I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
5
,
O
c
to
be
r
2025
, pp.
3503
~
3519
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
14
.i
5
.pp
3503
-
3519
3503
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
e
.c
om
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s i
n
agr
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
:
a sys
t
e
m
at
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
M
ic
h
ae
l
C
ab
an
il
la
s
-
C
ar
b
on
e
ll
1
,
Jos
e
ly
n
Z
ap
at
a
-
P
au
l
in
i
2
1
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
da
d P
r
i
va
da
de
l
N
or
t
e
, L
i
m
a
, P
e
r
u
2
G
r
a
dua
t
e
S
c
hool
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
da
d C
ont
i
ne
nt
a
l
, L
i
m
a
, P
e
r
u
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
S
e
p 6, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
ul
8, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
A
ug 6, 2025
Artificial
intelligence
(AI)
is
transforming
agriculture
by
offering
innovative
solutions
to
persistent
challenges.
This
systematic
literature
review
e
xplores
the
most
studied
AI
applications
in
agriculture,
emphasizing
crop
manageme
nt,
agronomic
decision
-
making,
early
detection
of
diseases
and
pests,
and
climate
change
adaptation.
Using
the
pr
eferred
reporting
ite
ms
for
systematic
reviews
and
meta
-
analyses
(
PRISMA
)
methodology
,
700
publications
were
retrieved
from
databases
such
as
Scopus,
Science
Direct,
and
IEEE
Xplore,
with
104
relevant
articles
selected
after
applyin
g
strict
inclusion
and
exclusion
criteria
.
The
findings
underscor
e
the
importa
nce
of
machine
learning
and
image
processing
in
tailoring
agronomic
pract
ices
to
specific
plot
conditions
and
microclimates.
These
tools
enable
early
identifica
tion
and
control
of
plant
diseases
and
pests,
reducing
crop
losses
and
dependence
on
chemicals.
Nonetheless,
challenges
remain,
parti
cularly
regarding
accessibili
ty
for
smallhol
der
farmers,
high
implement
ation
costs,
and
limited
data
infrastruc
ture.
While
AI
offers
significant
poten
tial
to
enhance
agricult
ural
producti
vity,
sustain
abilit
y,
and
resilien
ce,
addr
essing
these
limitations
is
crucial.
A
balanced,
inclusive
approach
is
essen
tial
to
ensure
AI’s
benefits
are
widely
distributed
and
contribute
to
long
-
term
food
security and e
nvironmental sustainab
ility
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
C
r
op ma
na
ge
m
e
nt
P
r
e
c
is
io
n a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
P
R
I
S
M
A
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
J
os
e
ly
n Z
a
pa
ta
-
P
a
ul
in
i
G
r
a
dua
te
S
c
hool
, U
ni
ve
r
s
id
a
d C
ont
in
e
nt
a
l
S
t.
A
lf
r
e
do M
e
ndi
ol
a
5210, L
os
O
li
vos
, L
im
a
-
15311
, P
e
r
ú
E
m
a
il
:
70994337@
c
ont
in
e
nt
a
l.
e
du.pe
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
ha
s
e
vol
ve
d
th
r
ough
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
s
,
n
e
w
f
a
r
m
in
g
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
a
nd
to
ol
s
to
im
pr
ove
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
1]
–
[
3]
.
I
t
be
ga
n
a
s
s
ubs
i
s
te
nc
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
[
4]
,
w
he
r
e
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
r
e
li
e
d
on
hunt
in
g,
ga
th
e
r
in
g,
a
nd
e
a
r
ly
dom
e
s
ti
c
a
ti
on
of
pl
a
nt
s
a
nd
a
ni
m
a
l
s
[
5]
.
T
he
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
f
a
r
m
in
g
te
c
hni
que
s
a
nd
pr
im
i
ti
ve
to
ol
s
boo
s
te
d
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
s
to
r
a
ge
,
e
na
bl
in
g
pe
r
m
a
ne
nt
s
e
tt
le
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
th
e
r
is
e
of
e
a
r
ly
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
iv
il
iz
a
ti
ons
[
6]
,
[
7]
.
T
hi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
le
d
to
to
da
y’
s
pr
e
c
is
io
n a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
e
r
a
[
8]
.
T
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
r
e
vol
ut
io
n
a
r
ound
10,000
B
.C
.
m
a
r
ke
d
a
p
i
vot
a
l
s
hi
f
t
w
it
h
th
e
in
tr
oduc
ti
on
of
a
dva
nc
e
d
c
ul
ti
va
ti
on
a
nd
dom
e
s
ti
c
a
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
r
op
r
ot
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
e
le
c
ti
ve
br
e
e
di
ng
[
9
]
,
[
10
]
,
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
boos
ti
ng
f
ood
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
e
na
bl
in
g
popul
a
ti
on
gr
ow
th
.
O
ve
r
th
e
c
e
nt
ur
ie
s
,
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
in
nova
ti
on
pe
r
s
is
te
d
[
11]
,
w
it
h
m
il
e
s
to
ne
s
li
ke
c
r
op
r
ot
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
m
id
dl
e
a
ge
s
a
nd
th
e
18
th
-
c
e
nt
ur
y
r
e
vol
ut
io
n m
a
r
ke
d by
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
i
r
on plowing
[
12]
,
[
13]
a
nd s
ow
in
g s
e
le
c
te
d s
e
e
ds
[
14]
.
I
n t
he
20
th
c
e
nt
ur
y,
th
e
gr
e
e
n
r
e
vol
ut
io
n
in
tr
oduc
e
d
hi
gh
-
yi
e
ld
in
g
c
r
op
v
a
r
ie
ti
e
s
a
nd
w
id
e
s
pr
e
a
d
us
e
of
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
s
a
nd
pe
s
ti
c
id
e
s
[
13]
,
w
hi
c
h
gr
e
a
tl
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
pr
oduc
ti
on
but
a
ls
o
r
a
i
s
e
d
c
on
c
e
r
ns
a
bout
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
im
pa
c
t
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
5
,
O
c
to
be
r
2025
:
3503
-
3519
3504
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
[
13]
–
[
16]
.
L
ooki
ng
a
he
a
d,
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
m
us
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
r
is
in
g
d
e
m
a
nds
.
T
he
F
ood
a
nd
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
O
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
on
(
F
A
O
)
pr
o
je
c
ts
th
e
gl
oba
l
popula
ti
on
w
il
l
e
xc
e
e
d
9
bi
ll
io
n
by
2050,
r
e
qui
r
in
g
a
60
–
70
%
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
out
put
[
17]
.
I
n
th
is
c
ont
e
xt
,
in
nova
ti
on
be
c
om
e
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
W
o
r
ld
B
a
nk,
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
pove
r
ty
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
de
v
e
lo
pi
ng
r
e
gi
ons
[
18]
,
w
he
r
e
ne
a
r
ly
80%
of
th
e
e
xt
r
e
m
e
poo
r
li
ve
in
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
r
e
ly
on
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
f
or
th
e
ir
li
ve
li
hoods
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dv
a
nc
e
s
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
a
r
e
not
onl
y
vi
ta
l
f
or
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y
but
a
ls
o
f
or
s
oc
io
e
c
onomi
c
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
pr
e
s
e
r
va
ti
on.
T
oda
y,
w
e
a
r
e
in
th
e
m
id
s
t
of
a
tr
a
ns
it
io
n
to
w
a
r
ds
pr
e
c
is
io
n
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
a
nd
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
(
I
C
T
)
i
n
f
a
r
m
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
19]
,
[
20]
.
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
li
ke
s
e
ns
or
s
,
dr
one
s
,
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
G
I
S
)
,
a
nd
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
opt
im
iz
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
[
21]
,
[
22]
.
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
a
nd
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
r
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y a
ppl
ie
d i
n de
c
i
s
io
n m
a
ki
ng
[
23]
a
nd i
n t
he
e
a
r
ly
de
te
c
ti
on of
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd pe
s
ts
[
24]
, [
25]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
of
A
I
in
a
gr
i
c
u
lt
ur
e
h
a
s
g
r
o
w
n
s
i
gn
if
ic
a
nt
ly
i
n
r
e
c
e
nt
y
e
a
r
s
[
2
6]
,
[
27
]
,
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
c
r
op
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
ki
n
g,
a
nd
pr
od
u
c
t
io
n
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
.
T
he
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
of
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
ol
og
y,
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
n
in
g
ha
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
A
I
a
p
pl
ic
a
t
i
on
s
[
2
8]
–
[
30]
a
im
e
d
a
t
i
m
pr
o
vi
ng
e
f
f
i
c
ie
n
c
y,
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y,
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
[
31]
.
T
he
s
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
i
n
c
l
ude
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
ti
on
of
c
r
o
p
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
[
3
2]
,
[
3
3]
m
o
ni
to
r
i
ng
o
f
c
l
im
a
ti
c
c
o
nd
it
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
of
ir
r
i
ga
ti
o
n
a
nd
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
u
s
e
[
3
4]
.
A
I
a
l
s
o
s
u
pp
or
t
s
a
u
t
om
a
t
io
n
t
hr
ou
gh
r
ob
o
t
s
a
nd
d
r
o
n
e
s
[
3
5]
–
[
37
]
a
nd
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
w
it
h
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
[
38
]
.
T
hi
s
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
a
na
l
yz
e
s
t
he
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
A
I
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
ons
in
a
gr
ic
u
l
tu
r
e
,
f
o
c
us
i
ng
on
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
d
e
c
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g,
s
us
ta
i
na
b
il
it
y,
p
r
odu
c
t
io
n
qua
li
ty
,
a
nd
e
th
i
c
a
l
-
e
c
ono
m
ic
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
I
t
a
ls
o
e
xpl
o
r
e
s
how
A
I
is
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
ode
r
n
a
gr
ic
u
lt
ur
a
l
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
r
t
ic
le
is
s
tr
uc
t
ur
e
d
in
f
iv
e
s
e
c
ti
ons
:
i)
i
nt
r
o
duc
ti
on
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
A
I
’
s
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
iv
e
r
o
le
,
ii)
m
e
t
ho
do
lo
g
y
e
xp
la
i
ns
th
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
10
4
s
tu
d
ie
s
us
in
g
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
po
r
t
in
g
i
te
m
s
f
o
r
s
ys
te
m
a
t
ic
r
e
v
ie
w
s
a
nd
m
e
ta
-
a
na
ly
s
e
s
(
P
R
I
S
M
A
)
,
ii
i)
r
e
s
ul
ts
hi
g
hl
ig
ht
a
pp
li
c
a
t
io
ns
s
uc
h
a
s
i
r
r
i
ga
t
io
n
a
nd
pe
s
t
de
te
c
ti
on
,
iv
)
d
is
c
us
s
i
on
e
xa
m
i
ne
s
be
ne
f
it
s
a
nd
im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
t
io
n
ba
r
r
ie
r
s
,
a
n
d
v
)
c
o
nc
l
us
i
on
un
de
r
s
c
o
r
e
s
t
he
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
q
ui
ta
b
le
,
s
us
ta
i
na
b
le
A
I
a
do
pt
io
n
i
n
th
e
a
g
r
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
f
ol
lo
w
s
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
c
ol
le
c
t
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
F
i
r
s
t,
th
e
P
R
I
S
M
A
m
e
th
odol
ogy
w
a
s
a
ppl
ie
d
[
39]
to
id
e
nt
if
y
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
le
va
nt
a
r
ti
c
le
s
.
S
e
c
ond,
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
i
s
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
[
40]
to
de
te
c
t
c
om
m
on
t
e
r
m
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
s
tu
dy
of
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
L
a
s
tl
y,
ke
y s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
a
nd me
th
ods
w
e
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d i
n r
e
la
ti
on t
o bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
f
in
di
ngs
. A
c
c
or
di
ng t
o
P
R
I
S
M
A
,
th
e
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
is
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
in
to
:
i)
t
ype
of
s
tu
dy,
ii
)
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
ti
ons
,
iii
)
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tr
a
te
gy,
a
nd
iv
)
i
nc
lu
s
io
n a
nd e
xc
lu
s
io
n c
r
it
e
r
ia
.
2.1. T
yp
e
of
s
t
u
d
y
A
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
w
a
s
us
e
d
to
pr
e
pa
r
e
th
i
s
a
r
ti
c
le
[
41]
.
T
hi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
th
e
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
of
r
e
le
va
nt
e
vi
de
nc
e
on
a
gi
ve
n
to
pi
c
th
a
t
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
m
e
e
ti
ng
th
e
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
e
li
gi
bi
li
ty
c
r
it
e
r
ia
, pr
ovi
de
s
a
ns
w
e
r
s
t
o t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h que
s
ti
ons
pos
e
d
[
42]
.
2.2. Re
s
e
ar
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
s
F
iv
e
que
s
ti
ons
w
e
r
e
de
v
e
lo
pe
d
to
c
ove
r
th
e
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
a
nd
t
o
id
e
nt
if
y
r
e
le
va
nt
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
to
a
ns
w
e
r
t
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h que
s
ti
ons
:
R
Q
1. W
ha
t
a
r
e
t
he
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
i
n t
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
ba
s
e
d on publi
s
he
d
s
tu
di
e
s
?
R
Q
2. W
ha
t
is
t
he
r
ol
e
of
A
I
i
n t
he
e
a
r
ly
de
te
c
ti
on a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
of
pl
a
nt
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd c
r
op pe
s
t
s
?
R
Q
3.
H
ow
ha
s
A
I
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
th
e
c
us
to
m
iz
a
ti
on
o
f
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
to
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
li
m
a
ti
c
a
nd s
oi
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
?
R
Q
4.
H
ow
ha
s
A
I
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
de
c
is
io
n
m
a
ki
ng,
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
r
op
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
,
ir
r
ig
a
ti
on
s
c
he
dul
in
g
a
nd f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on?
2.3. S
e
ar
c
h
s
t
r
at
e
gy
T
hi
s
s
ys
te
m
a
t
ic
r
e
vi
e
w
e
m
p
lo
ye
d
va
r
io
us
s
t
r
a
te
g
ie
s
,
te
r
m
s
,
a
nd
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
to
id
e
nt
i
f
y
r
e
le
va
n
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
on
A
I
a
p
pl
ic
a
t
io
ns
in
a
g
r
ic
u
lt
ur
e
[
4
3]
.
T
a
bl
e
1
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
qu
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
te
r
m
s
us
e
d.
I
n
or
de
r
to
a
ns
w
e
r
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
qu
e
s
t
io
ns
pos
e
d,
a
r
ti
c
le
s
w
e
r
e
c
ol
le
c
te
d
f
r
om
th
e
m
a
in
da
ta
ba
s
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
:
S
c
o
pus
,
I
E
E
E
X
p
lo
r
e
,
S
c
ie
nc
e
D
ir
e
c
t
,
I
O
P
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
E
B
S
C
O
ho
s
t,
T
a
y
lo
r
&
F
r
a
nc
is
.
A
to
ta
l
of
70
0
a
r
t
ic
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
ll
e
c
te
d,
us
i
ng
in
c
lu
s
io
n
a
nd
e
xc
lu
s
io
n
c
r
i
te
r
ia
,
w
hi
c
h
a
l
lo
w
e
d
th
e
id
e
n
t
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
of
1
04
r
e
le
va
nt
a
r
t
ic
le
s
,
a
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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y
s
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m
at
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M
ic
hae
l
C
abanil
la
s
-
C
ar
bon
e
ll
)
3505
T
a
bl
e
1. S
e
a
r
c
h e
qu
a
ti
ons
D
a
t
a
ba
s
e
E
qua
t
i
ons
S
c
opus
"a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
" A
N
D
"A
I
" A
N
D
"a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
" A
N
D
"c
ul
t
i
va
t
i
on"; "a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
" A
N
D
"A
I
" A
N
D
"a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
"
S
c
i
e
nc
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
, I
E
E
E
X
pl
o
r
e
,
I
O
P
s
c
i
e
nc
e
"a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
" A
N
D
(
"s
m
a
r
t
f
a
r
m
i
ng" O
R
"int
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
" O
R
"int
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
f
a
r
m
i
ng")
E
B
S
C
O
hos
t
,
T
a
yl
or
&
F
r
a
nc
i
s
(
"a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
" O
R
"A
I
")
A
N
D
(
"s
m
a
r
t
f
a
r
m
i
ng" O
R
"int
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
"
O
R
"int
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
f
a
r
m
i
ng")
F
ig
ur
e
1. S
e
le
c
ti
on me
th
odol
ogy dia
gr
a
m
2.4. I
n
c
lu
s
io
n
an
d
e
xc
lu
s
io
n
c
r
it
e
r
ia
F
or
th
e
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
tu
dy,
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
in
c
lu
s
io
n
a
nd
e
xc
lu
s
io
n
c
r
it
e
r
ia
w
e
r
e
a
ppl
ie
d,
a
s
s
how
n
in
T
a
bl
e
2.
T
he
s
e
w
e
r
e
e
s
ta
bl
i
s
he
d
to
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
le
c
te
d
s
tu
di
e
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
le
va
nt
a
nd
up
to
da
te
.
T
he
ir
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on he
lp
e
d m
a
in
ta
in
t
he
qua
li
ty
a
nd
c
ons
is
te
n
c
y o
f
t
he
r
e
vi
e
w
.
T
a
bl
e
2. I
nc
lu
s
io
n a
nd
e
xc
lu
s
io
n c
r
it
e
r
ia
I
nc
l
us
i
on
E
xc
l
us
i
on
S
t
udi
e
s
i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ng t
he
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
AI
i
n a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
.
S
t
udi
e
s
t
ha
t
f
oc
us
s
ol
e
l
y on t
he
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
on of
A
I
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
w
i
t
hout
a
na
l
yz
i
ng t
he
i
r
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
.
S
t
udi
e
s
publ
i
s
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d i
n t
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l
a
s
t
8 ye
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r
s
t
o e
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t
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t
t
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i
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m
a
t
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s
up t
o da
t
e
.
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t
udi
e
s
t
ha
t
f
oc
us
onl
y on t
he
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
on of
A
I
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
w
i
t
hout
a
na
l
yz
i
ng t
he
i
r
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
.
S
t
udi
e
s
i
n l
a
ngua
ge
s
r
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e
va
nt
t
o your
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e
s
e
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r
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h.
S
t
udi
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s
t
ha
t
do not
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uf
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or
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a
t
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t
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hods
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s
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ddr
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f
f
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nt
a
r
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a
s
of
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a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n
a
gr
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c
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a
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nt
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s
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t
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e
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our
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m
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z
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t
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upl
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c
a
t
e
s
t
udi
e
s
f
ound i
n m
ul
t
i
pl
e
da
t
a
ba
s
e
s
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
W
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
700
a
r
ti
c
le
s
f
ound
in
th
e
d
a
ta
ba
s
e
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
pi
c
,
of
w
hi
c
h
7
dupl
ic
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te
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ti
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le
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
je
c
te
d
or
di
d
not
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ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
pi
c
.
A
f
te
r
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g
th
e
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
693 a
r
ti
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le
s
w
e
r
e
s
e
le
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te
d
, 589
a
r
ti
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l
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r
e
e
xc
l
ude
d
a
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o t
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e
x
c
lu
s
io
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r
it
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r
i
a
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d not
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ont
r
ib
u
te
to
a
n
s
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e
r
t
he
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e
s
e
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r
c
h q
ue
s
ti
on.
W
e
obt
a
in
e
d 104
a
r
ti
c
le
s
f
or
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
a
s
s
ho
w
n i
n
F
ig
ur
e
2.
B
ib
li
ogr
a
phi
c
a
na
ly
s
is
a
ll
ow
s
th
e
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
of
doc
um
e
nt
s
b
y
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
c
o
-
oc
c
ur
r
in
g
w
or
ds
to
de
te
c
t
pa
tt
e
r
ns
r
e
la
te
d t
o a
ut
hor
s
’
w
or
k
[
40]
.
B
ib
li
om
e
tr
ic
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
a
c
ti
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ty
publi
c
a
ti
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it
a
ti
on
s
,
a
nd c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
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a
nd he
lp
s
i
de
nt
if
y t
r
e
nds
i
n a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h f
ie
ld
[
44]
. V
O
S
vi
e
w
e
r
[
45
]
is
a
t
ool
us
e
d t
o
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na
ly
z
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s
ua
li
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hor
s
hi
p,
c
it
a
ti
on,
a
nd
ke
yw
or
d
ne
twor
k
s
[
46]
e
na
bl
in
g
g
r
a
phi
c
a
l
r
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pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
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if
ic
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hi
ps
. B
a
s
e
d on thi
s
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s
ua
li
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ti
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p
s
w
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ge
ne
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d a
s
s
how
n i
n F
ig
ur
e
3.
F
ig
ur
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4
pr
e
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nt
s
a
w
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d
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lo
ud
ge
ne
r
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te
d
f
r
om
th
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a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
th
e
a
r
ti
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le
s
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
z
e
d
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is
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vi
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r
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nt
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m
e
s
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pt
s
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th
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f
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ld
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s
tu
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A
m
ong
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m
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t
pr
om
in
e
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w
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a
r
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"
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
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m
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de
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r
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ti
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F
ig
ur
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5
s
how
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tr
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p
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om
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A
I
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r
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r
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r
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m
s
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r
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gr
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c
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ne
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ni
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e
a
c
h)
.
T
hi
s
vi
s
ua
li
z
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ti
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ghl
ig
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e
p
r
e
dom
in
a
nt
th
e
m
e
s
a
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r
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f
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c
ts
c
ur
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e
nt
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h f
oc
us
a
r
e
a
s
i
n t
he
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on of
A
I
t
o a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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N
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2252
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8938
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I
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.
14
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5
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O
c
to
be
r
2025
:
3503
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3519
3506
F
ig
ur
e
2. P
R
I
S
M
A
di
a
gr
a
m
m
e
th
odol
ogy
F
ig
ur
e
3.
N
e
twor
k vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on of
S
c
opus
doc
um
e
nt
s
ba
s
e
d on
163 bibl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
e
s
F
ig
ur
e
4. W
or
d c
lo
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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A
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i
n agr
ic
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tu
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:
a s
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ig
ur
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5. T
r
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a
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F
ig
ur
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6
p
r
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nt
s
th
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c
la
s
s
if
ic
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ti
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104
a
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s
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d.
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ph
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la
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ge
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t
a
m
ount
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r
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AI
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ig
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il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
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num
be
r
of
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c
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s
publ
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pe
r
ye
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r
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or
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to
th
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s
our
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ta
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:
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opus
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gh numbe
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s
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a
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c
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it
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ig
ur
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6. A
r
ti
c
le
s
by da
ta
ba
s
e
a
nd
c
ont
in
e
nt
F
ig
ur
e
7. A
r
ti
c
le
s
by ye
a
r
a
nd da
ta
ba
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
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e
ll
, V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
5
,
O
c
to
be
r
2025
:
3503
-
3519
3508
4.
D
I
S
C
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S
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
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w
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s
c
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nt
if
ic
li
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r
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tu
r
e
,
w
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na
ly
z
e
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
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d
A
I
a
ppl
ic
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ti
ons
in
a
gr
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r
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nt
if
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th
e
m
os
t
u
s
e
d
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ode
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s
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nd
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lg
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hm
s
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
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e
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in
f
lu
e
nc
e
in
di
f
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nt
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, i
n or
de
r
t
o a
ns
w
e
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t
he
pr
opos
e
d que
s
ti
ons
.
4.1. An
s
w
e
r
t
o r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
s
4
.
1
.
1
.
R
Q
1
:
w
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
A
I
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
?
F
ig
ur
e
8
s
how
s
th
e
a
r
ti
c
le
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
is
to
pi
c
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
:
"
D
is
e
a
s
e
a
nd
p
e
s
t
d
e
te
c
ti
on"
w
it
h
32
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
"
I
r
r
ig
a
ti
on
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on"
w
it
h
19
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
a
nd
"
C
r
op
s
e
le
c
ti
on
a
nd
br
e
e
di
ng"
w
it
h
17
a
r
ti
c
le
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
r
e
a
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
th
e
m
a
in
f
oc
us
of
A
I
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
T
he
y
r
e
f
le
c
t
th
e
gr
ow
in
g
in
te
r
e
s
t
in
im
pr
ovi
ng
c
r
op
he
a
lt
h,
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
ge
ne
ti
c
a
dva
nc
e
s
th
r
ough AI
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
8. A
r
ti
c
le
s
by
AI
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
F
r
om
T
a
bl
e
3
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
th
a
t
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
in
g
va
r
io
us
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
,
f
r
om
th
e
de
te
c
ti
on
of
pl
a
nt
he
a
lt
h
pr
obl
e
m
s
,
w
it
h
th
e
us
e
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y a
nd pr
e
di
c
t
pl
a
nt
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd p
e
s
ts
.
T
he
s
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
e
na
bl
e
a
f
a
s
te
r
a
nd mor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
r
e
s
pons
e
t
o
pr
oduc
ti
on
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
be
c
om
in
g
m
or
e
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
ove
r
ti
m
e
,
th
a
nks
t
o
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
, w
hi
c
h a
ll
ow
s
t
he
m
t
o f
ur
th
e
r
i
m
pr
o
ve
pr
oduc
ti
on ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
a
bl
e
3.
AI
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
u
s
e
d i
n t
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
A
I
i
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
D
e
s
c
r
i
pt
i
on
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd pe
s
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
U
s
e
of
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
t
o i
de
nt
i
f
y a
nd pr
e
di
c
t
pl
a
nt
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd p
e
s
t
s
,
e
na
bl
i
ng a
f
a
s
t
e
r
a
nd m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
r
e
s
pon
s
e
[
47]
‒
[
78]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
U
s
e
of
s
e
n
s
or
s
a
nd a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
t
o de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
opt
i
m
a
l
t
i
m
i
ng a
nd a
m
ount
of
i
r
r
i
ga
t
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on, ba
s
e
d on r
e
a
l
-
t
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m
e
da
t
a
of
s
oi
l
a
nd w
e
a
t
he
r
c
ondi
t
i
ons
[
79]
‒
[
97]
F
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
A
I
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on t
o
r
e
c
om
m
e
nd t
he
a
m
ount
a
nd t
ype
of
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
e
r
s
t
o be
us
e
d,
c
ons
i
de
r
i
ng s
oi
l
c
om
pos
i
t
i
on a
nd s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
c
r
op ne
e
ds
[
98]
‒
[
105]
C
r
op c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd
ha
r
ve
s
t
i
ng
I
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on of
c
om
put
e
r
vi
s
i
on a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
or
s
or
t
i
ng a
nd s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ng r
i
pe
c
r
ops
f
or
ha
r
ve
s
t
i
ng, r
e
duc
i
ng w
a
s
t
e
a
nd opt
i
m
i
z
i
ng yi
e
l
ds
[
106]
‒
[
117]
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng a
nd
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
U
s
e
of
hi
s
t
or
i
c
a
l
a
nd r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
da
t
a
t
oge
t
he
r
w
i
t
h A
I
m
ode
l
s
t
o pr
e
di
c
t
w
e
a
t
he
r
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
, e
na
bl
i
ng i
nf
or
m
e
d de
c
i
s
i
on m
a
ki
ng i
n a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
[
118]
‒
[
123]
C
ont
r
ol
of
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
obot
s
a
nd dr
one
s
A
I
us
e
d t
o gui
de
a
nd c
ont
r
ol
r
obot
s
a
nd dr
one
s
i
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
t
a
s
ks
s
uc
h a
s
pl
a
nt
i
ng, c
r
op m
oni
t
or
i
ng, a
nd pe
s
t
i
c
i
de
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
[
124]
‒
[
132]
C
r
op s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd
br
e
e
di
ng
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng t
e
c
hni
que
s
t
o a
na
l
yz
e
g
e
ne
t
i
c
a
nd phe
not
ypi
c
da
t
a
a
nd pr
e
di
c
t
de
s
i
r
a
bl
e
c
r
op t
r
a
i
t
s
, a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ng t
he
br
e
e
di
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
.
[
133]
‒
[
149]
F
ig
ur
e
9
s
how
s
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
a
ppl
y
th
e
a
bove
t
e
c
hni
que
s
a
n
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
in
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
T
he
s
e
e
x
a
m
pl
e
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
how
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
A
I
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
va
r
io
us
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
T
a
bl
e
4
gr
oups
th
e
m
a
in
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
A
I
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
A
I
te
c
hni
que
us
e
d
a
s
a
ppl
ie
d
to
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
T
hi
s
ta
bl
e
pr
ovi
de
s
ke
y
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
of
how
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
a
nd a
lg
or
it
hm
s
ha
ve
be
e
n a
ppl
ie
d i
n a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
. A
m
ong the
t
e
c
hni
que
s
c
a
n be
i
de
nt
if
ie
d:
s
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
appli
c
at
io
ns
i
n agr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
:
a s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
r
e
v
ie
w
…
(
M
ic
hae
l
C
abanil
la
s
-
C
ar
bon
e
ll
)
3509
le
a
r
ni
ng,
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng,
s
e
ns
or
n
e
twor
ks
,
m
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng,
f
u
z
z
y
lo
gi
c
,
un
s
upe
r
vi
s
e
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng,
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
.
F
ig
ur
e
9. A
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
by AI
m
ode
l
a
nd t
e
c
hni
que
T
a
bl
e
4.
AI
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
u
s
e
d i
n t
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
A
I
i
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
A
I
t
e
c
hni
que
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd pe
s
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
49]
,
[
51]
,
[
53]
,
[
54]
,
[
56
]
‒
[
59]
,
[
70
]
‒[
72
]
,
[
74
]‒
[
76]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
47]
,
[
52]
,
[
55]
,
[
60
]‒
[
69
]
, [
77]
S
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
73]
,
[
78]
F
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
[
48]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
85]
,
[
88]
,
[
91]
, [
93]
, [
94
]
S
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
84]
,
[
89]
,
[
92]
,
[
97]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
79]
,
[
80]
,
[
82]
F
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
[
83]
,
[
86]
,
[
87]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
81]
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
90]
C
r
op
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd br
e
e
di
ng
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
134]
,
[
136]
,
[
137]
,
[
139]
‒
[
141
]
,
[
143]
, [
144]
,
[
148
]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
133]
,
[
135]
,
[
147]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
142]
,
[
146]
U
ns
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
145]
F
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
[
138]
C
r
op
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd
ha
r
ve
s
t
i
ng
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
107]
,
[
110]
,
[
111]
,
[
115]
,
[
116
]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
108]
,
[
109]
,
[
112]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
106]
,
[
113]
,
[
114]
U
ns
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
117]
C
ont
r
ol
of
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
obo
t
s
a
nd dr
one
s
S
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
124]
,
[
125]
,
[
127]
,
[
128]
U
ns
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
130]
,
[
131]
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
126]
,
[
129]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
132]
F
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
99]
,
[
102]
,
[
105]
S
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
103]
,
[
104]
M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
100]
,
[
101]
D
e
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
98]
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng a
nd
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
118]
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
121]
U
ns
upe
r
vi
s
e
d m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
[
120]
F
uz
z
y l
ogi
c
[
123]
S
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
or
ks
[
119]
F
ig
ur
e
10
a
na
ly
z
e
s
th
e
ty
pe
s
of
A
I
te
c
hni
que
s
us
e
d
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
"
S
upe
r
vi
s
e
d
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
"
le
a
ds
w
it
h
39
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
e
na
bl
in
g
pl
a
nt
di
s
e
a
s
e
de
te
c
ti
on,
c
r
op
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on,
a
nd
w
e
e
d
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
th
r
ough
im
a
ge
a
na
ly
s
is
[
150]
.
"
D
e
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng"
f
ol
lo
w
s
w
it
h
24
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
us
in
g
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
(
R
N
N
)
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ve
a
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
ne
twor
ks
(
G
A
N
)
to
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
c
r
op
yi
e
l
ds
f
r
om
c
li
m
a
ti
c
da
ta
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
te
s
ynt
he
ti
c
im
a
ge
s
f
or
tr
a
in
in
g
di
s
e
a
s
e
de
te
c
ti
on
m
od
e
ls
.
T
a
bl
e
5
a
nd
F
ig
ur
e
11
s
how
th
e
m
ode
l
s
or
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
u
s
e
d
in
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
th
e
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
.
A
m
ong
th
e
m
os
t
p
r
om
in
e
nt
a
r
e
:
c
onvolut
io
na
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
ks
(
C
N
N
)
, s
uppor
t
ve
c
to
r
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
(
S
V
M
)
, l
in
e
a
r
r
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
(
L
R
)
,
a
nd r
a
ndom f
or
e
s
t
(
R
F
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
5
,
O
c
to
be
r
2025
:
3503
-
3519
3510
F
ig
ur
e
10. Ar
ti
c
le
s
on AI
t
e
c
hni
que
s
a
nd t
he
ir
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on i
n a
g
r
ic
ul
tu
r
e
T
a
bl
e
5.
AI
m
ode
l
a
lg
or
it
hm
us
e
d i
n t
he
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
M
ode
l
-
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
A
I
i
n
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
C
N
N
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd pe
s
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
[
47]
,
[
49]
,
[
54]
,
[
55]
,
[
59
]
‒
[
64]
,
[
66]
,
[
67
]
,
[
69]
, [
71]
,
[
77]
C
r
op c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd ha
r
ve
s
t
i
ng
[
108]
‒
[
112]
,
[
116]
C
r
op s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd br
e
e
di
ng
[
133]
,
[
140]
,
[
143]
F
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
99]
,
[
102]
C
ont
r
ol
of
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
obo
t
s
a
nd dr
one
s
[
129]
S
V
M
C
r
op
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd br
e
e
di
ng
[
146]
,
[
148]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
[
85]
,
[
94]
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd pe
s
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
[
58]
LR
C
r
op c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on a
nd ha
r
ve
s
t
i
ng
[
113]
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd pe
s
t
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
[
75]
F
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
100]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
[
88]
C
r
op s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd br
e
e
di
ng
[
147]
RF
C
r
op s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on a
nd br
e
e
di
ng
[
136]
,
[
141]
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng a
nd m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
[
118]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
[
91]
F
ig
ur
e
11. Ar
ti
c
le
s
by a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on a
nd A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
4.1.2
.
R
Q
2. Wh
at
i
s
t
h
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
i
n
t
h
e
e
ar
ly
d
e
t
e
c
t
io
n
an
d
c
on
t
r
ol
of
p
la
n
t
d
is
e
as
e
s
an
d
c
r
op
p
e
s
t
s
?
F
ig
ur
e
12
s
how
s
th
e
a
r
ti
c
le
s
a
na
ly
z
e
d
f
or
th
e
r
ol
e
of
A
I
in
th
e
e
a
r
ly
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
of
p
la
nt
a
nd
c
r
op
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
.
S
uc
h
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
a
ppl
y
AI
in
th
e
e
a
r
ly
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
of
pl
a
nt
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd
c
r
op
pe
s
ts
. T
h
e
s
e
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
i
ll
us
tr
a
te
how
AI
ha
s
r
e
vol
ut
io
ni
z
e
d t
he
a
bi
li
ty
of
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o i
de
nt
i
f
y a
nd ma
na
ge
pl
a
nt
he
a
lt
h pr
obl
e
m
s
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
appli
c
at
io
ns
i
n agr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
:
a s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
r
e
v
ie
w
…
(
M
ic
hae
l
C
abanil
la
s
-
C
ar
bon
e
ll
)
3511
F
ig
ur
e
12. Ar
ti
c
le
s
by r
e
le
va
nc
e
i
n t
he
de
te
c
ti
on of
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd
pe
s
ts
T
a
bl
e
6
a
na
ly
z
e
s
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
f
or
de
te
c
ti
ng
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
li
ng
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd
pe
s
ts
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
.
F
or
e
a
r
ly
de
te
c
ti
on,
im
a
ge
a
na
ly
s
is
of
le
a
ve
s
a
nd
c
r
ops
he
lp
s
id
e
nt
if
y
di
s
e
a
s
e
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
w
hi
le
s
e
ns
or
s
m
oni
to
r
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ha
nge
s
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
pl
a
nt
he
a
lt
h
is
s
ue
s
.
F
or
c
ont
r
ol
,
A
I
e
na
bl
e
s
pr
e
c
is
e
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on,
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
m
ode
ls
to
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
out
br
e
a
ks
,
s
e
ns
or
-
ba
s
e
d
a
le
r
ts
,
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
a
nt
ic
ip
a
te
di
s
e
a
s
e
a
nd p
e
s
t
s
pr
e
a
d
a
nd i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
pr
e
ve
nt
iv
e
a
c
t
io
ns
.
T
a
bl
e
6. A
r
ti
c
le
s
a
na
ly
z
e
d a
c
c
or
di
ng t
o A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
i
n t
he
d
e
te
c
ti
on a
nd c
ont
r
ol
of
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd pe
s
ts
R
ol
e
of
A
I
i
n de
t
e
c
t
i
on a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
A
I
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
C
ont
r
ol
of
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd pe
s
t
s
I
oT
a
nd s
e
ns
or
s
[
50]
,
[
78]
P
r
e
di
c
t
i
ve
m
ode
l
s
[
68]
, [
112]
E
a
r
l
y de
t
e
c
t
i
on of
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd p
e
s
t
s
I
m
a
ge
a
na
l
ys
i
s
(
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on or
s
e
gm
e
nt
a
t
i
on)
[
47]
‒
[
49]
,
[
51]
,
[
53]
‒
[
63
]
,
[
65]
‒
[
67]
,
[
69]
, [
70]
,
[
72]
,
[
77]
I
oT
a
nd s
e
ns
or
s
[
73]
, [
74]
4.1.3
.
R
Q
3.
H
ow
h
as
A
I
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
t
h
e
c
u
s
t
om
iz
at
io
n
of
f
ar
m
in
g
p
r
ac
t
ic
e
s
an
d
ad
ap
t
at
io
n
t
o
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
li
m
at
ic
an
d
s
oi
l
c
on
d
it
io
n
s
?
A
I
of
f
e
r
s
gr
e
a
t
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
to
im
pr
ove
f
a
r
m
in
g
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
gr
a
ph
of
F
ig
ur
e
13
s
how
s
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
a
ppl
y
AI
in
c
u
s
to
m
iz
in
g
f
a
r
m
in
g
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd
a
da
pt
in
g
to
c
ha
ngi
ng
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
T
he
s
e
s
tu
di
e
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
how
AI
ha
s
e
na
bl
e
d
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
to
a
da
pt
th
e
ir
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
t
o
s
pe
c
if
ic
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
a
nd
c
ir
c
um
s
ta
nc
e
s
to
opt
im
iz
e
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
T
a
bl
e
7
gr
oups
ho
w
A
I
ha
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
th
e
c
us
to
m
iz
a
ti
on
of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd a
da
pt
a
ti
on t
o di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
li
m
a
ti
c
a
nd s
o
il
c
ondi
ti
ons
.
F
ig
ur
e
13. Ar
ti
c
le
s
on t
he
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
A
I
on t
he
c
us
to
m
iz
a
ti
on of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd a
da
pt
a
ti
on t
o
c
li
m
a
ti
c
c
ondi
ti
ons
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
, V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
5
,
O
c
to
be
r
2025
:
3503
-
3519
3512
T
a
bl
e
7. A
r
ti
c
le
s
by i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
on t
he
c
us
to
m
iz
a
ti
on of
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd a
da
pt
a
ti
on t
o di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
li
m
a
ti
c
a
nd s
oi
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
A
I
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
c
a
t
e
gor
y
A
I
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
A
da
pt
a
t
i
on t
o c
ha
ngi
ng
c
ondi
t
i
ons
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
a
nd pe
s
t
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
i
ng
[
47]
‒[
52]
,
[
54]
‒[
60]
,
[
62
]
‒[
65]
,
[
67]
‒[
70
]
,
[
72]
,
[
74]
,
[
75]
, [
77
]
,
[
78]
,
[
111]
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
[
121]
S
oi
l
va
r
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
[
81]
,
[
84]
,
[
94]
, [
98]
,
[
118
]
‒[
120]
C
us
t
om
i
z
a
t
i
on of
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
on
s
[
61]
,
[
82]
,
[
83]
,
[
85]
,
[
88
]
,
[
99]
,
[
100]
,
[
101
]
,
[
104]
,
[
107]
,
[
110]
,
[
113]
,
[
116]
,
[
117]
,
[
122]
,
[
125
]
,
[
127]
,
[
130]
,
[
133
]
,
[
135]
‒[
137]
,
[
139]
,
[
141]
,
[
146]
,
[
148]
,
[
151
]
P
l
a
nt
i
ng a
nd
ha
r
ve
s
t
pl
a
nni
ng
[
53]
,
[
79]
,
[
87]
,
[
89]
‒[
91
]
, [
93]
,
[
96]
,
[
97
]
,
[
114]
,
[
132]
,
[
138]
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
on a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
[
66]
,
[
73]
,
[
80]
,
[
86]
,
[
92
]
,
[
95]
, [
102]
,
[
103
]
,
[
106]
,
[
108]
,
[
109]
,
[
112]
,
[
115]
,
[
124]
,
[
126]
,
[
128
]
,
[
129]
,
[
131]
,
[
134
]
,
[
140]
,
[
142]
,
[
147]
,
[
149]
4.1.4.
R
Q
4.
H
ow
h
as
A
I
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
ag
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
al
d
e
c
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g,
s
u
c
h
as
c
r
op
m
an
age
m
e
n
t
,
ir
r
ig
at
io
n
s
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g an
d
f
e
r
t
il
iz
e
r
ap
p
li
c
at
io
n
?
F
ig
ur
e
14
s
how
s
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
c
r
op
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,
ir
r
ig
a
ti
on
s
c
he
dul
in
g
a
nd
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
e
a
r
ti
c
le
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
how
A
I
ha
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
de
c
is
io
n
m
a
ki
ng
to
im
pr
ove
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
T
a
bl
e
8
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
s
A
I
'
s
im
pa
c
t
on
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
c
r
op
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
I
t
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
yi
e
ld
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
u
s
in
g
c
li
m
a
te
a
nd
s
oi
l
da
t
a
w
it
h
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng,
ir
r
ig
a
ti
on
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
th
r
ough
s
e
ns
or
a
na
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
a
dj
us
tm
e
nt
s
ba
s
e
d
on
s
oi
l
nut
r
ie
nt
s
.
A
I
a
ls
o
r
e
c
om
m
e
nds
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
ty
pe
s
a
nd
a
m
ount
s
by
a
na
ly
z
in
g
s
oi
l
a
nd
c
r
op
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
,
e
nha
nc
in
g
pr
e
c
is
io
n
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y i
n m
a
na
gi
ng e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
c
r
op pr
oduc
ti
on.
F
ig
ur
e
14. Ar
ti
c
le
s
on t
he
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
A
I
i
n a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
de
c
is
io
n m
a
ki
ng
T
a
bl
e
8. A
r
ti
c
le
s
gr
oupe
d by the
i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
A
I
i
n
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
de
c
is
io
n m
a
ki
ng
D
e
c
i
s
i
on
-
m
a
ki
ng c
a
t
e
gor
y
A
I
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
C
r
op m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
C
r
op r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
on
[
88]
,
[
108]
‒
[
110]
,
[
114]
,
[
116
]
, [
119]
,
[
131]
,
[
133
]
,
[
139]
‒
[
142]
,
[
147]
‒
[
149]
C
r
op yi
e
l
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[
94]
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[
95]
, [
106]
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[
113]
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[
115
]
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117]
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[
134]
‒[
136
]
,
[
138]
,
[
146]
P
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nd di
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nt
[
47]
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51]
,
[
53]
‒
[
70]
,
[
72
]
‒
[
75]
,
[
77]
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[
78
]
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111]
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[
112]
F
e
r
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r
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e
r
t
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on m
oni
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or
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ng
[
98]
F
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
e
r
r
e
c
om
m
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t
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on
[
99]
‒
[
104]
I
r
r
i
ga
t
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on s
c
he
dul
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ng
F
or
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a
s
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-
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ga
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[
80]
,
[
121]
,
[
122]
,
[
130]
I
r
r
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ga
t
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on opt
i
m
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on
[
79]
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81]
‒[
87]
,
[
89]
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[
90
]
,
[
92]
,
[
97]
,
[
107
]
,
[
118]
,
[
120]
,
[
127]
,
[
128]
,
[
132]
,
[
137]
,
[
151]
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