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Bo
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6
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s
co
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d
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s
[
1
]
−
[
4
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.
I
n
wastewate
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en
t
p
lan
ts
(
W
W
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Ps
)
,
t
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b
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s
an
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ac
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with
ac
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p
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tal
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tio
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p
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b
lem
s
[
5
]
−
[
8
]
.
B
ac
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ial
b
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ass
s
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s
p
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s
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s
ar
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s
[
9
]
‒
[
1
1
]
.
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p
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o
v
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t [
1
0
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,
[
11
].
T
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ity
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n
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icien
cies
o
n
th
e
u
s
ed
m
o
d
els
d
escr
ib
in
g
W
W
T
P
s
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
d
escr
ip
t
iv
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
id
er
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
o
d
els
with
o
n
ly
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
en
wh
ile
n
eg
l
ec
tin
g
o
th
e
r
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
v
ar
ia
b
les,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
wastewate
r
vol
u
m
e
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
b
io
m
ass
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
in
f
lu
e
n
t
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
b
io
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
m
u
ltiv
ar
ia
b
le
m
o
d
el
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
b
ec
o
m
es
a
n
ec
ess
ity
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
elim
in
atin
g
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
u
s
b
s
tan
ce
s
.
Up
to
n
o
w
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
n
o
tab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
th
e
r
e
lated
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
a
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
to
f
u
r
th
er
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
in
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
W
W
T
Ps
ef
f
icien
cies.
T
h
e
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
p
o
llu
an
ts
r
em
o
v
al
i
n
W
W
T
Ps
i
s
co
n
s
tan
tly
ev
o
l
v
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
elate
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
v
ar
y
m
ain
ly
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
o
th
er
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ef
f
l
u
en
t
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
t
o
x
ic
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
to
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
.
I
n
[
12
]‒
[
1
5
]
,
a
s
u
r
v
ey
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
A
g
en
er
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
d
els
s
elec
tio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
,
etc.
I
n
[
16
]
,
p
a
r
allel
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
ch
em
e
s
(
PDC
an
d
OPDC
)
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
a
n
APS
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
alis
m
o
f
m
u
ltimo
d
elin
g
an
d
co
n
v
ex
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
n
d
er
l
in
ea
r
m
atr
ix
i
n
eq
u
alities
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
[
1
7
]
,
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
en
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
W
W
T
Ps
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
A
s
ch
em
e
with
an
R
L
S
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
ev
en
t
-
tr
ig
g
e
r
ed
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
h
y
d
r
a
u
lic
r
eten
tio
n
d
elay
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
h
in
d
er
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
s
u
ch
a
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
.
I
n
[
18
]
,
a
mo
d
el
-
f
r
ee
d
ee
p
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
an
d
t
h
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
W
W
T
Ps
.
I
n
[
19
]
,
a
p
r
e
-
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
B
OD5
an
d
NH4
+
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
I
n
[
20
]
,
v
ar
io
u
s
class
ical
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
en
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
wate
r
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
s
ed
.
I
n
[
21
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
u
ltio
b
jectiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
ef
f
l
u
en
t
q
u
ality
.
I
n
[
22
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
.
I
n
[
24
]
,
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
e
n
an
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ar
e
r
e
g
u
lated
with
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
H∞
o
b
s
er
v
er
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ee
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
.
I
n
[
25
]
,
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
e
x
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
em
o
v
ed
n
itr
o
g
en
ate
d
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
r
etain
ed
to
d
e
s
ig
n
an
ev
e
n
t
-
b
ased
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
en
v
ar
iab
les
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
,
s
tr
ateg
ies u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ar
e
r
ec
en
tly
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
tr
ied
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
s
[
26
]
‒
[
28
].
Fin
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
b
u
t
r
em
ain
h
ig
h
ly
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t o
n
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial e
q
u
atio
n
s
u
s
ed
t
o
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t p
r
o
ce
ss.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
all
in
ter
v
en
in
g
d
y
n
am
ics
in
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
,
n
o
tab
ly
e
f
f
lu
en
t
v
o
l
u
m
e
(
E
V)
,
h
eter
o
tr
o
p
h
ic
b
io
m
ass
(
HB
)
,
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
B
S)
an
d
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
o
x
y
g
e
n
(
DO
)
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ly
ap
p
lied
in
a
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Su
ch
a
wastewate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
th
eo
r
ies
o
f
T
ak
ag
i
-
Su
g
en
o
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
MPC
d
esig
n
to
m
ee
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
in
d
icato
r
s
,
i.e
.
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
.
T
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
o
f
L
PV
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
n
d
co
n
v
ex
p
o
ly
t
o
p
ic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
ted
an
d
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
ar
o
u
n
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
et
-
p
o
in
t
in
p
u
t
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
th
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
PDC
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
,
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
m
alis
m
,
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
.
C
r
itical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
to
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
s
u
m
m
er
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
(
1
)
A
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
ll
u
tan
ts
r
em
o
v
al
.
(
2
)
An
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
el,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
to
a
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
h
an
d
led
lin
ea
r
-
tim
e
-
v
ar
ian
t
(
L
T
I
)
f
o
r
m
,
is
estab
lis
h
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
.
Su
ch
a
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
as
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
th
er
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
W
W
T
Ps
v
ar
iab
les.
(
3
)
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
MPC
s
tr
ateg
y
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
u
c
h
a
d
ev
elo
p
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
in
itial
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
B
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
r
emo
va
l e
ffic
ien
cy
in
w
a
s
tew
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ter
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tmen
t
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ystem
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…
(
S
a
ïd
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Dh
o
u
ib
i
)
631
g
o
v
er
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ed
b
y
n
o
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lin
ea
r
an
d
c
o
u
p
led
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
(
4
)
A
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
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m
e
n
t
in
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ar
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ter
m
s
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OD,
B
OD5
a
n
d
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
s
co
m
p
ar
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o
p
r
e
v
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u
s
w
o
r
k
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
esp
ec
ially
with
t
h
e
PDC
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
is
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
a
n
n
er
.
I
n
Sectio
n
2
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
W
W
T
Ps
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
.
A
d
et
ailed
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tep
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by
-
s
tep
d
escr
ip
tio
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o
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th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
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ce
d
u
r
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
all
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
o
th
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
.
Star
tin
g
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
if
f
er
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
,
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
e
l
is
f
ir
s
t
es
tab
lis
h
ed
b
ased
o
n
an
L
PV
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tate
-
s
p
ac
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
a
co
n
v
ex
p
o
ly
to
p
ic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
he
n
,
a
f
u
zz
y
MPC
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
elab
o
r
ated
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
s
u
ch
an
estab
lis
h
ed
m
o
d
el
.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
3
,
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
cr
itical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
T
S
f
u
zz
y
MP
C
-
b
ased
ca
r
b
o
n
r
e
m
o
v
al
m
eth
o
d
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
c
o
m
p
etin
g
PDC
-
b
ased
one
.
Sectio
n
4
en
d
s
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
p
ap
er
b
y
r
esu
m
in
g
th
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
p
o
ten
tial
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
o
r
ien
tati
o
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
S f
uzzy
m
o
delin
g
o
f
t
h
e
ca
rbo
n r
em
o
v
a
l pro
ce
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
ictes
a
ty
p
ical
lay
o
u
t
o
f
a
W
W
T
P
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
ae
r
o
b
ic
an
d
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
b
io
r
e
ac
to
r
tan
k
s
,
a
clar
if
ier
,
an
d
a
p
ip
in
g
ci
r
cu
it
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
0
]
‒
[
1
2
]
.
Af
ter
a
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
t
is
m
ix
ed
with
th
e
o
x
y
g
en
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
b
io
r
ea
cto
r
t
o
f
av
o
r
iate
th
e
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
an
d
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
is
ev
ac
u
ated
to
t
h
e
d
ec
an
ter
wh
er
e
a
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
ef
f
lu
e
n
t
an
d
s
lu
d
g
e
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
g
r
av
ity
.
A
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ettled
ac
tiv
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s
lu
d
g
e
is
r
etu
r
n
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
ae
r
atio
n
tan
k
to
m
ain
tain
a
b
alan
ce
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
a
y
o
u
t
o
f
a
W
W
T
P
with
ac
tiv
ated
s
lu
d
g
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
l
y
o
n
elim
in
atin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
el
e
x
tr
a
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
well
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k
n
o
wn
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
A
SM1
(
ac
tiv
ated
s
lu
d
g
e
m
o
d
el
n
o
.
1
)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
1
2
]:
̇
=
+
−
=
(
−
)
(
1
)
̇
=
,
−
(
1
+
)
(
+
)
+
+
+
−
(
2
)
̇
=
,
−
−
+
+
+
(
1
−
)
(
3
)
̇
=
−
−
1
−
+
+
+
(
,
−
)
(
4
)
wh
er
e
an
d
ar
e
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
ai
n
an
d
a
r
ef
er
e
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ce
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o
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th
e
v
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m
e
d
y
n
am
ics
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
a
n
d
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
=
,
=
,
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
b
io
m
ass
g
r
o
win
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
9
-
6
3
9
632
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
o
x
y
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en
s
atu
r
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n
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ate,
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th
e
b
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m
ass
m
o
r
tality
r
ate,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
b
io
m
ass
f
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ac
tio
n
,
is
th
e
o
x
y
g
en
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
g
ain
,
,
is
th
e
o
x
y
g
en
s
atu
r
at
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
in
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
,
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
q
u
asi
-
L
PV
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
[
2
9
]
:
̇
(
)
=
(
(
,
)
)
(
)
+
(
(
,
)
)
(
)
;
(
)
=
(
(
,
)
)
(
)
(
5
)
wh
er
e
(
,
)
is
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
v
ec
to
r
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
i
ab
les,
=
(
,
,
,
)
∈
ℝ
4
an
d
=
(
,
,
,
,
,
)
∈
ℝ
4
ar
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tate
an
d
in
p
u
t
v
ec
to
r
s
,
(
(
,
)
)
∈
ℝ
4
×
4
an
d
(
(
,
)
)
∈
ℝ
4
×
4
ar
e
n
o
n
-
co
n
s
tan
t
L
PV
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
atr
ices
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
l
lo
ws:
(
(
,
)
)
=
[
−
0
0
0
0
+
+
−
(
1
+
)
(
+
)
−
0
0
0
−
+
+
+
(
1
−
)
−
0
0
−
1
+
+
0
−
−
]
(
6
)
(
(
,
)
)
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,
0
]
(
7
)
Fro
m
th
e
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
atr
ices
(
6
)
-
(
7
)
,
a
s
et
o
f
th
r
ee
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
s
tan
t te
r
m
s
,
th
u
s
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
T
S f
u
zz
y
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
iab
les o
f
t
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
,
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as:
=
{
(
)
+
(
)
(
)
+
(
)
,
(
)
(
)
,
(
)
}
=
{
1
(
)
,
2
(
)
,
3
(
)
}
(
8
)
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
d
elin
g
,
T
S
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
d
ef
in
e
lo
ca
l
a
n
d
l
in
ea
r
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
lan
t
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
.
A
c
o
m
p
lete
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
lan
t
is
o
b
tain
e
d
as f
o
llo
ws:
̇
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
(
(
)
)
{
(
)
+
(
)
}
=
1
;
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
(
(
)
)
(
)
=
1
(
9
)
wh
er
e
(
)
=
(
1
(
)
,
2
(
)
,
3
(
)
)
is
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
,
ℎ
(
.
)
ar
e
th
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
∈
ℝ
4
×
4
an
d
∈
ℝ
4
×
4
ar
e
th
e
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
atr
ices
with
co
n
s
tan
t
ter
m
s
,
=
2
=
8
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
l
o
ca
l
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
els
,
with
=
3
th
e
ca
r
d
in
ality
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
m
is
e
v
ar
iab
les s
et,
an
d
=
4
×
4
∈
ℝ
4
×
4
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
ex
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
iab
les
(
8
)
lea
d
s
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
or
th
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
e
d
in
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
m
e
o
f
(
9
)
:
ℎ
(
(
)
)
=
∏
,
(
(
,
)
)
=
1
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
d
ex
at
th
e
j
th
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
-
tu
p
le
o
f
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
els
in
d
ex
i
n
g
,
ℎ
(
.
)
≥
0
an
d
∑
ℎ
(
.
)
=
1
=
1
,
an
d
,
(
.
)
ar
e
th
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
with
th
e
u
p
p
er
a
n
d
lo
wer
lim
its
o
f
p
r
em
is
e
v
ar
iab
les
̄
=
,
{
(
,
)
}
an
d
̱
=
,
{
(
,
)
}
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
a
s
f
o
llo
ws [
2
9
]
:
1
(
(
)
)
=
(
)
−
̱
̄
−
̱
,
2
(
(
)
)
=
̄
−
(
)
̄
−
̱
,
∀
=
1
,
2
,
3
(1
1
)
B
y
m
ak
in
g
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
o
f
u
p
p
e
r
an
d
lo
wer
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
m
is
e
v
ar
iab
l
es
(
8
)
,
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
atr
ices
o
f
th
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
(
9
)
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
B
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
r
emo
va
l e
ffic
ien
cy
in
w
a
s
tew
a
ter
tr
ea
tmen
t
s
ystem
s
…
(
S
a
ïd
a
Dh
o
u
ib
i
)
633
1
=
(
̄
1
,
̄
2
,
̄
3
)
;
2
=
(
̄
1
,
̄
2
,
̱
3
)
;
3
=
(
̄
1
,
̱
2
,
̄
3
)
;
4
=
(
̄
1
,
̱
2
,
̱
3
)
5
=
(
̱
1
,
̄
2
,
̄
3
)
;
6
=
(
̱
1
,
̄
2
,
̱
3
)
;
7
=
(
̱
1
,
̱
2
,
̄
3
)
;
8
=
(
̱
1
,
̱
2
,
̱
3
)
(1
2
)
1
=
2
=
5
=
6
=
(
̄
2
)
;
3
=
4
=
7
=
8
=
(
̱
2
)
(
13
)
2
.
2
.
M
P
C
des
ig
n f
o
r
ca
rbo
n
re
m
o
v
a
l
Usi
n
g
a
d
is
cr
ete
-
tim
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
el
(
9
)
,
an
MPC
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
.
I
n
th
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
laws
is
co
m
p
u
ted
a
n
d
u
p
d
ated
at
t
h
e
k
th
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
e
s
=
to
m
in
im
ize
t
h
e
MPC
q
u
ad
r
atic
cr
i
ter
io
n
d
e
f
in
ed
as f
o
llo
ws [
3
0
]
:
(
)
=
∑
=
1
(
+
|
)
(
+
|
)
+
∑
[
(
+
|
)
(
+
|
)
]
−
1
=
0
(
14
)
wh
er
e
∈
ℕ
an
d
∈
ℕ
(
≥
)
ar
e
th
e
MPC
h
o
r
izo
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
=
>
0
an
d
=
>
0
ar
e
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
m
atr
ic
es
,
i.e
.
=
4
×
4
with
∈
ℝ
+
,
an
d
(
+
|
)
is
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
an
d
p
r
e
d
icted
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
l
o
ca
l
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
with
th
e
s
am
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
1
0
)
an
d
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
in
iti
al
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
.
A
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
in
W
W
T
Ps
is
f
in
ally
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
: Pr
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S f
u
z
zy
MPC
-
b
ased
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
a
l in
W
W
T
P
s
.
Step 1:
Modeling of nonlinear ASP dynamics
-
Differential equations governing process behavior (1)
-
(4).
-
Specification of standard quality limits for COD, BOD5 and TSS performance.
Step 2:
Equivalent
T
S
fuzzy representation
-
Rewriting
the nonlinear model (1)
-
(4) into a quasi
-
LPV form (5)
-
(7).
-
Characterization of all TS fuzzy premise variables (8) and their
corresponding bounds.
-
Convex partition of TS fuzzy premise variables according to (11).
-
Calculation of activation
functions (10) and constant state
-
space matrices in
(12) and (13).
-
Formation of the equivalent TS fuzzy representation (9).
Step 3:
Validation of TS fuzzy modeling stage
-
Dynamics simulation and VAF (%) quantification of modeling deviations.
-
Repeat Step 2 with new bounds of TS premise variables until VAF (%)
performance is met.
Step 4:
MPC design for carbon removal enhancement
-
Computation of local MPC laws for TS fuzzy model from criterion (14).
-
Aggregation of all local MPC laws with
the same activation functions (10).
-
Application of the global MPC laws for nonlinear model (1)
-
(4).
-
Repeat MPC design (N
p
,N
c
, λ) until the desired COD, BOD5 and TSS performance
are met.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
a
ra
m
et
er
s
s
et
t
ing
a
nd
T
S f
uzzy
m
o
delin
g
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Mo
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
i
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
b
o
r
r
o
wed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
lim
its
f
o
r
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
9
0
[
m
g
/l
]
f
o
r
C
OD
m
etr
ic
an
d
3
0
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
b
o
th
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
p
u
t
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
s
eu
d
o
-
r
a
n
d
o
m
b
in
ar
y
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
(
PR
B
S)
o
v
er
a
s
im
u
latio
n
h
o
r
izo
n
o
f
300
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
(
1
)
-
(4
)
an
d
T
S
f
u
zz
y
(
9
)
m
o
d
els
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
-
3
.
T
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
s
o
f
m
o
d
eled
e
f
f
lu
en
t
v
o
lu
m
e
(
E
V)
,
h
eter
o
t
r
o
p
h
ic
b
io
m
ass
(
HB
)
,
b
io
d
e
g
r
ad
ab
le
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
B
S)
an
d
d
is
s
o
l
v
ed
o
x
y
g
en
(
DO)
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
u
s
ed
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
an
d
th
e
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
ev
al
u
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
“Va
r
ian
ce
Acc
o
u
n
ted
Fo
r
”
VAF
(
%)
m
etr
ics
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
Su
ch
an
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
h
o
ws
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
VAF
(
%)
in
d
ices,
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
with
c
o
m
p
etetiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
a
VAF
v
alu
e
o
f
1
0
0
%
is
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
f
o
r
E
V,
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
9
5
%
to
9
9
%
f
o
r
B
S,
clo
s
e
to
9
9
%
f
o
r
HB
,
an
d
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
7
%
to
9
7
%
f
o
r
DO.
Fin
d
i
n
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
t
o
o
l
(
9
)
to
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics (
1
)
-
(
4
)
o
f
W
W
T
Ps
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
an
d
clo
s
n
ess
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
two
r
ep
o
r
te
d
m
o
d
els.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
unde
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
p
o
licy
o
f
all
ca
r
b
o
n
r
e
m
o
v
al
v
ar
iab
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
9
-
6
3
9
634
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
o
f
n
o
n
l
in
ea
r
an
d
T
S f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
r
esu
lts
: (
a)
E
V
d
y
n
am
ics,
(
b
)
H
B
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
y
n
am
ics,
(
c)
B
S
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
(
d
)
DO
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
d
y
n
am
ics
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ev
alu
at
io
n
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
T
S f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
: (
a)
T
S f
u
zz
y
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
(
b
)
VAF
(
%)
m
et
r
ics q
u
an
tific
atio
n
f
o
r
W
W
T
P’s v
ar
iab
les
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
B
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
r
emo
va
l e
ffic
ien
cy
in
w
a
s
tew
a
ter
tr
ea
tmen
t
s
ystem
s
…
(
S
a
ïd
a
Dh
o
u
ib
i
)
635
3
.
2
.
T
S f
uzzy
M
P
C
des
ig
n
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
W
W
T
P
v
ar
iab
les
EV
,
HB
,
B
S
an
d
DO
ar
e
m
a
n
ip
u
lat
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
llu
tan
t
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
PDC
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tatic
f
e
e
d
b
ac
k
T
S
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
PDC
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
g
ain
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
n
u
m
er
i
ca
lly
s
o
lv
in
g
a
s
tab
ilizatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
u
n
d
er
L
MI
s
co
n
v
ex
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
MPC
p
ar
am
eter
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
4
)
ar
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ial
-
an
d
-
er
r
o
r
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es a
s
f
o
llo
ws:
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
h
o
r
izo
n
N
p
eq
u
al
to
1
0
,
co
n
tr
o
l
h
o
r
izo
n
N
c
eq
u
al
to
2
,
a
n
d
weig
h
tin
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
λ
eq
u
a
l
to
0
.
0
8
.
T
h
o
s
e
o
f
PDC
d
es
ig
n
,
i.e
.
L
MI
s
g
ain
m
atr
ices,
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
MI
C
o
n
tr
o
l
T
o
o
lb
o
x
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
.
B
o
th
MP
C
an
d
PDC
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
el
(
9
)
an
d
th
en
test
ed
a
n
d
v
al
id
ated
o
n
th
e
in
itial
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
o
th
er
in
p
u
t
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
o
v
er
a
s
im
u
latio
n
h
o
r
iz
o
n
300
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
W
W
T
P’s d
y
n
am
ics wh
ich
g
o
v
e
r
n
in
g
th
e
c
ar
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
PDC
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
in
Fig
u
r
es 4
-
5
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
MPC
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
astn
ess
,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
ts
d
a
m
p
in
g
in
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
PDC
-
b
ased
r
esu
lts
.
S
m
all
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
lo
w
r
is
e/settl
in
g
tim
es
ar
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
d
at
th
e
MPC
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
r
esp
o
n
s
es
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
PDC
d
esig
n
wh
er
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ex
h
ib
it
jer
k
y
ev
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
r
esen
t
lo
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
f
o
r
B
S
an
d
DO
d
y
n
am
ics
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Un
d
esira
b
le
jer
k
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
o
f
th
e
PDC
d
esig
n
ar
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
E
V
an
d
HB
v
ar
iab
les as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
s
m
o
o
th
er
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
th
e
c
ase
o
f
MPC
-
b
ased
p
o
llu
tan
ts
r
em
o
v
al.
B
esid
es
,
MPC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
r
em
ain
less
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
y
s
t
em
in
p
u
ts
an
d
in
let
v
o
lu
m
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
A
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
MPC
an
d
PDC
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
p
e
r
atin
g
o
n
t
h
e
in
itial
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
o
f
W
W
T
P
i
s
th
u
s
ad
d
r
ee
s
ed
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
g
en
e
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
l o
u
tp
u
ts
,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
wn
th
e
s
ig
n
als
am
p
litu
d
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
MPC
an
d
PD
C
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
cu
r
v
es,
o
n
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
h
ig
h
am
p
litu
d
es
o
f
PDC
s
i
g
n
als
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
o
s
e
o
f
MPC
.
T
h
ese
n
o
n
m
o
d
er
ated
a
n
d
o
v
er
ly
e
n
er
g
et
ic
s
ig
n
als
r
em
ain
u
n
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
all
th
ese
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
,
MPC
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ics s
tab
iliza
tio
n
,
d
esire
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
als
m
o
d
er
atio
n
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
PDC
tech
n
iq
u
e.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
o
f
T
S f
u
zz
y
MPC
an
d
PDC
o
p
er
atin
g
o
n
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
: (
a
)
E
V
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
(
b
)
HB
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
y
n
am
ic
s
,
(
c)
B
S c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
(
d
)
DO
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
y
n
am
ics
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
9
-
6
3
9
636
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
io
n
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
es: (
a)
T
S
f
u
zz
y
MPC
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
,
(
b
)
P
DC
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
3
.
3
.
Ca
rbo
n
re
m
o
v
a
l e
f
f
icie
ncy
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cy
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPC
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
m
etr
ics
o
f
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
in
f
lu
en
t
an
d
ef
f
lu
e
n
t
wate
r
s
.
Stan
d
ar
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
lim
its
o
f
9
0
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
C
OD,
3
0
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
lu
e
n
t
q
u
alities
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
ti
m
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
icato
r
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
MPC
-
b
ased
tem
p
o
r
al
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
icato
r
s
C
OD
effluent
,
B
O
D5
effluent
an
d
T
SS
effluent
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
en
tire
o
f
th
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
MPC
-
b
ased
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
b
o
o
s
tin
g
in
W
W
T
Ps
.
T
h
e
MPC
-
b
ased
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
ev
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
e
p
icted
f
o
r
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
C
OD,
B
O
D5
an
d
T
SS
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
ef
f
lu
en
t
q
u
al
ities
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
em
o
v
al
r
ates
f
o
r
m
3
0
0
[
m
g
/l]
to
2
7
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
C
OD,
f
r
o
m
7
2
[
m
g
/l]
to
6
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
B
OD5
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
2
2
3
[
m
g
/l]
t
o
1
7
[
m
g
/l]
f
o
r
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
d
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
,
b
a
r
g
r
a
p
h
p
lo
ts
s
h
o
w
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cies
ac
h
iev
ed
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
MPC
d
esig
n
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
llu
ta
n
t
r
em
o
v
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
with
th
e
r
ates
o
f
9
1
%,
9
1
%,
an
d
9
2
%
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
A
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
MPC
-
b
ased
p
o
llu
tan
ts
r
em
o
v
al
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
f
u
r
th
er
ju
s
tify
in
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
tials
in
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
elim
in
atio
n
in
W
W
T
Ps
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
lev
els
o
f
ef
f
l
u
en
t
q
u
ality
ar
e
wid
el
y
m
et
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t c
ap
ac
ities
.
I
n
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
s
,
o
n
e
ca
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
is
v
alid
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
th
e
W
W
T
P
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
clo
s
e
an
d
s
im
ilar
s
in
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
itial
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
(
1
)
-
(
4
)
an
d
T
S
f
u
zz
y
o
n
e
(
9
)
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
u
s
in
g
a
n
L
T
I
s
tat
e
-
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
m
in
s
tead
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
o
n
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
VAF
(
%)
m
etr
ics
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
k
e
y
p
iece
o
f
ev
i
d
en
c
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
e
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
u
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
ch
a
v
alid
ated
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
el
t
o
d
esig
n
MPC
-
b
ased
wastewate
r
tr
e
atm
en
t
h
as
clea
r
l
y
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
MPC
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
its
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
f
astn
ess
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
all
in
ter
v
en
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
b
o
o
s
tin
g
i
n
W
W
T
Ps
b
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
p
r
o
c
ess
v
ar
iab
les
ar
o
u
n
d
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
s
et
-
p
o
in
t
v
alu
es.
MPC
-
b
ased
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
9
1
%
an
d
9
2
%
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
f
o
r
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
r
ed
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
li
m
it
s
o
f
W
W
T
P
s
ar
e
wid
ely
r
esp
e
cted
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
asts
,
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
m
ain
ly
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
PDC
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
6
]
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
MPC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ir
s
tly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
h
iev
ed
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
lex
ity
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
o
n
ly
th
r
ee
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
av
e
t
o
b
e
tu
n
ed
in
MPC
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
tead
o
f
eig
h
t
m
atr
ices
g
ain
s
in
PDC
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
in
g
tim
e
s
will
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
c
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
lie
in
th
e
elab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
d
ea
l
with
c
o
m
p
lex
itie
s
an
d
co
s
ts
in
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Su
ch
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
r
em
o
v
al
in
W
W
T
Ps
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
o
f
th
e
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
in
o
r
lim
itatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
MPC
d
esig
n
wh
ich
s
t
ill
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
ep
etitiv
e
tr
ial
-
an
d
-
e
r
r
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
its
m
ain
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Un
ex
p
ec
te
d
r
esu
lts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
e
f
o
r
DO
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
B
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
r
emo
va
l e
ffic
ien
cy
in
w
a
s
tew
a
ter
tr
ea
tmen
t
s
ystem
s
…
(
S
a
ïd
a
Dh
o
u
ib
i
)
637
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Fu
tu
r
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
MPC
in
p
u
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
r
em
o
v
al
c
ar
b
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
co
r
r
ec
t
s
u
ch
a
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
h
ar
m
u
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
elim
in
atio
n
in
W
W
T
Ps
.
Su
ch
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
o
licy
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
with
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
e
f
f
icien
cie
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
ass
o
ciate
d
with
te
d
io
u
s
an
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
etiv
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
W
W
T
Ps
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Po
ten
tial
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
th
er
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
to
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
in
W
W
T
P
s
s
u
ch
as
n
itro
g
en
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
e
n
ce
to
o
ls
f
o
r
au
to
m
atica
lly
tu
n
in
g
th
e
MPC
p
ar
am
eter
s
will
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
W
W
T
Ps
’
s
tates a
n
d
in
p
u
ts
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
th
e
r
p
o
ten
tial d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ar
b
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
S f
u
zz
y
MPC
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
: (
a
)
I
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
C
OD
in
d
icato
r
,
(
b
)
I
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
t
p
u
t v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
B
OD5
in
d
icato
r
,
(
c)
I
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
,
(
d
)
Av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cies.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
h
ar
m
f
u
l
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
em
o
v
al
in
W
W
T
Ps
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
ly
ap
p
lied
b
ased
o
n
a
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
T
S
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
MPC
d
esig
n
.
Mo
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
etr
ics
n
am
ely
C
OD,
B
OD5
an
d
T
S
S
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
wa
s
tewa
ter
q
u
ality
is
en
h
an
ce
d
t
o
r
ea
ch
p
u
r
if
y
in
g
r
ates
o
f
9
1
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
OD
an
d
B
OD5
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
9
2
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
T
SS
in
d
icato
r
,
t
h
u
s
wid
ely
r
esp
ec
tin
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
lim
its
d
ef
i
n
e
d
in
W
W
T
Ps
.
Ma
in
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ac
cu
r
ately
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
p
o
llu
ti
o
n
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
cl
o
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
astn
ess
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
m
o
d
er
atio
n
ar
e
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
p
o
licy
o
f
s
u
c
h
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tn
a
ce
s
r
em
o
v
al.
A
co
m
p
r
en
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
wate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
a
g
ain
s
t
m
ico
p
o
llu
tan
ts
is
elab
o
r
ated
in
w
h
ich
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
an
d
v
e
r
y
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
o
th
er
ty
p
es
o
f
n
o
civ
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
itr
o
g
en
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
u
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
u
ch
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
wate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
2
9
-
6
3
9
638
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
o
th
er
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
waste
wate
r
p
lan
ts
ar
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
W
W
T
P
s
,
i.e
.
v
ar
iab
les
co
u
p
lin
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
,
ar
e
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
els
in
to
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
T
S
f
u
zz
y
f
o
r
m
th
at
r
em
ain
s
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
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