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Rec
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s
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R
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Vo
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,
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.
3
,
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o
v
e
m
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
6
4
9
~
6
5
8
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
,
DOI
:
1
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1
1
5
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1
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r
es
.
v
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.
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.
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4
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-
658
649
J
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th
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co
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PMU
pla
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Va
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a
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m
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3
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m
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s
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m
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g
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WA
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e
m
in
d
e
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n
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n
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h
e
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rk
p
re
se
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ted
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re
m
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im
ize
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th
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tal
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th
e
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o
m
m
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ti
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i
n
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
(CI)
b
y
tak
in
g
in
to
a
c
c
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n
t
t
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e
p
rice
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f
p
h
a
so
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
u
n
it
s
(
P
M
Us
)
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n
d
th
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lac
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m
e
n
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o
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a
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h
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trato
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P
DC)
a
t
t
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m
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im
e
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h
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m
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lac
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t
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s
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n
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u
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it
h
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tree
o
p
ti
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iza
ti
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'
s
h
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lp
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T
h
e
re
h
a
v
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lso
b
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p
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c
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m
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ire
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l
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m
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u
s sy
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s b
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stra
tes
th
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d
a
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s
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v
e
r
p
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v
io
u
sly
p
u
b
li
s
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a
rti
c
les
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w
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s
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ss
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u
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CC B
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uth
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co
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d
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m
ail:
k
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an
u
m
alar
@
m
ep
co
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g
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
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m
p
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v
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ef
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f
th
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tr
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s
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m
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R
ep
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t
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tr
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y
s
y
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te
m
f
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th
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
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ta
k
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
f
ea
t
u
r
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o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
C
I
)
.
P
lan
n
in
g
,
o
p
er
atin
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ch
al
len
g
i
n
g
as
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
th
e
d
er
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
ele
ctr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ata
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
(
S
C
A
D
A
)
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
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h
s
till
n
ee
d
s
tech
n
i
ca
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
is
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
tate
o
f
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
co
n
v
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n
tio
n
al
m
etr
es
th
at
th
en
tr
an
s
m
i
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
to
it
.
I
t
is
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
elec
tr
ic
u
tili
t
y
to
tr
an
s
it
io
n
f
r
o
m
a
SC
AD
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-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
to
a
w
id
e
ar
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
W
AM
S)
th
at
is
d
o
m
i
n
ated
b
y
p
h
a
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
u
n
i
ts
(
P
MU
s
)
[1
]
-
[
4
].
P
MU
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
m
o
n
i
to
r
,
p
r
eser
v
e,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
s
u
b
s
tati
o
n
o
n
li
n
e.
No
n
eth
ele
s
s
,
t
h
e
P
MU
is
o
v
er
p
r
iced
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
u
tili
tie
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
o
th
p
ay
m
o
r
e
atten
tio
n
to
t
h
e
b
est
P
MU
p
lace
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ey
ar
e
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
est
o
p
tim
al
P
M
Us
p
lace
m
e
n
t
(
OP
P
)
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
P
MU
s
ar
e
q
u
ite
p
r
ice
y
m
ac
h
i
n
er
y
;
h
e
n
ce
,
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
OP
P
is
s
u
e
is
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
co
m
p
l
ete
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
b
y
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
th
e
P
MU
s
in
o
p
ti
m
al
p
lace
s
[
5
]
.
W
h
en
a
P
MU
is
in
s
talled
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
b
u
s
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
a
s
o
r
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
,
an
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
h
aso
r
s
at
o
th
er
b
u
s
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
i
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
P
MU
s
th
at
co
v
er
ea
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
649
-
658
650
b
u
s
.
I
t is o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
if
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
h
a
s
o
r
at
a
b
u
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
l
cu
lated
.
Hen
ce
,
i
f
al
l b
u
s
e
s
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
P
MU
s
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
letel
y
v
i
s
ib
le
.
T
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
j
u
s
t
o
n
e
P
MU
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
r
esu
lt
in
f
u
l
l
lo
s
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
ail
u
r
e
if
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
P
MU
s
w
er
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
[6
]
.
Mu
lti
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
(
MO
O)
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
th
e
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es,
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
i
n
g
le
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
I
n
s
tea
d
,
th
e
b
est
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
i
s
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
a
s
o
lid
tr
ad
e
-
of
f
o
p
tio
n
th
at
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
g
o
als [
7
].
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
g
r
ap
h
th
eo
r
y
[8
]
-
[
12
]
,
m
u
lt
-
cr
iter
ia
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
[
13
]
,
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
[
14
]
,
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
b
in
ar
y
d
r
ag
o
n
f
l
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
[
1
6
]
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
t
h
e
OP
P
is
s
u
e
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
u
tag
e
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
P
MU
an
d
a
n
e
n
tire
li
n
e.
W
h
ile
ex
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
est
p
lace
s
f
o
r
P
MU
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
v
ar
io
u
s
g
o
als,
th
e
C
I
co
s
t
w
as
n
o
t
ta
k
e
n
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
N
o
n
eth
ele
s
s
,
C
I
is
cr
u
cial
to
W
A
M
S
,
an
d
it
s
co
s
t
m
a
k
es
u
p
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
W
A
MS
ex
p
en
s
e
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
la
ce
m
en
t
o
f
a
p
h
aso
r
d
ata
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
(
P
DC
)
an
d
P
MU
af
f
ec
t
s
C
I
co
s
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
t
o
f
W
A
MS
b
y
p
o
s
it
io
n
i
n
g
P
M
U
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
w
h
il
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
i
n
s
ta
llatio
n
co
s
t
o
f
b
o
th
P
MU
an
d
C
I
.
Fire
f
l
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
F
F
A
)
,
an
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
n
atu
r
e
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
m
eta
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
C
I
o
p
tim
all
y
s
u
c
h
th
at
t
h
e
y
co
n
n
ec
t a
ll o
f
th
e
P
MU
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
[
1
7
].
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
is
t
h
e
o
u
tli
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
.
Ma
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
if
ic
atio
n
s
to
t
h
e
OP
P
is
s
u
e
w
er
e
d
etailed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
P
MU
f
ail
u
r
e,
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
i
n
s
talled
P
MU
,
an
d
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
estab
lis
h
ed
C
I
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
in
ar
y
f
ir
ef
l
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
B
FF
A
)
,
o
r
m
o
d
if
ied
b
in
ar
y
FF
A
,
w
a
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
d
etail
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
an
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
if
ap
p
licab
le,
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
,
w
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
W
h
ile
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
ai
m
is
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
W
A
MS
co
s
t,
w
h
ic
h
P
MU
s
an
d
C
I
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
a
x
i
m
al
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
an
d
co
v
er
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ze
r
o
-
in
j
ec
tio
n
b
u
s
e
s
(
Z
I
B
s
)
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
's r
eliab
il
it
y
.
Min
i
m
ize
(
P
MU
c
+CI
c
)
(
1
)
=
∑
×
(
+
×
)
×
=
1
(
2
)
=
×
+
×
∑
=
1
(
3
)
Ob
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
m
atr
i
x
o
f
ele
m
e
n
t n
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
4
)
.
=
×
≥
1
(
4
)
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
m
atr
i
x
(
C
mn
)
a
n
d
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
5
)
.
=
{
1
=
0
ℎ
(
5
)
T
h
e
Z
I
B
ef
f
ec
t h
a
s
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
(
6
)
.
=
×
≥
1
(
6
)
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
it
y
m
etr
i
x
(
OZ
new
)
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
h
as b
ee
n
m
o
d
i
f
ied
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
2
.
1
.
Wide a
re
a
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
des
ig
n w
it
h N
-
1
co
nting
ency
I
n
th
e
e
v
e
n
t
o
f
a
P
MU
o
r
s
in
g
le
-
li
n
e
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
,
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
alter
ed
.
A
P
MU
o
r
lin
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
's
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ili
t
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
p
ath
th
at
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
Z
I
B
s
a
n
d
h
o
w
N
-
1
co
n
tin
g
e
n
cies
m
a
y
a
f
f
ec
t P
MU
p
lace
m
en
t c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
p
th
lin
e
o
uta
g
e
pro
ce
du
re
s
−
A
ze
r
o
w
o
u
ld
b
e
en
ter
ed
in
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
m
a
tr
ix
i
n
s
tead
o
f
th
e
p
th
lin
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
co
n
o
mica
l
d
esig
n
o
f W
A
MS
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
ft c
o
mp
u
tin
g
:
co
-
o
p
tima
l P
MU
:
…
(
B
a
n
u
ma
la
r
K
o
o
d
a
ls
a
my
)
651
−
T
ak
in
g
Z
I
B
s
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
e
w
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
m
atr
i
x
(
C
ne
w
,
p
)
f
o
r
p
th
lin
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
q
th
ph
a
s
o
r
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
un
it
s
o
uta
g
e
pro
ce
du
re
s
−
T
o
in
clu
d
e
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
Z
I
B
,
C
n
e
w
w
o
u
ld
b
e
cr
ea
ted
.
−
Fo
r
ev
er
y
q
th
P
MU
f
a
ilu
r
e,
a
n
e
w
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
m
atr
i
x
(
C
n
e
w
,
q
)
w
o
u
ld
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
ettin
g
t
h
e
q
th
co
lu
m
n
en
tr
y
to
ze
r
o
.
2
.
4
.
W
ide
a
re
a
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
s
y
s
t
em
s
des
ig
n
un
de
r
p
re
-
i
ns
t
a
lled
ph
a
s
o
r
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
un
it
s
c
o
n
t
in
g
en
c
y
P
MU
p
lace
d
an
y
w
h
er
e
w
o
u
ld
o
f
f
er
v
i
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
at
b
u
s
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
u
s
es.
A
s
a
r
esu
l
t,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
est W
A
MS
d
esi
g
n
,
th
e
p
r
e
-
i
n
s
talled
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t is ap
p
lied
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t in
(
4
)
.
2
.
5
.
W
ide a
r
ea
m
ea
s
ur
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
des
ig
n un
der
pr
e
-
ins
t
a
lled f
iber
lin
ks
co
nting
ency
Ob
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
u
s
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
u
s
e
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
ia
P
MU
i
n
s
ta
lled
an
y
lo
c
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
ass
o
ciate
d
to
p
r
ein
s
tall
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
est
W
A
MS
d
esi
g
n
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ilit
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t in
(
4
)
.
2
.
6
.
Desig
n o
f
c
o
m
m
u
nica
t
io
n infr
a
s
t
ruct
ur
e
P
o
w
er
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
an
d
th
e
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
ir
e
(
OP
GW
)
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
a
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
ia,
an
d
th
e
c
o
s
t
r
elate
d
to
ea
ch
d
ev
ice
is
t
ak
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
w
h
ile
d
esig
n
in
g
t
h
e
C
I
.
Stei
n
er
tr
ee
-
b
ased
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
1
9
]
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
I
's ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
esi
g
n
[2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
Stei
n
er
tr
ee
is
s
u
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t f
o
r
Stei
n
e
r
tr
ee
p
r
o
b
lem
3.
F
I
RE
F
L
Y
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
T
h
e
FFA
w
as
cr
ea
ted
b
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
s
w
ar
m
s
o
f
f
ir
ef
lie
s
,
w
it
h
a
p
r
im
ar
y
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
ir
e
f
l
ies
'
ab
s
o
lu
te
b
r
ig
h
tn
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
Ya
n
g
's
FFA
.
B
in
ar
y
v
alu
e
s
0
an
d
1
ar
e
u
t
ilized
i
n
t
h
e
P
MU
p
r
o
b
lem
's
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
lace
m
en
t
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
P
MU
s
tate
(
i.e
.
,
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
o
r
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le)
.
I
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
c
er
tain
ad
j
u
s
t
m
en
ts
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
b
in
ar
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
et
w
e
en
ze
r
o
an
d
o
n
e
is
th
e
th
ir
d
ter
m
.
T
h
e
(
8
)
ac
ce
p
ts
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
3
6
7
9
an
d
2
.
7
1
8
3
w
h
en
β
0
=1
an
d
δ=1
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
pq
v
alu
e,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
i
n
g
(
9
)
,
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
-
1
to
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
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I
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ed
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ed
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s
t
,
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l.
14
,
No
.
3
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v
e
m
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
649
-
658
652
(
)
=
0
−
2
(
7
)
′
=
+
(
)
∗
(
−
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(
−
0
.
5
)
(
8
)
V
p
,
V
q
,
an
d
′
ar
e
f
ir
ef
l
y
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r
r
en
t
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o
s
itio
n
an
d
n
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x
t g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
=
−
(
9
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W
h
en
f
ir
ef
l
y
p
o
s
itio
n
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s
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o
d
i
f
ied
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′
v
ar
y
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et
w
ee
n
2
.
2
1
8
0
to
4
.
3
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
0
)
.
′
=
+
(
)
×
(
−
)
+
(
−
0
.
5
)
(
1
0
)
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
if
o
b
s
er
v
ab
ili
t
y
i
s
1
o
r
0
,
a
p
r
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
r
es
h
o
ld
lev
el
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
is
u
s
ed
.
I
f
th
e
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
c
tio
n
[
1
0
]
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
B
FF
A
,
(
′
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1
1
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p
(
−
′
)
(
1
1
)
if
ta
n
h
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
ed
as g
i
v
e
n
in
:
(
′
)
=
ta
n
h
(
|
′
|
)
=
ex
p
(
2
∗
|
′
|
)
−
1
ex
p
(
2
∗
|
′
|
)
+
1
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
B
FF
A
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t i
s
d
is
p
la
y
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
FF
A
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
esi
g
n
o
f
W
A
MS
A
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
in
ar
y
co
d
ed
FF
A
f
o
r
OP
P
p
r
o
b
lem
in
P
MU
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
:
−
Sp
ec
if
y
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
ize
an
d
it
er
atio
n
co
u
n
t.
−
Ass
i
g
n
a
v
al
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l p
ar
a
m
eter
w
ith
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
(
,
0
,
an
d
n
)
.
−
Usi
n
g
(
2
)
,
d
eter
m
i
n
e
ea
ch
f
ir
e
f
l
y
's
f
it
n
ess
o
f
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
co
n
o
mica
l
d
esig
n
o
f W
A
MS
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
ft c
o
mp
u
tin
g
:
co
-
o
p
tima
l P
MU
:
…
(
B
a
n
u
ma
la
r
K
o
o
d
a
ls
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my
)
653
−
Use (
3
)
to
d
eter
m
in
e
f
it
n
es
s
o
f
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
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n
ct
io
n
u
s
i
n
g
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ee
-
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ased
tech
n
iq
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e.
−
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n
g
(
1
)
,
d
eter
m
i
n
e
ea
ch
f
ir
e
f
l
y
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f
it
n
ess
o
f
th
e
to
tal
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
v
al
u
e.
−
Dec
id
e
w
h
ich
p
o
s
it
io
n
u
s
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n
g
t
h
e
o
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j
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tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
'
s
lo
w
est
an
d
g
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ea
test
v
al
u
es.
−
Usi
n
g
(
1
1
)
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t b
y
(
1
2
)
.
−
Use (
1
0
)
to
u
p
d
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
v
e
cto
r
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
iter
atio
n
.
−
C
o
n
ti
n
u
e
f
r
o
m
s
tep
s
3
to
8
u
n
t
il th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
te
r
atio
n
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ea
ch
ed
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
was
tack
led
u
s
i
n
g
F
F
A
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
R
2
0
1
4
b
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
test
ca
s
e
s
w
er
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
1
4
,
3
0
,
an
d
1
1
8
b
u
s
tes
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
P
r
ein
s
talled
P
MU
s
,
p
r
ein
s
talled
f
ib
r
e
o
p
tic
lin
k
s
,
an
d
N
-
1
co
n
ti
n
g
en
c
y
w
er
e
ta
k
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
E
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E
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
1
]
,
Z
I
B
an
d
r
ad
ial
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
t
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eir
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ti
o
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
,
th
e
lin
e
le
n
g
th
to
d
esig
n
C
I
[
2
3
]
,
th
e
co
s
t o
f
P
MU
in
s
tall
atio
n
an
d
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
C
I
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
c
o
n
tain
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
B
FF
A
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
b
elo
w
h
av
e
all
b
ee
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
B
FF
A
f
o
r
OP
P
p
r
o
b
l
em
.
−
C
ase
1
:
in
i
tial b
aseli
n
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
−
C
ase
2
:
N
-
1
c
o
n
t
in
g
e
n
c
y
−
C
ase
3
:
p
r
e
-
in
s
talled
(
P
I
)
P
M
Us
−
C
ase
4
:
p
r
e
-
in
s
talled
(
P
I
)
f
ib
er
T
ab
le
1
.
B
FF
A
co
n
tr
o
l p
ar
am
eter
s
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
1
4
b
u
s
3
0
b
u
s
1
1
8
b
u
s
1
1
.
5
1
.
5
0
0
.
8
0
.
4
0
.
5
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
,
n
1
1
1
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
4
.
1
.
Ca
s
e
1
:
ini
t
ia
l ba
s
eline
co
nd
it
io
n
Fo
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
I
E
E
E
test
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
ca
s
e
1
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
m
in
i
m
ize
b
o
th
C
I
co
s
ts
an
d
th
e
P
MU
q
u
an
tit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
o
u
tlin
e
s
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
3
0
B
FF
A
tr
ials
,
y
ield
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
id
en
ti
f
y
in
g
s
u
itab
le
P
MU
s
ites
a
n
d
Stei
n
er
v
er
t
ices.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
ts
th
i
s
w
it
h
d
ata
o
n
P
MU
co
u
n
t,
ch
an
n
el
s
,
s
w
itc
h
es,
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
len
g
t
h
,
an
d
W
A
MS
co
s
t
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
MU
p
lace
m
e
n
t n
u
m
b
er
s
an
d
b
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
-
b
ase
ca
s
e
I
EEE
s
y
st
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m
P
M
U
n
o
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c
a
t
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o
f
P
M
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t
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v
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t
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s
1
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b
u
s
4
4
,
5
,
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,
9
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3
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b
u
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le
3
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C
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s
e
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s
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(
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A
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h
(
k
m)
W
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o
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(
$
mi
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o
n
s)
14
b
u
s
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d
4
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4
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2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
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can
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tac
ted
at
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m
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il
:
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ra
li
@
m
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in
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