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3]
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icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Dec
is
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
in
r
ea
l tim
e
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
m
ain
p
ar
ts
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
et
ailed
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
its
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
also
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
s
tep
s
,
an
d
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
im
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llected
.
Fin
ally
,
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
u
m
m
ar
is
es
all
th
e
wo
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
m
ain
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
.
2.
ST
UD
I
E
D
SYS
T
E
M
AND
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Studied sy
s
t
em
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
p
ar
t
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
an
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
r
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
b
i
n
es
s
ev
er
al
elem
en
ts
:
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el,
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
p
u
b
li
c
elec
tr
icity
g
r
i
d
,
a
lo
ca
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
ev
ice,
elec
tr
ical
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
an
d
an
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
a
r
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
lian
ce
s
(
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
)
,
ea
ch
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
E
SP
3
2
ca
r
d
.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
p
lay
s
a
ce
n
t
r
al
r
o
le
in
c
o
llectin
g
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
d
ata.
T
h
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi,
with
its
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
p
o
wer
a
n
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
ca
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
aly
s
e
,
an
d
s
to
r
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llected
b
y
th
e
E
SP
3
2
ca
r
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
will
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
o
les an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
y
s
tem
2
.
1
.
1
.
L
o
a
ds
E
lectr
ical
lo
ad
s
ar
e
d
ev
ices
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate,
s
u
ch
as
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
p
p
lian
ce
s
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
lig
h
tin
g
an
d
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
etc.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
lo
ad
:
cr
itic
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
cr
itical.
C
r
itical
lo
ad
r
ef
er
s
to
an
ele
ctr
ical
lo
ad
th
at
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
s
ec
u
r
e
s
ystem
fo
r
ca
lcu
la
tin
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
ervis
in
g
th
e
en
erg
y
…
(
E
z
z
ito
u
n
i
Ja
r
mo
u
n
i
)
129
T
h
is
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
s
u
ch
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
at
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
o
s
s
o
f
p
o
wer
to
th
ese
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
ca
n
lead
to
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
lo
s
s
,
p
r
o
p
er
ty
d
am
ag
e
o
r
en
d
an
g
e
r
m
en
t
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
life
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
n
o
n
-
cr
it
ical
lo
ad
s
r
ef
er
to
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
ess
en
tial to
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
r
s
af
ety
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Sens
o
rs
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
latter
b
ei
n
g
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
,
wh
ile
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
we
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
Z
MPT
1
0
1
B
s
en
s
o
r
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
as th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
t
h
e
AC
S7
1
2
s
en
s
o
r
as th
e
cu
r
r
en
t sen
s
o
r
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
(
a)
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
(
b
)
cu
r
r
e
n
t sen
s
o
r
2
.
1
.
3
.
E
SP
ca
rds
E
SP
3
2
ca
r
d
s
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
en
a
b
le
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
’
s
el
ec
tr
ical
q
u
an
titi
es.
W
ith
th
eir
wir
eless
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
,
E
SP
3
2
ca
r
d
s
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
c
o
llected
d
at
a
to
o
u
r
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
s
er
v
er
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
E
SP
b
o
ar
d
s
ar
e
th
eir
lo
w
co
s
t,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
h
ig
h
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
E
SP
b
o
a
r
d
s
o
f
f
er
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
f
o
r
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
er
ip
h
e
r
als
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
T
he
ra
s
berr
y
ca
rd
T
h
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
p
lay
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
as
th
e
d
ata
ce
n
ter
o
f
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
c
o
llects,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
s
to
r
es
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
en
ab
le
s
d
ata
to
b
e
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
v
is
u
alize
d
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
ier
to
d
etec
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
waste
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
we
ch
o
s
e
to
u
s
e
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
4
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
,
wh
ich
is
an
u
p
g
r
ad
e
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es [
1
1
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t c
ar
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
asp
b
er
r
y
PI
4
2
.
1
.
5
.
Sy
s
t
em
a
nd
pro
t
o
co
l u
s
ed
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
ject,
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
p
ilo
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
Ap
ac
h
e,
PHP,
Ma
r
iaDB,
No
d
e
-
R
E
D
an
d
MQ
T
T
to
co
llect,
s
to
r
e,
an
aly
ze
an
d
v
is
u
alize
en
er
g
y
d
ata
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Secu
r
ity
is
a
h
ig
h
p
r
io
r
ity
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
ject
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
o
u
r
d
ata
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
SS
L
/T
LS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
1
27
-
1
36
130
r
o
to
co
ls
,
we
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
d
ata
is
en
cr
y
p
ted
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
SP
3
2
ca
r
d
t
o
t
h
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
ca
r
d
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
an
y
m
alicio
u
s
in
ter
ce
p
tio
n
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
1
.
6
.
P
ha
s
e
-
s
hift
ca
lcula
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ca
lcu
late
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
ac
ti
v
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e,
a
n
d
ap
p
ar
en
t)
ac
cu
r
ately
,
we
n
ee
d
,
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
in
s
tan
ce
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e.
O
u
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
d
etec
ts
wh
en
v
o
ltag
e
(
t1
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
t2
)
r
ea
ch
th
eir
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
es.
Usi
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
t1
an
d
t2
,
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
e
cisely
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
ese
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
m
s
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
ca
lcu
l
atin
g
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t b
etwe
en
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
p
r
esen
t
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
f
o
r
two
ty
p
es
o
f
l
o
ad
s
:
r
esis
tiv
e
an
d
in
d
u
ctiv
e.
W
e
also
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ea
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
d
etec
t
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t,
ca
lcu
late
p
o
wer
,
s
to
r
e
d
ata,
an
d
v
is
u
alize
th
em
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
ese
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
,
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
to
th
e
E
SP
ca
r
d
s
.
T
h
ese
ca
r
d
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
to
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
b
o
ar
d
u
s
in
g
SS
L
/TL
S
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
On
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
b
o
ar
d
,
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t d
etec
tio
n
,
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t p
o
wer
ty
p
es,
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
v
is
u
alis
atio
n
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ar
c
h
itictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tu
d
ied
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
s
ec
u
r
e
s
ystem
fo
r
ca
lcu
la
tin
g
a
n
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s
u
p
ervis
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g
th
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en
erg
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…
(
E
z
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n
i
Ja
r
mo
u
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i
)
131
3
.
1
.
Resis
t
iv
e
lo
a
d
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
(
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
)
o
f
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
-
9
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
p
lay
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
to
ca
lc
u
late
ac
tiv
e,
ap
p
ar
en
t,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
h
as
n
o
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
ze
r
o
-
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
es
7
-
9
s
h
o
w
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
s
tab
ilis
e
at
2
39
v
o
lts
,
wh
ile
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
s
tab
ilis
e
at
5
0
7
m
A.
Activ
e
p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
also
s
tab
i
lis
e
at
1
2
1
W
,
wh
ile
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
em
ain
s
ze
r
o
,
as th
er
e
is
n
o
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
p
r
esen
t.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Activ
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
o
f
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
3
.
2
.
I
nd
uct
iv
e
lo
a
d
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
(
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
)
o
f
a
s
u
b
m
e
r
s
ib
le
wate
r
p
u
m
p
(
in
d
ec
tiv
e
lo
ad
)
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
o
f
o
p
er
at
io
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fig
u
r
es
1
0
-
1
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
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lay
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d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e,
as
well
as
to
ca
lcu
late
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
p
o
wer
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
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wer
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
etec
ted
th
e
p
h
ase
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etwe
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r
r
en
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a
n
d
v
o
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e,
r
esu
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g
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ze
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o
r
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e
p
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wer
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illu
s
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ated
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Fig
u
r
e
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P
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Ac
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a
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ti
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e
p
o
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r(VA
R)
Ap
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are
n
t
p
o
wer(VA
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
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5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
1
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Octo
b
er
20
25
:
1
27
-
1
36
132
Fig
u
r
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1
0
-
1
2
s
h
o
w
th
at
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o
lta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
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s
tab
ilis
e
at
2
3
2
v
o
lts
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wh
ile
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ea
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r
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en
ts
s
tab
ilis
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a
t
6
.
6
A.
Activ
e
p
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wer
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ea
s
u
r
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m
en
ts
s
tab
ilis
e
at
794
W
,
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
at
1
,
0
7
4
VA,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
at
7
22
VAR.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
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o
f
an
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
u
r
r
en
t m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
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I
n
d
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ctiv
e
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ad
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Activ
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
ap
p
ar
e
n
t p
o
we
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
an
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
lo
ad
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
r
ea
l
v
alu
es
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
r
ea
l
lo
ad
s
with
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alu
es
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e,
r
e
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
ap
p
ar
e
n
t p
o
we
r
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
r
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tiv
e
lo
ad
,
wh
er
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
in
p
h
ase,
o
u
r
c
alcu
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Me
asu
r
ed
v
alu
es
f
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
0
.
5
0
7
A
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
0
.
5
0
A
r
ea
l
)
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
2
3
9
.
2
V
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
with
2
4
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r
ea
l
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s
h
o
w
m
in
im
al
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,
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f
9
8
.
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an
d
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r
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tiv
ely
.
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e
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ig
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e
m
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ac
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is
1
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er
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ec
tly
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atch
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g
th
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ac
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al
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alu
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an
d
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tin
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f
f
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
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J
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E
n
g
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C
o
m
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133
T
h
is
p
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also
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ef
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th
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p
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atin
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e
m
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ile
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e
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f
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is
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.
T
h
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esu
lts
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em
o
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s
tr
ate
th
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h
ig
h
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eliab
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ca
lcu
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s
y
s
tem
f
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r
r
esis
tiv
e
l
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ad
s
,
v
alid
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its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
p
er
f
o
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m
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
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r
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n
th
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ca
s
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o
f
th
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u
ctiv
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ad
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wh
ich
is
ch
ar
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ter
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y
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p
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ase
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etwe
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n
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l
p
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to
r
o
f
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8
)
,
th
is
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ev
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ls
a
n
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r
ea
s
ed
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o
m
p
lex
ity
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t
h
e
p
er
f
o
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ce
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f
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y
s
tem
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h
e
tab
le
s
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t
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with
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icien
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f
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3
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with
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9
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4
%
ef
f
icien
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ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
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ig
h
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q
u
alit
y
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
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g
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
ass
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ciate
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eter
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ch
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o
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ac
to
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r
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at
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o
r
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al
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o
f
0
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8
,
9
2
.
5
%
ef
f
icien
cy
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tiv
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o
wer
(
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9
4
.
8
7
W
f
o
r
r
ea
l
8
6
4
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ef
f
icien
cy
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d
r
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ct
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o
wer
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2
2
.
4
2
VAR
f
o
r
r
ea
l
6
4
8
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8
9
.
7
%
ef
f
icien
cy
)
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ea
ls
th
e
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cr
ea
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ed
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m
p
lex
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ass
o
ciate
d
with
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in
d
u
ctiv
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atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
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e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ap
p
ar
en
t
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o
wer
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1
0
7
4
.
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6
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f
o
r
r
ea
l
1
0
8
1
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9
9
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3
7
%
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f
icien
c
y
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
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ce
o
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th
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im
p
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ted
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y
s
tem
P
a
r
a
me
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r
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R
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l
v
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e
s
Ex
p
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l
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f
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c
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%)
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d
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t
(
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7
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l
t
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g
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(
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9
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7
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f
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r
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r
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t
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d
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4
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t
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v
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r
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p
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9
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ec
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
an
d
ca
l
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g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
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er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
o
r
p
r
o
d
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ce
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b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
lo
a
d
s
an
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
.
Usi
n
g
E
SP
3
2
,
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
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iate
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
we
h
a
v
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
,
ca
lc
u
latin
g
,
an
d
a
n
aly
s
in
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
d
ata.
As s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
im
p
lem
en
ted
en
ab
les
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
ical
q
u
an
titi
es
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
,
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
wer
,
as
well
as
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
is
f
e
d
in
to
a
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
to
o
ls
to
m
an
ag
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
At
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
d
ata
is
s
to
r
ed
in
a
d
ata
b
ase
f
o
r
later
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
em
p
h
asis
h
as
b
ee
n
p
lace
d
o
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
with
th
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
SS
L
/TL
S
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
ex
ch
an
g
es b
etwe
en
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
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M
So
Va
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R
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Vi
Su
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ar
m
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u
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✓
✓
✓
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✓
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✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ah
m
ed
Mo
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✓
✓
✓
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Mo
h
am
ed
L
a
m
h
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d
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✓
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E
n
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ajih
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d
i
✓
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En
-
n
ao
u
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lias
✓
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B
o
u
s
b
aa
Mo
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ed
✓
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
1
27
-
1
36
134
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
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F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
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o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t w
as o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
li
ca
b
le
to
th
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
n
e
w
d
ata
wer
e
c
r
ea
ted
o
r
an
al
y
ze
d
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
B
o
š
n
j
a
k
o
v
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ć
,
R
.
S
a
n
t
a
,
Z.
C
r
n
a
c
,
a
n
d
T.
B
o
š
n
j
a
k
o
v
i
ć
,
“
En
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
ms,”
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u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
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w
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l
a
n
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)
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
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ra
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o
f
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tt
a
t,
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.
BP
:
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7
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d
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Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
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t,
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ro
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c
o
.
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c
a
n
b
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tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
e
.
e
n
n
a
ji
h
@u
h
p
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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40
,
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1
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Octo
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20
25
:
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27
-
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36
136
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tt
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t,
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ss
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F
irst
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e
rsity
,
M
o
ro
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c
o
.
Ad
d
re
ss
:
BP
5
7
7
,
R
o
u
te
d
e
Ca
sa
b
lan
c
a
,
S
e
tt
a
t,
M
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ro
c
c
o
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
o
u
sb
a
a
.
fst@u
h
p
.
a
c
.
m
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.