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h
ttp
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r
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Clustering
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M
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n
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ts.
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lt
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s
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ith
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C
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Gau
s
s
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m
ix
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e
m
o
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ch
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o
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tin
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Pack
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etwo
r
k
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c
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a
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u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
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A
uth
o
r
:
Nee
tu
Sik
ar
war
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
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E
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C
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m
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icatio
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I
T
M
Un
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s
ity
Gwa
lio
r
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
n
ee
tu
s
ik
1
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
:
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
h
av
e
attr
ac
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
in
te
r
e
s
t
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
two
d
ec
ad
es
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
wid
e
ap
p
licab
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y
i
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
s
u
ch
as
ec
o
lo
g
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
au
to
m
a
tio
n
,
s
m
ar
t
cities,
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
A
ty
p
ical
W
SN
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
p
atially
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
SNs
)
th
at
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
s
en
s
e
ec
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
m
o
tio
n
,
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
to
a
ce
n
tr
al
b
ase
s
tati
o
n
(
B
S)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tal
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
[
3
]
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial,
W
SNs
f
ac
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
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4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
785
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809
786
ca
p
ac
ity
.
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
(
E
E
)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
o
f
th
em
s
in
ce
SNs
ar
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
p
lace
d
in
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
o
r
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
lo
ca
tio
n
s
wh
er
e
it is
n
o
t v
iab
le
to
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
ies
[
4
]
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
ar
e
a
wid
ely
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d
o
p
te
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
m
elio
r
atin
g
EE
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
(
NL
)
o
f
W
SNs
[
5
]
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
t
o
clu
s
ter
s
,
o
r
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
n
o
d
es,
ea
ch
o
f
w
h
ich
is
led
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y
a
C
H
wh
o
is
r
esp
o
n
s
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l
e
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itt
in
g
d
ata
B
S.
Lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
a
d
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ie
r
ar
ch
y
(
L
E
AC
H)
an
d
o
th
e
r
ea
r
ly
co
n
c
o
r
d
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
r
an
d
o
m
ized
C
H
r
o
tatio
n
to
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
u
t
ilizatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
L
E
AC
H
an
d
HE
E
D
ex
h
ib
it
lim
itatio
n
s
in
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
tatic
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
wh
ich
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
o
o
r
ly
i
n
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
v
ar
iab
le
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
o
r
u
n
ev
e
n
d
en
s
ity
[
8
]
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
,
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
.
Gau
s
s
ian
m
ix
tu
r
e
m
o
d
el
s
(
GM
M)
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
p
r
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m
is
e
in
m
o
d
elin
g
s
p
atial
n
o
d
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
o
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tim
izin
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s
ter
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n
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o
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s
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izin
g
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Ho
jjatin
ia
et
a
l.
[
9
]
ap
p
lied
GM
M
to
m
ax
im
ize
NL
in
m
u
lti
-
s
in
k
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
wh
ile
W
u
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
GM
M
-
b
a
s
ed
clu
s
ter
in
g
en
h
an
ce
s
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
W
SN
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
till
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
e
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
h
i
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
,
a
n
d
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
-
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
in
ce
n
tiv
e
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
GM
M
with
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
o
p
tim
ize
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
en
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
en
a
b
le
en
h
an
ce
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
cy
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
W
SN
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Pro
b
lem
s
tatem
en
t
:
W
SN
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
r
eser
v
es,
u
n
ev
e
n
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
ch
an
g
es,
lead
in
g
to
s
h
o
r
ter
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
s
,
d
eg
r
ad
ed
co
v
er
a
g
e,
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ac
clam
atize
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
ity
,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
,
r
esu
lt
in
g
in
im
b
alan
ce
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
e
-
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
laten
cy
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
u
ch
a
s
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
te
r
in
g
an
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
E
HC
HR
)
[
1
2
]
,
HE
E
D
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
LE
AC
H
[
1
4
]
f
ail
to
jo
in
tly
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
RE
d
u
r
in
g
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ile
m
an
y
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
a
d
ap
tiv
e,
i
n
tellig
en
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
ca
n
b
alan
ce
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
r
ed
u
ce
r
e
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
m
ain
ta
in
h
ig
h
c
o
v
er
ag
e
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
:
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
g
au
s
s
ian
m
ix
tu
r
e
m
o
d
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
with
h
ier
a
r
-
ch
i
ca
l
r
o
u
tin
g
(
GM
MCH
R
)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
s
o
f
t
clu
s
ter
in
g
v
ia
e
n
h
an
ce
d
g
a
u
s
s
ian
m
ix
tu
r
e
m
o
d
el
(
E
GM
M)
with
an
en
er
g
y
-
aw
ar
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
t
o
n
ea
r
clu
s
ter
s
(
NC
)
an
d
f
ar
clu
s
ter
s
(
FC
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
t
an
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S.
C
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
Hs
)
ar
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
d
y
n
am
ic
fi
tn
ess
f
u
n
c
tio
n
(
FF
)
co
m
b
in
in
g
RE
an
d
s
p
atial
p
r
o
x
im
ity
,
with
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
C
H
r
o
les:
d
esig
n
ated
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
DC
H
s
)
f
o
r
NC
an
d
ce
n
tr
al
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
C
H
s
)
f
o
r
FC
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
d
esig
n
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
am
o
r
tize
late
n
cy
,
an
d
e
x
ten
d
th
e
NL
in
b
o
th
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
W
SN d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
.
R
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
:
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
i
s
wo
r
k
ar
e:
-
T
o
f
lo
u
r
is
h
a
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
teg
r
atin
g
E
GM
M
with
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t c
lu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
-
T
o
im
p
lem
en
t
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
C
H
s
elec
t
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
DC
H
an
d
C
C
H)
b
ased
o
n
RE
an
d
s
p
atial
d
is
tan
ce
m
etr
ics.
-
T
o
ev
alu
ate
GM
MCHR
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
d
en
s
ities
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t scale
s
.
-
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
GM
MCHR
with
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
(
E
E
HC
HR
,
L
E
AC
H,
an
d
HE
E
D)
u
s
i
n
g
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as NL
,
co
v
er
ag
e,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
.
No
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
:
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e:
-
First in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
GM
M
-
b
a
s
ed
s
o
f
t c
lu
s
ter
in
g
with
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
f
o
r
W
SN e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
-
Dy
n
am
ic
FF
co
m
b
in
in
g
RE
an
d
s
p
atial
p
r
o
x
im
ity
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
.
-
Du
al
-
clu
s
ter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
NC
a
n
d
FC
)
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
-
Dem
o
n
s
tr
ated
20
–
2
3
%
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
NL
an
d
o
v
e
r
7
0
%
s
u
s
tain
ed
co
v
er
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
E
E
HC
HR
in
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
-
Ap
p
licab
ilit
y
to
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
an
d
s
m
ar
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
,
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
:
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
e
s
en
ts
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
an
d
r
esear
c
h
g
ap
s
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
GM
M
an
d
h
i
er
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GM
MCH
R
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
it
s
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es c
lo
s
in
g
r
em
ar
k
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
w
ith
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l ro
u
tin
g
(
GMMC
HR
)
:
a
n
ew g
a
u
s
s
ia
n
mixtu
r
e
mo
d
el
fo
r
…
(
N
ee
tu
S
ika
r
w
a
r
)
787
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
will
cr
iti
ca
lly
an
aly
ze
th
e
av
ailab
le
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
W
SN
s
an
d
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
ei
r
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
also
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
th
a
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GM
MCHR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
wo
r
k
u
s
ed
f
o
r
E
E
r
o
u
tin
g
in
W
SN
Ref
.
M
e
t
h
o
d
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
F
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
[
1
6
]
F
Q
A
–
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
&
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
sy
st
e
m
(
F
I
S
)
+
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
a
n
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
(
Q
A
)
F
I
S
f
o
r
C
H
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
;
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
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m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
c
o
s
ts
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
g
lo
b
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
n
etwo
r
k
m
ain
ten
an
ce
v
ia
o
n
-
d
em
an
d
r
e
-
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
.
FQA
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
v
ar
io
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
FC
-
R
B
AT
,
FR
N
SEE
R
,
OAF
S
-
I
MFO
,
an
d
B
OA
-
AC
O,
u
s
in
g
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
liv
e
n
o
d
es,
n
etw
o
r
k
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Kad
d
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
E
OAM
R
C
L
m
eth
o
d
th
at
s
ee
k
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
o
f
W
SNs
tak
in
g
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
GW
O
to
b
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
E
OAM
R
C
L
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
d
esira
b
le
d
u
ty
-
c
y
cle
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
at
h
way
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
ts
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
in
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
c
en
tr
alize
d
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
n
etw
o
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
lar
g
e
is
en
h
an
ce
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
as
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
llis
io
n
s
,
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
ch
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
,
an
d
m
in
im
izes
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
E
OAM
R
C
L
s
co
r
ed
b
etter
in
a
MA
T
L
AB
ass
es
s
m
en
t
th
an
“CGA
-
GW
O
”,
“DWEHC”,
an
d
E
E
UC
”,
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
ter
m
s
o
f
NL
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
u
p
d
ated
C
SMA/C
A
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
a
t
GW
O
m
ay
ass
is
t
o
p
tim
ize
E
E
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
ased
C
h
er
ap
p
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
,
SNs
ar
e
clu
s
ter
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
K
-
m
ed
o
id
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
ASFO.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
'
s
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
b
est
way
to
ch
o
o
s
e
C
H
wh
ile
lo
wer
in
g
laten
cy
,
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
d
is
tan
ce
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
W
SNs
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
ce
n
etwo
r
k
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
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f
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
g
an
E
-
C
E
R
P.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
m
eth
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
etter
th
an
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
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s
m
eth
o
d
s
in
ev
alu
atin
g
e
r
r
o
r
esti
m
atio
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p
ac
k
et
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eliv
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atio
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s
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,
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ac
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elay
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t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
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o
wer
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n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ates.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
m
e
asu
r
es
y
iel
d
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
:
PDR
(
1
0
0
%)
o
v
er
1
0
0
n
o
d
es,
PLR
(
0
.
5
%),
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
1
.
9
7
m
J
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
0
.
9
9
Mb
p
s
)
,
p
ac
k
et
la
ten
cy
(
0
.
0
5
s
)
,
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
(
5
9
0
8
cy
cles)
.
Kr
is
h
n
an
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
en
s
em
b
le
m
eth
o
d
with
a
b
io
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
SMO
an
d
f
ir
ef
l
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
tead
o
f
a
W
SN
R
P
b
ased
o
n
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at,
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
life
s
p
an
g
ain
s
wer
e
(
3
0
.
9
1
%,
3
2
.
1
2
%,
1
2
.
4
%,
an
d
1
3
.
5
0
%),
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
en
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
b
ee
c
o
lo
n
ies,
PS
O,
SF
L
A,
an
d
GW
O.
2
.
2
.
Clus
t
er
ing
in
wire
less
s
ens
o
r
net
wo
rk
s
Sh
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
u
n
d
er
wate
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
h
av
e
o
f
f
e
r
ed
a
HE
C
R
A
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
en
er
g
y
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
u
n
wav
er
in
g
is
s
u
es.
No
t
o
n
ly
d
o
es
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
RE
an
d
no
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
in
to
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
p
h
ase
o
f
t
h
e
class
ic
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l,
b
u
t
it
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
clu
s
ter
c
r
ea
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
h
as
es,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
wh
en
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
s
to
j
o
in
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
t
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
eli
v
er
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
r
esi
d
u
al
n
o
d
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
a
r
e
all
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
HE
C
R
A
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
L
E
AC
H,
E
E
R
B
L
C
,
an
d
E
E
C
MR.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
NL
an
d
en
s
u
r
es e
f
f
icien
t d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Vellaic
h
am
y
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
elin
ea
tes
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
e
d
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
clu
s
ter
in
g
wh
ich
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
li
f
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
en
a
b
les
W
SN
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
h
av
e
lo
n
g
e
r
life
tim
es,
an
d
ca
u
s
es
clu
s
ter
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
as
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Mu
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
u
s
ed
in
s
ele
ctin
g
th
e
b
est
C
H.
On
ce
an
ad
eq
u
ate
C
H
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
,
a
co
m
b
in
e
d
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
h
as
b
o
t
h
m
o
th
f
lam
e
an
d
SS
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
t
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ef
in
e
m
o
s
t
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
an
n
el
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
a
C
H,
with
in
a
s
in
k
.
T
h
e
y
a
n
a
ly
ze
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ast
m
et
h
o
d
s
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
em
in
d
u
r
atio
n
,
“e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e”
,
“t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t”,
“late
n
cy
”
,
an
d
“
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
”.
I
n
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
m
o
d
er
n
d
ay
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
la
s
t 6
%
lo
n
g
er
an
d
less
1
8
.
6
%
i
n
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
B
h
ih
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
u
e
to
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
W
SNs
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tech
n
iq
u
es to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
NL
.
A
n
o
v
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
-
b
ased
r
o
u
t
in
g
m
eth
o
d
n
am
e
d
L
E
AC
H
h
as b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
K
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
L
E
AC
H
-
K
-
m
e
a
n
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
b
est
clu
s
ter
lead
er
s
.
L
E
AC
H
an
d
L
E
AC
H
-
K
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
tr
asted
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
L
E
AC
H
-
K
-
m
ea
n
s
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
m
a
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
a
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
life
s
p
an
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
its
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
2
.
3
.
M
et
a
heuris
t
ic
a
nd
m
a
c
hin
e
lea
rning
a
pp
ro
a
ches i
n
wire
less
s
ens
o
r
net
wo
rk
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
W
u
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
u
tili
ze
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
a
DNN
an
d
a
GM
M.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
ew
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
E
E
R
in
W
SN.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
o
m
etim
es
clash
wh
en
f
ac
ed
with
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
w
ith
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l ro
u
tin
g
(
GMMC
HR
)
:
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n
ew g
a
u
s
s
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mixtu
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e
mo
d
el
fo
r
…
(
N
ee
tu
S
ika
r
w
a
r
)
789
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
lead
i
n
g
to
u
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
E
C
.
T
h
e
GM
M+
DNN
i
s
a
lo
n
g
-
last
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
E
E
R
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
W
SN
s
ettin
g
s
;
it
ca
n
ac
clim
atize
t
o
v
ar
io
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
.
A
r
ec
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
e
d
b
y
GM
M+
DNN
with
an
E
C
o
f
0
.
5
6
1
J
.
Ho
jjatin
ia
et
a
l.
[
9
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
k
n
o
w
n
as
G
DE
C
A,
wh
ich
wo
r
k
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
em
is
e
th
at
n
o
d
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ix
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
GDE
C
A
f
in
d
s
t
h
e
GM
M
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
f
its
it
to
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
b
o
r
r
o
wed
f
r
o
m
ML
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
te
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
tili
s
ed
b
y
C
H
in
its
s
elec
tio
n
p
o
licy
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
s
in
k
s
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es.
E
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
a
v
e
d
ec
r
e
ased
b
y
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
-
5
0
%.
An
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
GDE
C
A
is
th
at
it
m
ain
tain
s
n
etwo
r
k
ac
tiv
ity
u
n
til
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
ter
m
in
ates.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
f
o
r
s
in
k
r
o
u
te
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
an
d
th
a
t
s
to
ch
asti
c
ch
an
g
es
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
in
k
s
r
aise
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pan
ch
al
an
d
Sin
g
h
[
1
2
]
,
E
E
HC
HR
is
a
n
o
v
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
W
SN
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
NL
.
E
u
clid
e
an
d
is
tan
ce
p
ar
am
eter
,
f
u
zz
y
C
-
m
ea
n
s
(
FC
M)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
lo
c
atio
n
o
f
BS
,
an
d
R
E
o
f
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
all
u
t
ilized
in
th
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ad
ap
ti
v
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
s
ch
em
e
,
wh
ic
h
aim
s
to
m
in
im
is
e
n
o
d
e'
s
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
o
n
ly
d
o
n
e
in
a
f
ew
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ici
en
t
FF
is
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
all
o
f
th
e
C
Hs;
it
am
elio
r
ates
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
to
n
o
d
es'
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
tu
latio
n
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
C
H
(
DC
H
)
an
d
ce
n
tr
al
C
H
(
CCH
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
itn
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
er
v
e
as
r
elay
s
f
o
r
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
o
t
h
er
C
Hs,
ar
e
als
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
h
i
er
ar
ch
ical
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
EE
.
E
E
HC
H
R
'
s
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at,
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
o
t
h
er
s
im
ilar
c
u
r
r
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
FC
M,
R
E
HR
,
FF
T
H
R
,
UC
R
A
-
GSO,
an
d
C
C
A
-
G
W
O
,
it in
cr
ea
s
es NL
,
co
v
er
a
g
e
,
an
d
EE
.
2
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
g
a
ps
Desp
ite
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
W
SN
s
,
s
ev
er
al
cr
itica
l
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
th
at
lim
it th
e
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
els:
-
L
im
ited
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
:
m
an
y
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
L
E
AC
H
-
K
-
m
ea
n
s
an
d
E
OAM
R
C
L
ass
u
m
e
s
tatic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
c
en
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
r
estric
ts
th
eir
u
s
ab
ilit
y
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
r
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
v
ar
iatio
n
is
co
m
m
o
n
,
s
u
c
h
as m
ilit
ar
y
o
r
d
is
aster
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
-
I
n
ad
eq
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
:
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
an
d
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
l
e
n
etwo
r
k
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
lack
r
o
b
u
s
t
ev
alu
atio
n
o
n
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
,
wh
e
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
es,
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ities
,
an
d
r
o
les m
ay
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
-
I
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
e
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
:
p
er
io
d
ic
o
r
s
tatic
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
as
u
s
ed
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
els
(
e.
g
.
,
L
E
AC
H
an
d
HE
E
D)
,
lead
s
to
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
FQA
[
1
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
o
n
-
d
em
an
d
r
e
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
till
lack
ef
f
icien
t
r
e
-
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
a
d
ap
t
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
m
et
r
ics.
-
Ov
er
lo
o
k
e
d
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
e
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
:
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
teg
r
atin
g
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
in
tellig
en
ce
,
lik
e
GM
M+
DNN
o
r
GDE
C
A
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
o
f
ten
in
c
u
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
less
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
SNs
with
o
u
t lig
h
t
weig
h
t a
lter
n
ativ
es.
-
L
im
ited
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
ce
:
f
ew
e
x
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els
ad
d
r
ess
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
o
r
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
in
h
o
s
tile e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
W
h
ile
en
er
g
y
an
d
life
s
p
an
ar
e
well
-
s
tu
d
ied
,
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
u
n
d
er
n
o
d
e
f
ailu
r
e
s
,
d
ata
tam
p
er
in
g
,
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
at
tack
s
is
lar
g
ely
u
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
-
Ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
a
p
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
u
n
d
er
wate
r
o
r
h
ar
s
h
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
)
:
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
u
c
h
as
HE
C
R
A
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
th
e
u
n
d
er
wate
r
W
SNs
,
th
o
u
g
h
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
a
r
e
o
p
tim
ized
to
ter
r
estrial
W
SN
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
g
e
n
er
alize
d
to
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
u
ch
a
s
u
n
d
er
wate
r
,
ae
r
ial,
o
r
s
m
ar
t
cities.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ad
d
r
ess
a
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
u
e
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
i
n
W
SNs
,
th
e
o
f
f
er
ed
GM
MCH
R
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
v
elt
ies.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
,
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
lo
wer
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
ts
n
etwo
r
k
e
f
f
icien
c
y
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
ettin
g
s
.
An
FF
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
n
o
d
e
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
RE
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
is
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
a
lo
n
g
er
NL
.
Prio
r
i
n
ef
f
icien
cie
s
ar
e
elim
in
ated
b
y
th
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
with
ce
n
tr
al
an
d
d
esig
n
ate
d
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
,
wh
ich
am
o
r
tize
r
o
u
tin
g
laten
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
e
n
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
l
o
wer
s
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
r
e
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tees u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
o
en
h
an
ce
NL
in
W
SNs
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
GM
MCHR
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ich
o
p
tim
izes
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
RE
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
b
eg
in
s
with
n
etwo
r
k
in
itializatio
n
in
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
2
1
a,
wh
er
e
SNs
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
in
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
a
1
0
0
×1
0
0
m
²
ar
ea
with
1
0
0
n
o
d
es
an
d
a
2
0
0
×2
0
0
m
²
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
785
-
809
790
ar
ea
with
2
0
0
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
(
BS
)
is
lo
ca
ted
at
(
1
5
0
,
1
0
0
)
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
an
d
a
t
(
0
,
0
)
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
.
Af
ter
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
ep
ar
ated
i
n
to
NC
an
d
FC
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
d
is
tan
c
e
lev
el
am
id
s
t
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
an
d
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
d
n
2
B
S).
I
t w
o
u
ld
th
en
co
m
p
u
te
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
p
tim
al
clu
s
ter
s
in
th
e
f
ar
r
eg
io
n
(
FC
o
p
t)
to
in
p
u
t
b
alan
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
NC
,
RE
b
as
ed
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
FDC
H)
is
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
DC
H.
B
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
E
GM
M
FC
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
an
d
ea
ch
o
f
th
em
is
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
e
d
with
a
C
C
H.
T
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
s
also
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
wh
er
e
d
ata
is
d
ir
ec
tly
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
n
o
d
e
s
n
ea
r
BS
,
an
d
NC
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ac
co
u
n
tab
le
t
o
d
is
s
em
in
ate
d
ata
t
o
th
eir
DC
H,
an
d
FC
n
o
d
es
also
r
elay
t
h
e
d
ata
t
o
th
eir
C
Hs,
wh
ich
th
en
tak
es
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
ata
eit
h
er
to
th
eir
C
C
H
o
r
DC
H
b
ased
o
n
wh
er
e
th
ey
ar
e
clo
s
est
to
.
Fin
ally
,
all
co
ll
ec
ted
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
BS
,
co
m
p
letin
g
an
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
y
cle.
T
o
ass
ess
p
o
ten
tiality
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
m
etr
ics
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ea
d
(
FND
)
,
HND,
last
n
o
d
e
d
ea
d
(
L
ND
)
,
co
v
er
ag
e
r
atio
(
C
R
)
,
an
d
to
t
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
co
llectiv
ely
ass
ess
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
in
ex
t
en
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
c
o
v
er
a
g
e,
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ate
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GM
MCHR
m
o
d
el
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GM
MCHR
m
o
d
el
3
.
1
.
G
a
us
s
ia
n m
ix
t
ure
m
o
de
l
T
h
e
GM
M
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
e
l
u
s
es
am
al
g
a
m
at
io
n
o
f
G
au
s
s
i
an
s
.
I
t
e
m
e
r
g
es
to
b
e
Ga
u
s
s
i
a
n
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
el,
w
h
i
ch
is
c
lo
s
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
an
d
e
asi
er
t
o
wo
r
k
wit
h
te
c
h
n
ica
ll
y
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
GM
M,
al
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
alt
er
n
a
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
c
lu
s
t
er
s
wit
h
Ga
u
s
s
ia
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
Gau
s
s
ia
n
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
i
f
t
h
e
i
n
i
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
was
n
'
t
o
n
e
[
9
]
.
"
N
o
r
m
a
l
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
"
o
r
"
b
e
ll
c
u
r
v
es"
ar
e
o
t
h
e
r
n
a
m
es
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
a
r
i
ate
G
au
s
s
ia
n
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
is
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
o
f
s
ev
e
r
al
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
i
n
(
1
)
.
(
|
,
)
=
1
√
2
2
(
−
)
2
2
2
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
w
ith
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l ro
u
tin
g
(
GMMC
HR
)
:
a
n
ew g
a
u
s
s
ia
n
mixtu
r
e
mo
d
el
fo
r
…
(
N
ee
tu
S
ika
r
w
a
r
)
791
G
is
Gau
s
s
ian
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
v
ar
ian
ce
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
σ
^2
an
d
m
ea
n
b
y
μ
.
W
h
en
v
o
lu
n
teer
in
g
with
a
Gau
s
s
ian
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
th
at
is
u
n
iv
ar
iate,
th
is
eq
u
atio
n
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
a
d
ev
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
v
ar
ian
ce
(
σ
^2
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
m
ea
n
(
μ
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lik
elih
o
o
d
.
I
f
th
e
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le,
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
les we
r
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
u
n
iv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
2
3
]
.
A
m
ea
n
v
ec
to
r
an
d
a
co
v
a
r
ian
ce
m
atr
ix
m
u
s
t u
n
d
er
g
o
at
least o
n
e
p
ar
am
eter
is
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
is
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
(
2
)
:
(
|
,
)
=
1
√
(
2
|
|
)
[
=
1
2
(
−
)
1
(
−
)
]
(
2
)
T
h
e
m
ea
n
(
µ)
r
e
f
lects
th
e
lar
g
est
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
Σ
r
ep
r
esen
ts
co
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ield
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
:
(
|
,
)
=
1
√
2
|
|
=
−
1
2
(
2
)
−
1
2
|
|
−
1
2
(
−
)
−
1
(
−
)
(
3
)
B
ec
au
s
e
o
n
ly
s
in
g
le
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
s
et
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
ln
p
(
x
|
)
to
0
an
d
u
s
e
(
4
)
to
(
7
)
.
(
|
,
)
=
0
(
4
)
(
|
,
)
=
0
(
5
)
So
lv
e
d
ir
ec
tly
f
o
r
µ
an
d
∑.
=
1
(
∑
=
1
)
(
6
)
=
1
∑
(
−
)
(
−
)
=
1
(7
)
Key
ad
v
an
ta
g
es o
f
GM
Ms in
W
SN c
lu
s
ter
in
g
:
-
E
llip
tical
clu
s
ter
m
o
d
elin
g
v
ia
co
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices o
f
f
er
s
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
b
ey
o
n
d
is
o
tr
o
p
ic
clu
s
ter
s
.
-
So
f
t a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
p
o
s
ter
i
o
r
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies allo
w
n
u
an
ce
d
clu
s
ter
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
.
-
Mo
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
lik
e
B
I
C
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
r
in
cip
led
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
G.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
W
SN
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
m
o
r
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
clu
s
ter
in
g
th
a
n
h
ar
d
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
3
.
2
.
E
nh
a
nce
g
a
us
s
ia
n m
ix
t
ure
m
o
del
Usi
n
g
th
e
id
ea
o
f
r
o
tatin
g
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
in
L
E
AC
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
n
o
d
es'
R
E
,
an
d
th
eir
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S
(
d
_
n
2
B
S),
a
n
o
v
el
p
liab
le
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
W
SN
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
a
GM
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
NL
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
s
atio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es'
en
er
g
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
th
is
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
ac
tio
n
was
to
r
aise
th
e
NL
.
B
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
B
S,
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
B
y
u
s
in
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
wh
ich
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ally
am
o
r
t
izes
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
th
ey
wer
e
ab
le
to
elim
in
ate
th
is
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
.
Hy
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
C
Hs
an
d
b
alan
ce
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
u
s
e
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
all
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
u
s
in
g
s
u
g
g
ested
FFs
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ad
a
p
tiv
ely
u
p
d
ate
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
C
M
en
er
g
y
as e
ac
h
C
M'
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tan
tly
l
o
wer
s
d
u
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
wit
h
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
DC
H
an
d
C
C
H
was
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
i
n
ter
-
clu
s
ter
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
ew
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ein
g
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
is
b
ased
o
n
a
n
o
d
e'
s
r
elativ
e
d
is
tan
ce
(
E
.
d
.
)
f
r
o
m
its
C
C
,
B
S,
an
d
RE
.
W
h
ile
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
ar
e
d
o
n
e
in
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
in
a
d
is
p
er
s
ed
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
GM
MCHR
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
o
n
ly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ce
n
tr
ally
i
n
a
f
ew
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
r
ee
s
tag
es
co
m
p
r
is
e
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
:
h
ier
ar
ch
ica
l
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Ada
ptiv
e
a
nd
hy
brid clus
t
er
ing
W
h
en
all
n
o
d
es
en
g
ag
e
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
B
S
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
to
n
o
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
a
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
in
itiated
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
a
n
a
d
ap
tiv
e
wa
y
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
is
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
e
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
was
also
en
d
o
r
s
ed
t
h
at
L
E
AC
H
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
v
en
itv
e
p
ar
am
eter
,
R
clu
s
t,
f
o
r
a
d
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
es
b
o
t
h
co
u
n
t
o
f
ND
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
n
o
tio
n
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
-
b
ased
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
(
r
m
o
d
(
1
/p
)
)
.
In
(
8
)
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
is
as
a
d
ec
lar
atio
n
f
o
r
R
clu
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
785
-
809
792
.
=
{
1
,
=
1
1
,
(
)
>
0
(
(
1
)
)
=
0
0
,
ℎ
(
8
)
wh
er
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
im
u
latio
n
r
o
u
n
d
is
R
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ci
r
cu
lar
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
cy
cles th
at
co
n
s
er
v
e
n
etwo
r
k
e
n
er
g
y
is
eq
u
al
to
p
=0
.
0
5
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
-
ef
f
icient
clus
t
er
hea
d
s
elec
t
io
n
Usi
n
g
2
,
&
(
o
p
tim
al
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
)
all
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
h
y
b
r
id
clu
s
ter
in
g
:
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
an
d
is
eq
u
al
to
ag
g
r
eg
ate
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
.
Her
e,
=
p
N
is
g
r
ea
test
q
u
an
tity
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
m
ay
b
e
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
.
I
t
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
i
d
ea
l
v
alu
e
o
f
p
(
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ate
n
o
d
es
(
)
)
wh
ich
w
ill
b
e
s
cr
u
n
tin
ize
u
s
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
T
h
o
s
e
n
o
d
es
wh
i
ch
s
atis
f
y
o
n
2
≤
,
wo
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
in
a
s
in
g
le
clu
s
ter
ca
ll
ed
.
Her
e,
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
ℎ
&
,
an
d
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
as (
9
)
:
=
{
2
ℎ
,
2
ℎ
≤
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
(
9
)
h
er
e
,
2
ℎ
is
E
.
d
.
am
id
s
t
B
S
an
d
ℎ
n
o
d
e
(
f
a
r
th
er
m
o
s
t
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
B
S
with
in
lim
it).
All
s
u
c
h
n
o
d
es
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
s
atis
f
y
2
≤
,
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
t
o
an
o
p
tim
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FC
s
(
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
GM
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Her
e,
t
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
is
p
r
ed
icate
d
o
n
t
h
e
id
ea
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
te
r
s
as
d
etailed
in
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
is
co
m
p
u
te
d
as (
1
0
)
:
=
√
′
2
√
(
2
)
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e,
′
=
−
is
co
u
n
t
o
f
ali
v
e
n
o
d
e
s
o
m
itti
n
g
n
o
d
es,
is
ag
g
r
eg
ate
q
u
an
tity
aliv
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
tip
u
lates
co
u
n
t
o
f
C
Ms
in
a
,
∗
s
ig
n
if
ies
s
en
s
in
g
r
eg
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
ti
p
u
lates
av
er
ag
e
E
.
d
.
am
id
s
t D
C
H
an
d
r
em
n
an
t n
etwo
r
k
C
Hs th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
ey
in
g
ab
o
v
e
.
a.
DC
H
s
elec
tio
n
A
NC
,
C
H
th
at
s
en
d
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
es
p
ac
k
ets
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
r
o
m
BS
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
a
DC
H.
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
d
_
C
M2
B
S
b
etwe
en
B
S
an
d
C
M
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
ch
o
o
s
in
g
it.
Fo
r
DC
H
s
elec
tio
n
,
th
ey
h
a
v
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
th
at
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
R
E
(
)
o
f
C
Ms
as
well
a
s
th
eir
2
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
u
s
ed
in
NC
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ea
ch
C
M'
s
f
itn
es
s
v
alu
e;
th
e
C
M
with
h
ig
h
est
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as DCH a
n
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
1
)
:
=
.
1
+
(
1
−
)
.
2
(
1
1
)
I
n
s
u
ch
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
1
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
RE
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
en
er
g
y
r
atio
o
f
a
C
M
(
1=
/
)
,
&
2
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
r
elativ
e
E
.
d
.
a
m
id
s
t
B
S
an
d
C
M
(
2
=
(
ℎ−
2
)/
ℎ
)
.
T
h
e
FD
C
H
'
s
p
ar
am
eter
is
eq
u
al
to
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
is
in
itially
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
at
a
v
al
u
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
co
n
s
tan
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
th
e
C
H
ca
u
s
es
ea
c
h
C
M
to
p
er
p
etu
ally
lo
s
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
0
.
5
[
2
8
]
.
Valu
e
s
hou
l
d
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
af
ter
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
b
ased
o
n
C
Ms'
an
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
(
ℎ
)
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
in
a
s
p
e
cif
ic
clu
s
ter
s
in
ce
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
t
h
e
C
H
lead
s
ea
ch
C
M
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
l
o
s
e
en
er
g
y
.
He
r
e,
ℎ
=
,
an
d
it
is
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
4
s
ec
tio
n
s
=0
.
8
0
,
0
.
6
0
,
0
.
4
0
,
an
d
0
.
2
0
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
ea
c
h
clu
s
ter
.
In
(
1
2
)
m
ay
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
.
=
{
0
.
5
(
≥
0
.
80
∗
)
0
.
6
(
≥
0
.
60
∗
)
0
.
7
(
≥
0
.
40
∗
)
0
.
8
(
≥
0
.
20
∗
)
0
.
9
(
ℎ
)
(
1
2
)
Her
e,
is
lo
west
am
id
s
t
C
Ms in
th
at
clu
s
ter
,
wh
ich
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
3
)
,
=
{
{
1
,
2
.
.
.
.
.
}
{
}
,
{
1
,
2
.
.
.
.
.
}
{
}
,
(
1
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4
8
6
4
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
w
ith
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l ro
u
tin
g
(
GMMC
HR
)
:
a
n
ew g
a
u
s
s
ia
n
mixtu
r
e
mo
d
el
fo
r
…
(
N
ee
tu
S
ika
r
w
a
r
)
793
wh
er
e
s
tip
u
lates n
o
.
o
f
C
Ms in
an
y
clu
s
ter
s
.
b.
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
in
FC
s
Giv
en
th
at
e
v
er
y
C
H
is
p
er
s
is
ten
t
co
n
tact
u
tili
s
in
g
its
GM
M
an
d
C
Ms
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ef
f
ec
tu
ates
m
o
r
e
C
Ms
n
ea
r
er
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
o
f
th
e
clu
s
ter
,
a
clu
s
ter
ce
n
tr
o
i
d
n
ea
r
C
H
will
en
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
E
r
es.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
th
is
,
it
m
o
d
if
ied
th
e
FF
o
f
th
e
GM
M
m
eth
o
d
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
C
Hs
in
FC
clu
s
ter
s
.
B
o
th
&
d
is
tan
ce
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
FF
.
u
tili
zin
g
,
ev
er
y
C
M
in
an
y
o
f
th
e
C
Hs
is
ab
le
to
attain
its
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e,
an
d
th
e
C
H
th
at
was
ac
h
iev
ed
was
th
e
C
M
th
at
h
a
d
th
e
g
r
ea
test
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
itn
ess
.
W
h
en
C
Ms
ar
e
y
o
n
d
er
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ce
n
tr
o
i
d
an
d
th
e
C
M
with
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
l
ev
el
o
f
f
itn
ess
was
its
C
H.
I
f
C
Ms
ar
e
y
o
n
d
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
ce
n
tr
o
id
(
2
>
)
th
eir
co
n
s
id
er
b
o
th
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
t
h
e
C
Ms
ar
e
clo
s
er
to
th
eir
ce
n
tr
o
id
,
th
eir
is
o
n
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
4
)
,
w
h
ich
m
ay
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
1
4
)
:
=
{
1
+
(
1
−
)
3
,
(
2
>
)
1
ℎ
(
1
4
)
I
n
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
3
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
r
elatio
n
t
o
ce
n
tr
o
id
'
s
r
elativ
e
E
.
d
.
o
f
C
M;
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
also
s
ee
m
s
to
co
m
p
u
te
as (
1
5
)
to
(
1
7
)
:
3
=
(
−
2
)
/
(
1
5
)
=
∑
.
.
(
,
)
=
1
(
1
6
)
=
1
+
{
1
,
2
.
.
.
.
.
{
.
.
(
,
}
(
1
7
)
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
E
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
Step 1:
for DCH Selection, do
Step 2:
Update the value of
using (12)
and
(13)
Step 3:
for
do
Step 4:
CM obtains its
value using
(11)
Step 5:
End
Step 6:
The CM is having highest
called DCH
Step 7:
End
Step 8:
for CH Selection in FCs, do
Step 9:
Update the value of
using (12)
and
(13)
Step 10:
for
do
Step 11:
CM obtains its
value using (14)
Step 12:
end
Step 13:
The CM is having highest
named CH
Step 14:
End
3
.
3
.
H
ier
a
rc
hica
l
pa
ck
et
ro
u
t
ing
in
wire
less
s
ens
o
r
net
wo
rk
s
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
u
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
b
etter
u
tili
ze
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
in
tr
ac
l
u
s
ter
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
th
e
NC
,
wh
ich
is
in
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
its
C
Ms,
is
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
E
.
D.
Of
Mo
r
i
g
in
atin
g
b
y
a
DC
H
&
B
S
2
&
2
.
T
h
e
C
M
p
ass
es
its
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
to
DC
H
if
〖
(d
〗
_
C
M2
B
S>d
_
DC
H2
B
S)
is
s
atis
f
ied
;
o
th
er
wis
e,
it
f
o
r
war
d
s
it
s
tr
aig
h
t
to
B
S.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
u
ltima
te
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
C
M
in
NC
can
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
,
as
d
eter
m
in
ed
in
(
1
8
)
:
.
=
{
,
{
2
>
2
,
ℎ
(
1
8
)
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
D
C
H
g
ath
er
s
an
d
ag
g
r
e
g
ates
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
its
C
Ms
an
d
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
FC
s
'
C
Hs b
ef
o
r
e
s
en
d
in
g
th
e
m
s
tr
aig
h
t to
B
S,
av
o
id
in
g
n
ee
d
less
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
to
th
e
B
S f
r
o
m
th
ese
n
o
d
es.
E
v
e
r
y
F
C
'
s
C
Ms
d
el
i
v
e
r
d
a
ta
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
t
o
t
h
ei
r
C
H
s
,
a
f
t
e
r
w
h
i
ch
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
ea
c
h
a
n
d
e
v
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
e
t
t
h
a
t
F
C
s
'
C
Ms
h
a
v
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
F
F
s
c
r
u
t
i
n
i
ze
s
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
es
e
C
Hs
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
d
a
t
a
t
o
D
C
H
(
.
)
i
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
h
o
p
o
r
tw
o
-
h
o
p
f
a
s
h
i
o
n
,
E
.
d
.
a
m
i
d
s
t
C
H
&
B
S
(
2
)
,
&
E
.
d
.
,
a
m
i
d
s
t
C
C
H
&
B
S
(
2
)
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
C
C
H
i
s
T
h
e
C
H
wi
t
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
a
m
i
d
s
t
a
l
l
C
Hs
i
n
F
C
s
.
A
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
l
l
e
d
F
(
R
o
u
t
.
)
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
es
e
C
H
s
;
t
h
a
t
i
s
,
it
i
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
as
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
w
h
e
r
e
R
E
a
n
d
2
a
r
e
t
h
e
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
H
c
e
n
tr
o
i
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
H
c
e
n
t
r
o
i
d
,
r
e
s
p
ec
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
u
s
in
g
(
1
9
)
:
.
=
4
+
(
1
−
)
5
(
1
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4
8
6
4
I
n
t J Reco
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
5
:
785
-
809
794
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cy
am
i
d
s
t
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
=0
.
5
in
.
I
n
th
is
o
cc
u
r
en
ce
,
′
s
tip
u
lates
ce
n
tr
o
id
o
f
all
C
H
s
,
wh
ile
2
d
elin
ea
tes
h
ig
h
est
E
.
d
.
am
id
s
t
C
H
s
also
th
eir
ce
n
tr
o
id
.
Sin
ce
2
=
2
m
i
g
h
t
s
p
o
r
ad
ically
r
esu
lt in
v
alu
e
o
f
x
5
b
ein
g
ze
r
o
,
th
ey
ad
d
ed
"1
"
to
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
2
to
in
ter
ce
p
t t
h
is
.
W
h
ile
o
th
er
C
Hs
s
en
d
th
eir
p
ac
k
ets
to
DC
H
v
ia
C
C
H,
s
o
m
e
C
Hs
s
en
d
th
em
to
DC
H
d
ir
ec
tly
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
B
S.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
C
Hs
s
atis
f
y
2
≤
2
(
in
clu
d
in
g
C
C
H)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
u
ch
(
2
≤
2
)
will
s
e
n
d
th
eir
p
ac
k
ets
to
B
S
in
a
way
th
at
DC
H
d
o
esn
’
t
m
ed
iate
if
DC
H
is
ab
s
en
t
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
C
Ms in
th
e
NC
.
On
e
way
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
o
f
C
H
is
to
u
s
e
(
2
0
)
:
.
=
{
,
,
(
2
≤
2
)
|
|
(
)
,
(
2
>
2
)
(
2
0
)
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
p
ac
k
et
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
Phase 1:
for
ℎ
do
Phase 2:
Determine the worth of
2
using (1)
Phase 3:
for
do
Phase 4:
Determine the worth of
2
using (8)
Phase 5:
if
(
2
>
2
then
Phase 6:
The CM
tranmits its data packet to DCH
Phase 7:
else
Phase 8:
CM transmits its data packet to BS.
Phase 9:
end
Phase 10:
end
Phase 11:
for
do
Phase 12:
Each CM transmits a data packet to its CH
Phase 13:
Identify CCH using Eq. (19)
Phase 14:
Obtain the value of
2
&
2
(1)
Phase 15:
if
2
≤
2
then
Phase 16:
if
DCH is found,
then
Phase 17:
CH
transmits its Data
Packet (DP) to DCH
Phase 18:
else
Phase 19:
CH transmits its DP to BS
Phase 20:
end
Phase 21:
else
Phase 22:
CH sends its DP to CCH
Phase 23:
end
Phase 24:
end
Phase 25:
The data packet from DCH is sent instantly to BS
.
Phase 26:
end
3
.
4
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
a
lg
o
rit
hm
:
g
a
us
s
ia
n m
ix
t
ure
m
o
del c
lus
t
er
ing
wi
t
h hiera
r
-
chica
l r
o
uting
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
'
s
ta
g
es a
r
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
Step
1
: “
Netwo
r
k
in
itializatio
n
”
1)
Dep
lo
y
n
o
d
es
:
ar
r
an
g
e
SNs
in
a
5
x
5
g
r
id
at
r
an
d
o
m
.
E
v
e
r
y
n
o
d
e
h
as a
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
0
.
5
J
o
u
les.
2)
B
S:
s
p
ec
if
y
wh
er
e
B
S is
lo
ca
t
ed
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
3)
Star
tin
g
p
o
in
ts
:
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
4)
I
n
itial
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
estab
lis
h
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
-
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
r
o
u
n
d
s
(
R
)
.
-
T
h
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
en
er
g
y
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
.
-
T
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
clu
s
ter
in
g
(
p
=0
.
0
5
)
.
-
E
n
er
g
y
v
alu
es,
s
u
ch
as R
E
.
Step
2
: “
FF
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
”
1)
C
alcu
late
FF
:
d
eter
m
in
e
FF
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
n
o
d
e,
co
n
s
is
d
er
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S
(
d
_
n
2
B
S)
as
well
as
R
E
(
E
_
r
es).
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
C
Hs ar
e
ch
o
s
en
u
s
in
g
th
is
FF
.
In
(
2
1
)
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
ea
ch
n
o
d
e'
s
FF
:
=
.
+
(
1
−
)
.
2
ℎ
(
2
1
)
α
is
a
weig
h
tin
g
elem
en
t
in
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
is
a
RE
,
is
in
itial
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
2
is
a
d
is
tan
ce
am
i
d
s
t
a
n
o
d
e
an
d
a
B
S.
2)
Selectio
n
o
f
C
Hs
:
C
Hs
ar
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es
with
h
ig
h
est
FF
.
T
h
e
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
b
y
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t b
o
th
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
.
Step
3
: “
Hy
b
r
id
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.