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R
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Dep
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I
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RO
D
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T
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5
G
tech
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tiv
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cr
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ib
l
y
r
ap
id
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a
ta
tr
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s
f
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s
p
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d
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
5
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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s
e
s
lo
w
-
late
n
c
y
an
d
h
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g
h
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r
eq
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cies
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u
m
er
o
u
s
d
ev
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s
i
m
u
lta
n
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s
l
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
also
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
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r
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ilit
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d
co
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s
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ize,
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wir
eless
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te
m
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[
4
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.
A
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atch
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ten
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ex
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t
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in
ter
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et
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t
h
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s
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I
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d
ev
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an
d
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th
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m
al
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elec
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r
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n
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[
5
]
.
A
l
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o
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5
G
n
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w
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a
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p
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ir
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m
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t
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d
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ac
cu
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f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
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b
an
d
co
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ag
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ai
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,
an
d
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p
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to
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eq
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Fi
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b
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p
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n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
R
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f
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&
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Sy
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I
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N:
2089
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4864
Desig
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f b
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627
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a
n
d
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m
p
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On
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s
p
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a
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[
6
]
.
T
h
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tec
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co
v
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s
m
ac
h
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lear
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d
m
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el
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s
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to
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f
f
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tiv
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n
d
o
p
ti
m
u
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
i
n
t
u
r
n
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n
ab
les
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in
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co
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co
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p
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n
o
f
5
G
m
ig
h
t
b
e
h
u
g
e
an
d
th
u
s
le
s
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
th
e
m
w
it
h
co
m
p
ac
t
d
ev
ices
[
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
esi
g
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
m
a
y
r
el
y
o
n
lab
o
r
io
u
s
h
u
m
an
o
r
s
e
m
i
-
a
u
to
m
ated
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
o
p
h
is
tica
ted
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e,
it
m
a
y
b
e
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
id
ea
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ic
s
lik
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
an
d
g
ai
n
,
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
lead
to
d
elay
ed
d
esi
g
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
at
ch
an
te
n
n
a,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
an
M
L
-
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
m
et
a
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
o
d
el.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
id
ea
l
s
lo
t
l
en
g
th
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
v
alu
es
at
3
.
4
5
GHz
(
u
s
u
all
y
3
.
3
to
4
.
2
GHz
)
,
a
tr
ain
ed
lig
h
t
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
ti
n
g
m
ac
h
in
e
(
L
i
g
h
t
GB
M)
m
o
d
el
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
ed
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
p
ir
an
h
a
f
o
r
ag
i
n
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
P
FO
A
)
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Go
n
zá
lez
et
a
l.
[
10
]
d
escr
ib
e
d
d
esig
n
,
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lt
s
,
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
s
lo
tted
p
la
n
ar
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
t
h
at
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
GHz
to
4
.
2
GHz
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
in
itial
tr
ial
s
alo
n
g
w
ith
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
5
G
s
er
v
ice
s
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
t
h
a
t
is
b
ein
g
s
h
o
w
n
h
as
a
h
ig
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
3
2
%
an
d
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
u
r
it
y
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
5
G,
R
a
m
a
s
a
m
y
et
a
l.
[
11
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
o
n
F
R
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
an
te
n
n
a
o
p
er
ates
in
5
G
n
3
4
b
an
d
s
,
W
L
A
N
at
5
.
2
GHz
,
an
d
W
i
-
m
a
x
at
5
.
5
GHz
.
R
a
m
a
s
a
m
y
et
a
l.
[1
1
]
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
a
n
e
w
m
illi
m
eter
-
w
a
v
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
t
h
at
o
p
er
ates
at
a
in
cid
en
c
e
o
f
2
8
GHz
f
o
r
th
e
5
G
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
eb
u
il
t
an
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es t
w
o
U
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
lo
ts
ca
r
v
e
d
in
to
th
e
R
T
R
o
g
er
s
5
8
8
0
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
W
ith
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
g
ai
n
o
f
1
2
d
B
,
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
th
at
is
b
ein
g
s
h
o
w
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
al
m
o
s
t
9
3
%.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
2
8
GHz
m
icr
o
s
t
r
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
w
i
th
a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
s
lo
t
[
1
2
]
,
[1
3
]
.
A
n
a
n
ten
n
a
w
i
th
a
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
0
.
4
m
m
w
ill
b
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
o
n
a
R
o
g
er
s
R
t
-
d
u
r
o
id
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
an
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
e
g
ap
-
in
te
g
r
ated
f
ee
d
in
g
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
th
e
b
est
f
it,
s
a
tis
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
u
s
e
in
5
G
[
1
4
]
,
[1
5
].
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
v
ar
ied
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
w
a
s
esti
m
ated
in
th
e
wo
r
k
[
1
6
]
–
[1
8
]
.
A
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
aid
ed
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
d
esi
g
n
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
A
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
u
ltr
a
-
th
i
n
a
n
ten
n
a
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
il
l
b
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
.
A
p
r
ese
n
ted
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
an
a
n
te
n
n
a
o
cc
u
p
ies
a
n
ar
ea
30
×
30
mm²
,
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
ab
o
u
t
0
.
8
m
m
.
T
h
is
2
8
GHz
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
is
s
m
all,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
6
.
2
×
7
.
2
m
m
,
an
d
i
s
i
n
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
w
i
t
h
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
A
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
ten
n
a
attai
n
s
a
r
et
u
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
ab
o
u
t
-
2
6
.
4
0
d
B
w
it
h
a
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
1
.
1
0
2
GHz
.
T
h
is
in
tu
r
n
attai
n
s
a
g
a
i
n
v
alu
e
o
f
7
.
4
d
B
w
it
h
a
n
ex
ce
llen
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
i
n
g
w
av
e
r
atio
(
VS
WR
)
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
.
1
0
2
f
o
r
th
e
ce
ll
u
lar
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Def
e
ct
iv
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
DGS)
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
w
av
e
s
i
n
an
an
te
n
n
a
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
i
n
te
n
tio
n
al
d
e
f
ec
ts
o
r
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
[
1
9
]
.
A
l
f
a
k
h
r
iet
e
t
al
.
[
20
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
a
ct,
s
i
m
p
le
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a
t
h
at
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
at
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
an
te
n
n
a
h
as
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
ad
iato
r
s
'
s
h
ap
e
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
ts
m
ad
e
to
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a.
A
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
1
1
2
%
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
GHz
to
1
1
GHz
w
as
ac
h
i
ev
ed
,
w
it
h
a
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
b
elo
w
-
1
0
d
B
an
d
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
b
et
w
ee
n
an
ten
n
a
ele
m
e
n
ts
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
b
elo
w
-
2
0
d
B
.
A
lo
w
er
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
ize
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics i
n
d
icate
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
es
t
e
d
a
n
t
en
n
a
m
ay
f
i
n
d
u
t
il
i
ty
in
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
U
W
B
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
h
an
d
h
e
l
d
d
e
v
i
c
es
.
A
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
m
eta
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cir
cu
lar
l
y
p
o
lar
ized
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
d
esi
g
n
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Z
e
n
g
et
a
l.
[
21
]
u
s
in
g
a
r
ea
l
m
u
lt
i
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
B
a
y
esia
n
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
(
MO
B
O)
m
o
d
el.
An
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
m
o
d
el
attain
s
an
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
5
.
6
%
(
3
.
7
5
to
4
.
8
5
GHz
)
,
h
av
in
g
|
11
|
<
−
10
,
w
it
h
a
n
ax
ial
r
atio
lo
w
e
r
th
an
3
d
B
w
it
h
a
m
a
x
i
m
al
r
ea
lized
g
ain
o
f
7
.
1
5
d
B
i.
A
b
etter
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
et
w
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
o
u
tco
m
es
v
alid
ates
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
22
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
A
w
ea
r
ab
le
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
p
lan
ar
i
n
v
er
ted
-
F
a
n
ten
n
a
(
P
I
FA
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
w
ir
e
b
an
d
an
d
d
u
al
b
an
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
a
d
esig
n
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
s
lo
t
s
at
th
e
r
ad
iatin
g
p
late
w
it
h
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
i
ll
b
e
b
u
ilt
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
d
esi
g
n
,
an
d
it
w
ill
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
t
w
o
o
p
er
atin
g
b
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
lo
n
g
r
an
g
e
(
L
o
R
a
)
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
4
3
3
MH
z
an
d
8
6
8
MH
z.
W
ith
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
a
in
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
1
.
2
5
d
B
i,
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ev
ice
o
f
f
er
s
a
to
tal
r
ad
iatio
n
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
r
o
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is
,
s
ig
n
i
f
ie
s
ith
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ir
an
h
a
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
an
d
d
en
o
tes
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies o
f
p
ir
an
h
a
h
ab
itat sear
ch
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
.
1
d
en
o
tes r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
a
m
o
n
g
0
a
n
d
1
.
−
Step
2
:
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
F
f
o
r
p
r
ed
atio
n
in
ten
s
it
y
:
t
y
p
i
ca
ll
y
,
P
ir
an
h
a
s
ar
e
s
en
s
iti
v
e
tr
e
m
en
d
o
u
s
l
y
to
p
b
lo
o
d
r
ec
o
g
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itio
n
,
a
f
ea
t
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r
e
wh
ich
is
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
o
d
F
i
an
d
d
i
d
is
ta
n
ce
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
e
y
an
d
p
ir
an
h
a
s
.
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ir
a
n
h
a
s
m
o
s
tl
y
s
w
i
m
o
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er
t
h
e
ar
ea
s
o
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h
i
g
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er
b
lo
o
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
f
aste
n
s
t
h
eir
m
o
v
e
m
en
t,
th
e
h
i
g
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er
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e
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n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
o
d
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
[2
6
]
th
u
s
y
ield
in
g
f
o
llo
w
in
g
(
3
)
-
(
5
)
.
=
2
×
4
2
(
3
)
=
−
(
4
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=
[
(
)
−
+
1
(
)
]
2
(
5
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Her
e,
β2
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
al
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e
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et
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ee
n
0
a
n
d
1
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Fi
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
ed
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te
n
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it
y
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ar
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m
eter
f
o
r
lo
ca
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it
h
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h
a,
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s
th
e
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ce
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te
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n
d
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t
h
e
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er
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ith
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th
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e
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n
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e
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o
llo
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.
Di
is
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e
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ce
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est
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t
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et
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ee
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th
e
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o
s
itio
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o
f
th
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i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
ir
a
n
h
a
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
e
y
.
−
Step
3
:
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
fo
r
n
o
n
-
lin
e
ar
p
ar
am
etr
ic
co
n
tr
o
l:
n
on
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li
n
ea
r
p
ar
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ic
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n
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o
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et
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o
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elp
s
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l
y
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alan
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lo
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d
ex
p
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itatio
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T
h
e
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e
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ec
ti
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e
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h
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li
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g
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an
d
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p
r
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ce
s
s
es
an
d
h
elp
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o
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r
l
y
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n
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er
g
en
ce
o
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th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
a
n
d
m
id
d
le
s
tag
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
FO
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
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ig
h
v
alu
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o
f
S
allo
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s
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r
ch
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ts
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al
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ch
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ac
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o
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etti
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t
r
ap
p
ed
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ca
l
o
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tim
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s
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a
u
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it
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
co
n
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ast,
later
p
h
ase
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o
f
t
h
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P
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A
co
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ld
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n
v
er
g
e
q
u
ic
k
l
y
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it
h
ch
an
g
es i
n
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as
(
6
)
illu
s
tr
ates
(
6
)
.
=
.
[
2
⊗
(
_
)
]
4
(
6
)
Her
e,
C
is
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t
(
u
s
u
all
y
ta
k
en
to
b
e
5
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
_
,
⊗
w
h
ic
h
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
an
d
v
a
r
iab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
626
-
637
630
−
Step
4
:
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
escap
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
:
h
er
e,
t
h
e
4
-
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
s
ea
r
c
h
i
s
r
ed
ir
ec
ted
u
s
in
g
f
la
g
E
a
n
d
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
escap
e
s
ea
r
c
h
tec
h
n
i
q
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e.
T
h
is
d
r
iv
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t
h
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
to
a
n
e
w
s
ite
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
th
e
c
an
d
id
ate
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
r
o
m
b
e
co
m
in
g
ca
u
g
h
t
in
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
a
r
ea
.
B
ec
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s
e
it
h
ap
p
en
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
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r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
ea
r
ch
ag
en
ts
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
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d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
ex
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
e
ar
ch
r
eg
io
n
,
as il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
(
7
)
.
=
{
1
3
≤
0
.
5
−
1
3
>
0
.
5
(
7
)
I
n
th
i
s
β
3
s
i
g
n
i
f
ies
r
a
n
dom
n
umb
e
r
a
m
o
n
g
0
an
d
1
.
−
Step
5
: P
r
o
x
y
f
o
r
m
u
la
lo
ca
tio
n
u
p
d
ate
i)
A
p
atter
n
o
f
l
i
m
ited
g
r
o
u
p
attac
k
s
:
L
i
k
e
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
f
o
r
ag
i
n
g
a
n
i
m
als,
th
i
s
o
n
e
m
a
y
attac
k
p
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e
y
s
ev
er
al
ti
m
e
s
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
it
s
el
f
w
h
e
n
it
is
h
u
n
g
r
y
.
A
s
p
la
s
h
o
f
w
ater
is
cr
ea
ted
w
h
e
n
a
p
r
e
y
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ter
s
th
e
en
v
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o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
t
h
e
p
ir
an
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a
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ted
to
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
n
ea
r
est
to
th
e
p
r
ey
a
ttack
s
f
ir
s
t
a
s
t
h
e
y
q
u
i
ck
l
y
ass
e
m
b
le
to
e
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cir
cle
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n
d
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ite
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m
.
A
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
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o
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ized
g
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p
atter
n
will b
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
8
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
1
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(
)
−
(
)
−
(
)
=
1
(
8
)
Her
e,
p
c
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
g
en
er
ated
i
n
teg
er
s
in
Sear
ch
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en
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e
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t
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wh
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∈
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d
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e
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m
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d
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ated
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h
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r
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x
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icate
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t
h
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is
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l
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ca
tter
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[
−2
,
2
]
an
d
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
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n
f
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e
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ce
on
ch
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A
b
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ter
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an
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f
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ase.
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a
d
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tio
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t
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a
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f
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ti
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el
y
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th
u
s
en
ab
li
n
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th
e
m
to
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ti
f
y
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etter
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ey
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
9
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
1
∗
2
∗
(
)
+
∗
(
)
+
∗
+
∗
4
∗
∗
(
9
)
Her
e,
(
+
1
)
is
a
s
ea
r
ch
ag
e
n
t
o
f
n
e
w
l
oc
a
tion
,
(
)
r
ese
m
b
les
b
est
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t
’
s
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tio
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id
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ied
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ter
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,
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n
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n
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m
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er
t
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at
ar
e
d
is
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ib
u
ted
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
6
at
[
−1
/2
,
1
/2
]
an
d
4
s
ig
n
i
f
ies
r
a
n
dom
n
umb
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am
o
n
g
0
an
d
1
.
G
s
ig
n
if
ie
s
p
ir
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h
a
's
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p
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f
o
r
f
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ag
i
n
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it
is
an
in
te
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er
G>
5
(
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
G
=
9
)
.
1
∗
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
unif
or
m
dispe
r
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o
m
1
GHz
to
1
2
GHz
.
A
lo
s
s
in
d
ielec
tr
ics,
lo
s
s
in
m
etals,
p
o
w
er
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
at
all
p
o
r
ts
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p
o
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ted
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g
p
o
w
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at
p
o
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ts
,
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d
s
i
m
u
lated
p
o
w
er
ar
e
esti
m
ated
an
d
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
v
ar
ied
c
o
lo
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
lo
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
d
ev
ice
ex
h
ib
its
m
ax
i
m
u
m
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ia
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n
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n
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y
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o
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n
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3
.
4
G
Hz
,
co
r
r
elatin
g
w
it
h
s
tr
o
n
g
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
as
s
h
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wn
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S1
1
p
lo
t.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
es r
e
m
a
in
m
in
i
m
a
l o
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er
all
m
ater
ia
ls
,
th
u
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
izin
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
es
i
g
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
o
lar
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ar
-
f
ie
ld
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
r
ad
iatio
n
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atter
n
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th
e
E
-
p
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(
P
h
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0
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at
f
r
eq
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en
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s
6
(
a)
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GHz,
6
(
b
)
4
GHz
,
an
d
6
(
c)
4
.
2
GHz
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
.
E
le
ctr
ic
f
ield
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
lo
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e
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d
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els
r
elativ
e
to
1
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m
.
1
7
.
2
d
B
(
V/
m
)
≈
6
.
4
8
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(
l
i
n
ea
r
s
ca
le)
.
T
h
is
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
t
y
p
ical
li
n
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t
(
L
O
S)
5
G
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
u
r
b
an
o
r
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
b
ea
m
is
d
ir
ec
ted
at
1
7
6
d
eg
r
ee
s
in
th
e
az
i
m
u
t
h
p
lan
e,
n
ea
r
l
y
d
u
e
s
o
u
th
.
Dir
ec
tio
n
alit
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es
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en
t
ial
f
o
r
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ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
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g
,
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ec
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v
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d
s
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atial
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s
e
i
n
5
G.
A
b
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m
w
id
t
h
o
f
9
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.
5
°
is
r
elativ
el
y
w
id
e,
in
d
icatin
g
a
b
r
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ad
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
co
n
f
ir
m
s
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
f
ar
-
f
ield
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
li
t
y
o
v
er
3
-
4
.
2
GHz
r
an
g
e
h
av
i
n
g
s
li
g
h
t e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t in
t
h
e
r
ad
iated
s
tr
en
g
t
h
at
4
.
2
GHz.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
o
w
er
esti
m
ated
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
W
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
-
f
ield
: (
a)
3
Gh
z,
(
b
)
4
Gh
z,
an
d
(
c)
4
.
2
Gh
z
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
(
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
)
at
3
GHz
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
th
u
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
ar
-
f
ie
ld
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tr
ic
f
ie
ld
.
T
h
e
r
ad
i
atio
n
p
atter
n
i
s
n
ea
r
l
y
o
m
n
id
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al
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n
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e
P
h
i
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e
w
ith
clea
r
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y
m
m
etr
y
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o
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n
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th
e
Z
a
x
is
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T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
r
ad
iates
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tl
y
h
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r
izo
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tall
y
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n
(
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e
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N:
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4864
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h
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3
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r
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iatio
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atter
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u
s
s
h
o
w
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g
t
h
e
d
ir
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it
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d
i
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f
t
h
e
f
ar
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ield
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lectr
ic
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ield
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h
e
r
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iatio
n
p
atter
n
is
b
r
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ad
l
y
o
m
n
id
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ec
t
io
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al
i
n
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
th
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lan
e
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it
h
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r
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m
m
e
tr
y
a
r
o
u
n
d
Z
a
x
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s
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th
u
s
r
ese
m
b
li
n
g
a
d
o
u
g
h
n
u
t
-
s
h
ap
e
d
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
ex
h
ib
i
ts
ef
f
icien
t
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ad
iatio
n
h
av
i
n
g
m
o
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ate
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ir
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u
s
m
ain
tain
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n
g
w
id
e
an
g
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lar
co
v
er
ag
e.
Fig
u
r
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7
(
c)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
3
D
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
(
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
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a
t
4
.
2
GHz
,
th
u
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
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h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
at
ter
n
is
b
r
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ly
o
m
n
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al
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th
e
h
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r
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ta
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th
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n
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h
u
s
r
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m
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li
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g
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co
n
s
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t
d
o
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g
h
n
u
t
-
s
h
ap
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atter
n
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A
t
t
h
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s
r
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e,
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e
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s
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tab
le
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iatio
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ch
ar
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ter
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Fig
u
r
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8
is
th
e
es
ti
m
atio
n
o
f
VS
WR
p
lo
t
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
k
e
y
m
e
tr
ic
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
i
m
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ed
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ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
o
v
er
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
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g
e.
T
h
is
p
lo
t
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
i
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o
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ti
m
ized
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
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n
n
ea
r
3
GHz
,
ali
g
n
in
g
w
ell
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
att
er
n
o
u
tco
m
e
a
ttai
n
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
b
ef
o
r
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
d
is
p
la
y
s
t
h
e
Z
-
p
ar
a
m
eter
(
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
)
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
p
lo
t
o
f
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
GHz
to
1
2
GHz
.
T
h
e
p
lo
t
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
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d
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n
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y
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te
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all
y
ar
o
u
n
d
3
GHz
,
an
d
is
5
0
o
h
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
10
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
est
i
m
a
tio
n
o
v
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
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ce
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icato
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f
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ten
n
a
e
f
f
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n
c
y
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d
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ir
ec
t
io
n
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y
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v
er
a
b
r
o
ad
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
y
r
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g
e
(
1
GHz
to
1
2
GHz
)
.
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al
g
ain
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er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
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n
ed
f
r
o
m
3
GH
z
as
2
.
5
d
B
,
4
GHZ
(
2
.
5
d
B
)
,
4
.
2
GH
z
(2
.
8
d
B
)
,
an
d
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
5
.
4
d
B
g
ain
at
8
GHz.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Dir
ec
tiv
it
y
at
(
a)
3
GHz
,
(
b
)
4
GHz
,
an
d
(
c)
4
.
2
GH
z
Fig
u
r
e
8.
VSW
R
esti
m
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
9.
E
s
ti
m
at
io
n
o
f
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
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u
r
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eq
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e
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ti
m
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u
r
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1
s
h
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w
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atch
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g
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2
s
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a
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n
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n
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ar
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eter
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u
r
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1
3
d
is
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s
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g
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h
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s
im
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lated
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s
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g
th
e
S1
1
p
ar
am
eter
(
in
d
B
)
o
f
an
an
te
n
n
a
ag
a
in
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
(
in
GHz
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
w
o
cu
r
v
e
s
:
a
s
o
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b
lu
e
lin
e
r
ep
r
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ts
th
e
s
i
m
u
l
ated
S1
1
,
w
h
ile
a
d
ash
ed
r
ed
lin
e
d
en
o
tes
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
S1
1
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
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r
ed
r
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lt
s
(
r
ed
d
ash
ed
lin
e)
g
en
er
all
y
f
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llo
w
t
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
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lt
s
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
a
s
ig
n
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f
ican
t
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ip
in
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o
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n
d
3
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7
GHz
,
r
ea
ch
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g
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v
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e
o
f
r
o
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g
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l
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h
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h
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eq
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en
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g
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m
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h
e
s
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m
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.
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h
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s
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g
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ested
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n
te
n
n
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d
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