
7
4
0
)
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
eir
cr
itical
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
wh
ile
E
N1
0
an
d
E
N1
2
h
av
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
v
alu
es
,
in
d
icatin
g
less
er
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
W
ith
in
th
e
R
L
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct,
R
L
1
7
is
h
ig
h
ly
ce
n
tr
al
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
e
twee
n
n
ess
(
0
.
6
6
0
)
,
clo
s
en
ess
(
0
.
2
5
0
)
,
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
(
1
.
0
7
0
)
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
k
ey
n
o
d
e,
wh
ile
R
L
1
8
an
d
R
L
1
6
s
h
o
w
lo
wer
ce
n
tr
ality
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3837
3830
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
r
e
p
er
i
p
h
er
al
p
o
s
itio
n
.
I
n
th
e
AC
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
AC
2
9
em
er
g
es
as
a
cr
u
ci
al
n
o
d
e
with
h
ig
h
ce
n
tr
ality
v
alu
es
(
b
etwe
en
n
ess
:
1
.
7
4
0
,
clo
s
en
ess
:
1
.
5
1
0
,
s
t
r
en
g
th
:
1
.
1
9
0
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
AC
2
7
an
d
AC
2
8
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
er
ate
to
l
o
w
ce
n
tr
ality
,
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
v
ar
ied
r
o
les
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fo
r
th
e
MN
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
MN
2
3
d
is
p
lay
s
h
ig
h
er
ce
n
tr
ality
(
b
etwe
en
n
ess
:
1
.
7
4
0
,
clo
s
en
ess
:
0
.
9
4
0
,
s
tr
en
g
th
:
0
.
5
1
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le,
wh
ile
MN
2
1
an
d
MN
2
2
ex
h
ib
it
l
o
wer
ce
n
tr
ality
v
alu
es,
p
o
in
tin
g
to
a
less
in
f
lu
en
tial p
o
s
itio
n
.
H
ig
h
ce
n
tr
ality
n
o
d
es
s
u
ch
as
PE5
,
E
N1
1
,
R
L
1
7
,
A
C
2
9
,
an
d
MN
2
3
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
ar
e
p
iv
o
tal
in
th
ei
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ac
t
as
p
iv
o
tal
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
ar
e
well
-
in
teg
r
ated
,
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
es
s
en
tial
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
ed
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
o
v
er
all
s
tu
d
en
t
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
n
o
d
es
with
lo
wer
ce
n
tr
ality
,
s
u
ch
as
PE1
,
PE2
,
E
N1
0
,
E
N1
2
,
R
L
1
8
,
R
L
1
6
,
an
d
MN
2
2
,
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
e
r
ip
h
er
al
an
d
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
i
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
in
f
l
u
en
ce
wit
h
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Netwo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
n
o
d
e
ce
n
tr
ality
m
ea
s
u
r
es in
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
e
l: (
a)
n
etwo
r
k
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
win
g
in
ter
-
item
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
PERMA
d
o
m
ain
s
an
d
(
b
)
ce
n
tr
ality
p
lo
ts
in
d
icatin
g
b
etwe
en
n
ess
,
clo
s
en
ess
,
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
ce
n
tr
alities
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
3.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
Me
n
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
p
r
e
v
alen
t
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ates,
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
eir
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Desp
ite
g
r
o
win
g
ac
ad
em
i
c
in
ter
est
in
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
r
em
ain
s
in
v
alid
ated
th
eo
r
e
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
t
o
ev
al
u
a
te
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ei
n
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
T
h
ai
c
u
ltu
r
e
.
E
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
b
o
th
C
FA
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
an
al
y
s
is
co
u
ld
allo
w
u
s
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
g
ain
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
u
s
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
elab
o
r
ated
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
C
FA
o
f
th
e
PERMA
well
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
am
o
n
g
T
h
ai
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
iv
e
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
:
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
m
ea
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
f
it
in
d
ices
in
d
icate
d
an
ex
ce
llen
t
m
o
d
el
f
it,
v
alid
ati
n
g
t
h
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
as
a
v
alid
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
taly
[
1
0
]
,
s
u
b
-
Sah
ar
an
Af
r
ica
[
1
3
]
,
C
h
in
a
[
1
5
]
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
7
]
,
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
[
2
0
]
,
T
u
r
k
e
y
[3
1
]
,
E
g
y
p
t
[3
2
]
,
an
d
Gr
ee
ce
[3
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
A
C
h
o
ld
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tan
d
ar
d
i
ze
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
weig
h
t,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
its
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
lik
ely
o
r
i
g
in
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
AC
,
wh
ich
en
ca
p
s
u
lates
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
o
als
an
d
attain
a
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
in
life
[3
4
]
.
R
ath
er
th
an
f
o
cu
s
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
tan
g
ib
le
s
u
cc
ess
es,
AC
em
p
h
asizes
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
a
r
esil
ien
t
m
i
n
d
s
et
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
d
r
iv
e
i
s
v
ital,
as
it
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
P
E
R
MA
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
a
s
s
ess
men
t in
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
co
n
fir
ma
to
r
y
… (
P
h
a
mo
r
n
p
u
n
Yu
r
a
ya
t
)
3831
o
b
jectiv
es
b
u
t
also
m
o
tiv
ates
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
lead
a
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
er
o
u
s
life
[3
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
ec
h
o
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
id
en
tifie
d
AC
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
in
b
o
th
ad
u
lt
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
co
h
o
r
ts
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
A
s
en
s
e
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
is
clo
s
ely
tied
to
PE
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
o
f
b
o
th
s
u
b
jectiv
e
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[3
7
]
.
B
y
th
e
s
am
e
to
k
e
n
,
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
Un
ited
Ar
a
b
E
m
ir
ates
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
l
o
ck
d
o
wn
r
ev
ea
led
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
u
cc
ess
[3
8
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
E
N
f
ac
to
r
wit
h
in
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
wea
k
er
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
r
elativ
e
to
o
th
e
r
well
-
b
ein
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
E
N
is
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
“
f
lo
w
”
s
tate
[
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tate
allo
ws
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
eir
in
ter
ests
an
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
as
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
E
N
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
eig
h
ten
ed
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
a
ca
d
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
[3
9
]
.
Des
p
ite
its
th
eo
r
etica
l
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
lo
w
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
E
N
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
a
r
esu
lt
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
taly
[
1
0
]
,
Ger
m
an
y
[
1
1
]
,
A
u
s
tr
alia
[
40
]
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
41
]
,
th
e
Un
ited
States
[4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
G
r
ee
ce
[
44
]
,
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia
[
45
]
.
Su
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
W
ester
n
an
d
E
aster
n
co
n
te
x
ts
im
p
ly
th
at
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
d
if
f
icu
lties
r
el
ated
to
th
e
E
N
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
m
a
y
b
e
in
h
e
r
en
t
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
its
elf
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
cu
ltu
r
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
etr
ics
with
in
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
m
ay
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
in
tr
icate
an
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
EN
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
EN
en
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
es
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
s
tain
ed
atten
tio
n
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lik
e
g
o
al
-
s
ettin
g
an
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
as
well
as
b
eh
av
io
r
al
asp
ec
ts
lik
e
ac
tiv
e
s
o
cial
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
39
]
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
EN
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
m
o
r
e
r
ef
in
e
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
item
s
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ef
le
ct
th
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
p
o
ten
tially
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
lo
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
b
o
th
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
EN
m
etr
ics
th
at
in
clu
d
e
its
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
to
g
eth
er
with
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
well
-
b
ei
n
g
[3
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
e
n
tail
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
wid
e
r
lan
d
s
c
ap
e
o
f
i
n
d
icato
r
s
to
c
o
v
er
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
a
n
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
EN
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
an
e
v
id
en
t
n
e
ed
f
o
r
d
ee
p
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
EN
with
in
th
e
PERMA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
e
x
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
ex
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
item
s
o
r
r
ev
is
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
n
es
co
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
EN
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
v
o
l
v
e
in
teg
r
atin
g
elem
en
ts
th
at
b
etter
r
ef
lect
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ac
ets
o
f
EN
,
s
u
ch
as
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
to
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
PER
MA
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
n
e
t
wo
r
k
a
n
al
y
s
is
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
t
h
e
v
al
id
it
y
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e,
wit
h
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
co
r
r
el
ati
o
n
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
am
o
n
g
v
a
r
i
ab
les
wit
h
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
.
T
h
es
e
c
o
r
r
el
ati
o
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
r
o
b
u
s
t
i
n
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
t
e
n
c
y
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt
,
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ela
ti
o
n
b
et
wee
n
li
f
e
s
atis
f
a
cti
o
n
(
PE2
)
a
n
d
h
a
p
p
in
ess
(
PE
1
)
i
ll
u
s
tr
at
es
t
h
e
c
lo
s
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
etw
ee
n
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
a
n
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
we
ll
-
b
ei
n
g
,
u
n
d
er
p
i
n
n
e
d
b
y
PE
an
d
li
f
e
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
,
w
h
i
ch
p
l
ay
a
p
iv
o
t
al
r
o
l
e
i
n
f
o
s
t
er
in
g
well
-
b
ei
n
g
an
d
n
u
r
t
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
s
i
t
iv
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
[4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
l
in
k
b
etw
ee
n
f
l
o
w
ex
p
er
i
e
n
ce
(
E
N1
1
)
a
n
d
d
e
d
ic
ati
o
n
(
E
N
1
2
)
is
v
it
al
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
[4
9
]
.
Fl
o
w
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
s
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
e
le
v
at
e
PE
,
a
n
d
f
o
s
te
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
b
y
f
u
ll
y
i
m
m
e
r
s
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
in
ch
all
en
g
i
n
g
y
e
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
b
le
task
s
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
el
y
,
d
e
d
i
ca
t
io
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
es
r
esil
i
e
n
ce
,
p
e
r
s
e
v
er
an
ce
,
a
n
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
AC
,
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
ly
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
s
tr
e
s
s
.
T
h
ese
e
le
m
e
n
ts
co
l
le
cti
v
e
ly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
w
ell
-
b
ei
n
g
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
[4
9
]
.
L
ast
ly
,
tr
u
s
t
(
R
L
1
6
)
a
n
d
l
o
v
e
(
R
L
1
7
)
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
co
r
r
el
at
ed
,
wit
h
p
r
i
o
r
s
t
u
d
i
es
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
t
h
at
t
r
u
s
t
m
ed
iat
es
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
t
y
p
es
.
F
o
r
i
n
s
t
an
ce
,
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
n
ad
u
l
t
atta
c
h
m
en
t
i
n
d
ic
at
es
t
h
a
t
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
wit
h
s
ec
u
r
e
atta
c
h
m
en
t
s
ty
les
,
m
a
r
k
e
d
b
y
h
i
g
h
tr
u
s
t
,
r
ep
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
e
lat
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
tis
f
ac
ti
o
n
an
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
c
lo
s
e
n
ess
,
b
o
t
h
k
e
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
l
o
v
e
[
50
]
,
[
51
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
o
n
ese
lf
as
u
n
lo
v
ed
is
ass
o
c
ia
ted
wit
h
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
es,
s
u
c
h
as
an
x
i
et
y
,
i
n
s
e
cu
r
i
ty
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
u
n
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
v
e
n
ess
,
lo
w
s
el
f
-
este
em
,
em
o
t
io
n
al
in
s
t
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
d
ef
e
n
s
i
v
e
o
r
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
p
e
r
s
o
n
ali
ty
,
le
ad
in
g
t
o
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
w
o
r
ld
v
i
ew
[5
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
at
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
d
is
p
lay
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
te
r
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
at
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
with
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
ex
h
ib
its
n
o
ta
b
le
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
I
n
lin
e
with
Hesh
m
ati
et
a
l.
[5
3
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
ea
ch
PERMA
elem
en
t
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
ter
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
af
f
ir
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
ea
c
h
well
-
b
ein
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
v
ali
d
ated
th
e
ex
clu
s
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
PERMA
elem
en
ts
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
y
et
in
ter
r
elate
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
ese
well
-
b
ein
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
1
2
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
et
en
ce
(
AC
2
8
)
an
d
g
o
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
(
AC
2
9
)
is
clo
s
ely
co
n
n
ec
te
d
,
with
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
ac
tin
g
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
W
ith
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
v
iew
th
em
s
elv
es
as
co
m
p
eten
t
ten
d
t
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
o
al
-
s
ettin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
u
ltima
tely
r
esu
ltin
g
in
en
h
an
ce
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
5
5
]
.
Aca
d
em
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
als,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
m
aster
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
o
als
[
5
6
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
als,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
m
aster
y
-
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
als,
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3837
3832
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Ma
s
ter
y
-
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
al
s
,
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
,
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
f
o
s
ter
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Similar
ly
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
g
o
als,
alth
o
u
g
h
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
ee
r
s
,
also
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
o
v
e
r
all
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
,
alb
eit
v
ia
d
is
tin
ct
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
5
7
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
altr
u
is
m
(
MN
2
3
)
a
n
d
life
v
alu
e
(
MN
2
2
)
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
e
n
g
ag
e
in
altr
u
is
tic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
g
r
ea
ter
s
o
cial
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
am
p
lifie
d
PE
.
T
h
ey
also
r
ep
o
r
t
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
as
well
as
a
d
ee
p
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
—
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
[
5
8
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
id
en
tify
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es
wit
h
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Ou
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
id
en
tify
in
g
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Op
tim
is
m
(
PE5
)
,
f
lo
w
(
E
N1
1
)
,
b
ein
g
lo
v
ed
(
R
L
1
7
)
,
g
o
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
(
AC
2
9
)
,
an
d
altr
u
is
m
(
MN
2
3
)
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
h
ig
h
ly
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
eir
cr
u
cial
r
o
les
as
m
ed
iato
r
s
with
in
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
k
ey
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
s
u
s
tain
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
p
lay
in
g
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
o
f
well
-
b
ei
n
g
.
T
h
eir
ce
n
tr
ality
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
an
d
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
o
f
th
e
PERM
A
m
o
d
el.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
,
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
ies
h
elp
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
s
u
s
tain
h
o
p
e
in
a
d
v
er
s
ity
,
wh
ile
o
p
tim
is
m
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
life
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
in
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
r
s
u
its
[
6
0
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
l
o
w
(
o
r
d
e
ep
EN
in
ac
tiv
ities
)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
en
h
an
ce
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
elev
ate
o
v
er
all
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
en
jo
y
m
en
t
[
6
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
g
o
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
ein
g
lo
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
well
-
b
ein
g
,
with
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
r
ec
eiv
in
g
lo
v
e
f
r
o
m
a
ca
r
eg
iv
er
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
af
f
ec
ts
ad
o
lescen
t
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
h
e
alth
[
6
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
n
-
an
d
-
b
u
ild
th
eo
r
y
,
th
i
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
lo
v
e
f
o
s
ter
s
PE
s
u
ch
as
jo
y
a
n
d
g
r
atitu
d
e,
wh
ic
h
,
in
tu
r
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
o
cial
EN
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wt
h
[
6
4
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
altr
u
is
m
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
co
r
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
MN
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
its
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
n
es
s
an
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
[
6
5
]
.
Acts
o
f
k
in
d
n
ess
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
el
p
in
g
o
t
h
er
s
at
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
is
k
,
en
h
an
ce
a
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
’
s
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
lin
k
ed
to
p
r
o
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
6
6
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
en
g
ag
i
n
g
i
n
altr
u
is
tic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
en
h
an
ce
s
s
u
b
jectiv
e
well
-
b
ein
g
,
ass
o
cia
tin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
els
o
f
altr
u
is
m
with
g
r
ea
ter
s
elf
-
esteem
,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
6
7
]
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
v
ital
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
life
.
B
y
ac
tin
g
as
m
ed
iato
r
s
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
th
ese
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es
u
p
h
o
ld
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
n
etwo
r
k
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
th
em
ess
en
tial to
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
aly
s
is
em
p
h
asized
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
r
o
les
p
lay
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
item
s
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
item
s
lik
e
v
alu
e
i
n
life
,
altr
u
is
m
,
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
with
in
th
e
MN
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
ce
n
tr
al,
in
d
icatin
g
th
ei
r
cr
itical
r
o
les
as
k
ey
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
b
r
id
g
in
g
o
th
er
elem
en
ts
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
ality
m
etr
ics
(
i.e
.
,
b
etwe
en
n
ess
,
clo
s
en
ess
,
an
d
d
eg
r
ee
)
o
f
f
er
ed
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
ea
ch
item
p
lay
s
with
in
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
in
p
o
i
n
tin
g
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
v
ita
l
r
o
le
o
f
MN
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
well
-
b
ein
g
,
ec
h
o
in
g
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
d
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
as
cr
u
cial
to
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
h
ea
lth
,
r
esil
ien
ce
,
a
n
d
lead
in
g
a
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
life
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
ce
n
tr
ality
m
etr
ics,
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
AC
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
er
all,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
ex
p
ec
ted
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
co
r
es
[
6
5
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
elab
o
r
ated
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
wh
o
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
eir
w
o
r
k
as
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ten
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
o
r
e
[5
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
s
ig
h
t
is
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
cr
af
tin
g
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
ac
ts
as
a
g
u
id
in
g
f
o
r
c
e
in
life
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
a
h
ig
h
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
in
f
u
s
in
g
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
MN
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
d
p
h
y
s
ical
h
ea
lth
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
,
h
ig
h
er
lif
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
s
elf
-
ac
tu
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
life
d
o
m
ain
s
[3
1
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
a
d
o
lescen
ts
’
s
u
b
jectiv
e
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
6
8
]
,
[
6
9
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
MN
an
d
AC
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
th
e
C
FA,
AC
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
,
tr
ailed
b
y
ME
an
d
PE
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
its
p
r
im
ar
y
r
o
le
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
well
-
b
ei
n
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
AC
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
d
ir
ec
t
s
en
s
e
o
f
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
,
MN
s
er
v
es
a
b
r
o
ad
er
,
m
o
r
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
.
W
h
ile
PE
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
th
e
C
FA,
th
ey
ap
p
ea
r
less
ce
n
tr
al
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
ey
o
p
e
r
ate
m
o
r
e
as
o
u
tco
m
es
r
ath
e
r
th
an
as
co
r
e
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
b
o
t
h
AC
an
d
MN
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
well
-
b
ein
g
,
with
AC
d
r
iv
in
g
g
o
al
attain
m
en
t
an
d
MN
u
n
itin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
b
o
th
in
well
-
b
ein
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
licy
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
E
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
ca
n
lev
e
r
ag
e
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
id
en
tify
ar
ea
s
d
em
an
d
in
g
tar
g
eted
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
u
ch
as
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
EN
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Stu
d
en
t
EN
s
er
v
es
a
s
a
cr
i
tical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
P
E
R
MA
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
s
ca
le
a
s
s
ess
men
t in
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
co
n
fir
ma
to
r
y
… (
P
h
a
mo
r
n
p
u
n
Yu
r
a
ya
t
)
3833
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
b
o
th
s
tim
u
latin
g
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
e,
alig
n
in
g
with
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
EN
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
iv
er
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
7
0
]
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
d
esig
n
c
u
r
r
icu
la
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects,
e
x
p
er
i
en
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
en
h
an
ce
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
PE
a
n
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
AC
,
wh
ich
ar
e
k
e
y
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
t
h
e
PERMA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[5
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
is
,
th
e
v
alid
ate
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
well
-
b
ein
g
[
7
1
]
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
c
an
ad
o
p
t
it
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
lar
well
-
b
ein
g
au
d
its
to
id
en
tif
y
d
ef
icie
n
cies
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
[
7
2
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
well
-
b
ein
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tr
ateg
ies
alig
n
s
with
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical,
em
o
tio
n
al,
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
h
ig
h
er
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
EN
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
7
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
well
-
b
ein
g
m
o
d
u
les
in
to
ac
ad
em
ic
cu
r
r
icu
la
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
al
s
(
SDGs
)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
g
o
al
4
,
wh
ich
p
r
io
r
itizes
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Su
c
h
in
teg
r
atio
n
also
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
g
o
al
3
o
f
th
e
SDGs
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
ea
lth
an
d
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
f
o
r
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
[
7
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
s
u
ch
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies b
u
t a
ls
o
a
d
h
e
r
es to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el
y
ield
s
a
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ev
alu
a
tin
g
th
e
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
T
h
ai
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
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d
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
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p
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ts
an
em
p
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asis
o
n
AC
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
o
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er
all
well
-
b
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g
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
b
o
th
ac
ad
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ic
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d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
g
o
als
co
u
ld
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
o
b
u
s
t
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
alo
n
g
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
lin
k
ag
es.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
al
y
s
is
y
ield
ed
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
p
in
p
o
in
tin
g
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
.
Giv
en
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
e
d
at
th
ese
ce
n
tr
al
n
o
d
es
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
lic
y
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
k
ey
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
PERMA
m
o
d
el,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
ed
at
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
well
-
b
ein
g
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
was
f
i
n
an
cially
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
T
h
ail
an
d
Scien
ce
R
esear
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
(
T
SR
I
)
,
Pro
ject
C
o
d
e
FF
-
6
6
0
8
9
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ph
am
o
r
n
p
u
n
Yu
r
ay
a
t
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
✓
✓
B
o
v
o
r
n
p
o
t
C
h
o
o
m
p
h
u
n
u
c
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
W
ip
an
ee
Su
k
-
er
b
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Du
s
s
ad
ee
L
eb
k
h
ao
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Kh
an
itin
J
o
r
n
k
o
k
g
o
u
d
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
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r
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t
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-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
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n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
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g
a
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q
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t
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CO
NF
L
I
C
T
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F
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N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
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