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.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
o
u
t
r
elia
b
le
g
r
id
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
id
ea
l
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
e
r
e
g
r
i
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
s
r
e
a
d
i
l
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
1
5
]
.
Of
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
i
n
r
em
o
te
o
r
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
wh
er
e
g
r
id
ex
te
n
s
io
n
is
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
co
s
ts
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
o
n
-
g
r
id
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
r
em
ain
u
n
clea
r
.
On
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
g
en
er
ally
h
a
v
e
lo
wer
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
th
an
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
State
E
lectr
icity
C
o
m
p
an
y
(
PLN’
s
)
n
et
m
eter
in
g
s
ch
em
e.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
r
ec
en
t
r
eg
u
la
to
r
y
ch
a
n
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
Min
is
ter
ial
R
eg
u
latio
n
No
.
2
o
f
2
0
2
4
(
Per
m
en
E
SDM
No
.
2
/2
0
2
4
)
,
h
av
e
el
im
in
ated
n
et
m
eter
in
g
an
d
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
q
u
o
tas
f
o
r
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
o
lar
in
s
tallat
io
n
s
,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
attr
a
ctiv
en
ess
[
1
9
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
ec
o
n
o
m
i
ca
lly
v
iab
le
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
with
co
s
tly
g
r
i
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
o
f
f
er
a
lo
wer
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
th
a
n
d
iesel
g
en
er
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
in
teg
r
ated
with
h
ig
h
-
v
alu
e
c
r
o
p
c
u
ltiv
atio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
o
w
lo
ca
l
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
d
em
an
d
p
atter
n
s
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
f
e
asib
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia's
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ate
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ab
u
n
d
an
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
b
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
ea
s
o
n
al
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Sh
ad
in
g
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
h
ad
in
g
a
q
u
a
r
ter
,
h
a
l
f
,
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
-
q
u
a
r
t
e
r
s
o
f
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
3
3
.
7
%
,
4
5
.
1
%
,
a
n
d
9
2
.
6
%
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
[
2
2
]
.
S
h
a
d
i
n
g
a
l
s
o
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
p
e
a
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
u
r
v
e
,
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
ch
all
en
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
PLN’
s
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
v
als,
tech
n
ical
c
ap
ac
ity
r
estrictio
n
s
,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
d
elay
s
,
h
a
v
e
cr
ea
ted
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
o
n
-
g
r
id
PV
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
g
r
i
c
u
lt
u
r
e
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
e
e
n
h
o
u
s
e
s
f
l
u
ct
u
a
t
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
i
r
r
ig
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
e
n
t
i
l
at
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
r
e
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
a
w
e
l
l
-
m
at
c
h
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
s
ts
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
c
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
with
au
to
m
ated
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
es
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
d
esp
ite
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
itial
co
s
ts
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es [
2
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
b
a
r
r
ier
s
,
s
u
ch
as lo
ca
l la
n
d
-
u
s
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
s
(
E
I
As),
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
p
r
o
ject
in
Mu
ar
a
E
n
g
g
elam
,
Kalim
a
n
tan
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
m
p
lian
ce
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
ep
l
o
y
in
g
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
u
r
al
I
n
d
o
n
esia [
2
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
co
m
p
ar
in
g
o
n
-
g
r
id
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
lim
ited
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
am
id
co
m
p
lex
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ict
PLN
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
lim
ited
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
an
d
h
ig
h
b
atter
y
c
o
s
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
co
m
p
ar
es
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
e
en
h
o
u
s
e
in
L
e
m
b
an
g
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
co
s
ts
,
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
ch
allen
g
es
u
n
d
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
an
d
tech
n
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
f
o
r
m
ed
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
v
estme
n
ts
,
en
h
an
ce
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
ed
u
ce
f
o
s
s
il f
u
el
r
elian
ce
,
an
d
alig
n
with
I
n
d
o
n
esia’
s
n
atio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
b
jectiv
es
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
a
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
e
g
a
n
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
m
p
r
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n
s
i
v
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
o
es
t
a
b
li
s
h
a
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
r
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l
e
v
a
n
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e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
lo
wch
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
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N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
On
-
g
r
id
vs.
o
ff
-
g
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
ystems
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
es:
a
tech
n
o
-
…
(
A
r
th
u
r
S
im
o
r
a
n
g
kir
)
547
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
e
g
an
with
s
ele
ctin
g
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
in
L
em
b
an
g
,
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
its
s
u
itab
le
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
PV
-
b
ased
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
d
etailed
s
ite
s
u
r
v
ey
to
c
o
llect
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
wea
th
er
p
atter
n
s
,
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
Me
teo
n
o
r
m
8
.
1
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
p
o
wer
s
en
s
o
r
s
wer
e
i
n
s
talled
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e’
s
au
to
m
ated
ir
r
ig
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
v
e
n
tilatio
n
,
a
n
d
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ices.
Nex
t,
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
—
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
in
v
er
ter
s
elec
tio
n
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
ca
b
le
len
g
th
s
—
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
c
o
llected
d
ata
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
tio
n
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
a
u
to
m
ated
ir
r
ig
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
ca
lc
u
lated
p
r
ec
is
ely
.
B
o
t
h
o
n
-
g
r
id
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
th
en
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t
7
.
2
,
ad
ju
s
ted
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
life
cy
cle
c
o
s
t
an
aly
s
is
(
L
C
C
A)
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
al
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
icall
y
v
ia
b
le
PV
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
o
v
e
r
2
5
y
ea
r
s
.
So
m
e
f
o
r
m
u
las
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
e
cid
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
In
(
1
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
c
alcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
c
ap
ac
ity
.
=
(
ℎ
)
(
ℎ
/
²
/
)
(
1
)
So
lar
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
(
W
p
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
els,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
w
att
-
p
ea
k
.
T
h
e
to
tal
d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
(
to
tal
lo
ad
,
i
n
k
W
h
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
'
s
o
r
s
y
s
tem
's
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Glo
b
al
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
(
GHI
,
in
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
)
in
d
icate
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
er
s
q
u
a
r
e
m
eter
p
er
d
a
y
at
a
g
iv
en
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
ize.
I
n
(
2
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
l
ar
p
an
els.
=
(
2
)
T
h
e
to
tal
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
tem
c
ap
ac
ity
(
W
p
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
W
att
-
p
ea
k
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
is
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
W
p
s
o
lar
p
an
el
,
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
wh
ic
h
is
also
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
W
att
-
p
ea
k
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
n
ee
d
ed
,
y
o
u
wo
u
ld
d
iv
id
e
th
e
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
(
W
p
)
b
y
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
(
W
p
s
o
lar
p
an
el
)
.
T
h
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
i
r
es
a
b
atter
y
;
th
e
b
at
ter
y
ca
p
a
city
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
aily
to
tal
l
o
ad
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
(
ℎ
)
=
(
ℎ
)
×
×
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
(
Ah
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
s
ev
e
r
al
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
i
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
(
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
d
ec
im
al
o
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
)
,
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
,
th
e
t
o
tal
d
aily
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
watts
(
W
)
,
an
d
th
e
d
esire
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
d
ay
s
—
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ay
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
o
p
er
ate
with
o
u
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
w
h
ich
is
n
am
ed
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
ay
s
(
AD)
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
alan
ce
s
th
ese
elem
en
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
m
e
et
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
s
:
=
(
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
p
ac
ity
(
SC
C
)
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
am
p
er
es,
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
to
th
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ac
ity
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
(
W
p
)
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
ar
r
ay
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
n
watts,
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
v
o
lts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
SC
C
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els wh
ile
p
r
o
te
ctin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ca
lcu
latio
n
will
co
n
s
id
er
s
ev
er
al
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
,
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
OE
)
,
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
(
R
OI
)
,
t
o
tal
s
av
in
g
s
,
an
d
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
.
=
+
∑
&
(
1
+
)
=
1
+
∑
(
1
+
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
NPC
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
ass
ess
th
e
to
tal
in
v
estme
n
t
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
o
v
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
c
o
s
t
(
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
ex
p
en
s
e
s
in
cu
r
r
ed
f
o
r
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
an
d
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
in
v
er
ter
s
,
b
atter
ies
(
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
)
,
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
5
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I
n
d
o
n
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
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2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
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5
4
5
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5
5
7
548
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
t
(
&
)
,
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
an
n
u
al
ex
p
e
n
s
es r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
e
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
p
an
el
clea
n
in
g
,
in
v
er
ter
r
ep
air
s
,
an
d
m
in
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
s
t
(
)
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
ep
lacin
g
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
a
t
h
av
e
a
s
h
o
r
ter
life
s
p
a
n
th
a
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
b
atter
ies
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
co
u
n
t
r
at
e
(
)
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
co
s
ts
an
d
ty
p
ically
r
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
3
-
1
0
%.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
y
ea
r
with
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
p
er
io
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
wh
en
o
p
er
atio
n
al,
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
,
o
r
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
s
t
s
o
cc
u
r
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
l
if
etim
e
(
)
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
y
ea
r
s
,
d
ef
in
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
to
tal
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
io
d
,
ty
p
ically
2
5
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
5
)
.
=
∑
(
1
+
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
L
C
OE
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
6
)
is
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
m
etr
ic
u
s
ed
to
c
alcu
late
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
p
er
k
ilo
watt
-
h
o
u
r
(
USD/k
W
h
)
o
v
e
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
life
tim
e.
I
t
is
a
k
ey
i
n
d
icato
r
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
n
-
g
r
i
d
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
NP
C
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
,
d
e
n
o
tes
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
p
e
r
y
ea
r
in
k
ilo
watt
-
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
ile
is
th
e
d
is
co
u
n
t
r
ate
ap
p
lied
to
a
d
ju
s
t
f
u
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
v
alu
es
to
p
r
es
en
t
ter
m
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
y
ea
r
with
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
is
th
e
to
tal
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
ty
p
ic
ally
2
5
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
=
×
100%
(
7
)
R
OI
is
a
f
in
a
n
cial
m
etr
ic
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
in
v
estme
n
t
in
a
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
r
etu
r
n
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
i
n
itial
in
v
e
s
tm
en
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
to
tal
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
life
t
im
e.
T
o
tal
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
o
n
ey
s
av
ed
b
y
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
with
t
h
e
PV sy
s
tem
in
s
tead
o
f
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
it f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
=
×
×
(
8)
T
o
tal
I
n
itial
I
n
v
estme
n
t
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
co
s
ts
o
f
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
an
d
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
tem
.
A
h
ig
h
er
R
OI
in
d
icate
s
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
itab
le
in
v
estme
n
t,
with
o
n
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ty
p
icall
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
r
etu
r
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
lo
wer
in
itial
co
s
ts
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
r
ev
e
n
u
e
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
ex
p
o
r
t.
Me
an
wh
ile,
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
m
a
y
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
R
OI
d
u
e
to
a
d
d
it
io
n
al
b
atter
y
c
o
s
ts
b
u
t p
r
o
v
id
e
en
er
g
y
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
7
)
.
=
(
9
)
T
h
e
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
9
)
,
is
a
f
in
an
cial
m
etr
ic
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
an
in
v
estme
n
t
to
r
ec
o
v
er
its
in
itial
co
s
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
cu
m
u
lated
s
av
in
g
s
o
r
r
ev
en
u
e.
A
s
h
o
r
t
er
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
i
o
d
in
d
icate
s
a
f
aster
R
OI
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject
m
o
r
e
f
i
n
an
cially
a
ttra
ctiv
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Sm
ar
t
Gr
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
is
(
6
°4
9
'
1
6
"
S
1
0
7
°4
0
'
3
6
"
E
)
.
T
h
e
to
tal
d
aily
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
2
6
4
0
W
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
will
b
e
ex
p
la
in
ed
in
Sectio
n
3
.
2
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
lo
ad
f
o
r
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
d
if
f
e
r
s
,
as
th
e
f
ar
m
e
r
'
s
h
o
u
s
e
is
f
ac
to
r
e
d
in
t
o
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
h
as a
to
t
al
lo
a
d
o
f
7
.
1
k
W
,
b
ased
o
n
a
n
o
n
-
s
ite
s
u
r
v
ey
.
3
.
1
.
Desig
n a
nd
s
im
ula
t
io
n
o
f
on
-
g
rid
PV
s
y
s
t
em
PVs
y
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
late
th
e
o
n
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
P
Vsy
s
t
is
a
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
in
th
e
s
o
l
ar
en
er
g
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
o
r
d
esig
n
i
n
g
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
8
]
.
PVs
y
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ev
er
al
in
p
u
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tallatio
n
,
th
e
d
aily
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e,
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els,
an
d
an
y
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects
th
at
m
a
y
ca
s
t
s
h
ad
o
ws o
n
th
e
p
an
els.
PVs
y
s
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
al
y
zin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
en
ab
l
es
u
s
er
s
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
e
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as c
lim
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
On
-
g
r
id
vs.
o
ff
-
g
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
ystems
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
es:
a
tech
n
o
-
…
(
A
r
th
u
r
S
im
o
r
a
n
g
kir
)
549
3
.
1
.
1
.
I
s
o
s
ha
din
g
dia
g
ra
m
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
I
s
o
-
s
h
ad
i
n
g
s
d
iag
r
am
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
n
a
m
ely
tilt
an
d
az
im
u
th
an
g
les,
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
ath
with
altitu
d
e
an
d
az
im
u
th
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
en
p
ath
s
in
1
y
ea
r
,
an
d
s
u
n
tim
e
(
0
7
.
0
0
-
1
7
.
0
0
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
T
h
is
is
an
is
o
-
s
h
ad
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
with
a
1
5
°
tilt
an
d
0
°
az
im
u
th
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
4
PM.
T
h
e
is
o
-
s
h
ad
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
a
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
el
o
n
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
o
cc
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
1
1
AM
an
d
1
2
PM.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
ws
7
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
s
u
n
p
ath
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
J
u
n
e
2
2
n
d
(
p
ath
1
)
r
ec
e
iv
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
th
an
Dec
em
b
er
2
2
n
d
(
p
ath
7
)
.
On
J
u
n
e
2
2
nd
,
b
ef
o
r
e
1
0
AM
,
th
e
az
im
u
th
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
°
(
n
o
r
th
ea
s
t)
,
with
th
e
s
u
n
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
ea
s
t
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
n
o
r
t
h
(
th
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
)
.
Fro
m
1
0
AM
to
2
PM,
th
e
s
u
n
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
n
o
r
th
(
az
im
u
th
0
°)
at
a
h
ig
h
e
r
altitu
d
e
th
an
u
s
u
al
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
e'
s
s
u
m
m
er
(
clo
s
er
to
th
e
e
q
u
ato
r
)
.
Fro
m
2
PM
to
6
PM,
th
e
s
u
n
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
s
6
5
°
(
n
o
r
th
wes
t)
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
n
o
r
th
b
ef
o
r
e
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
a
n
el
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
an
g
le
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
b
e
1
5
° f
ac
in
g
n
o
r
th
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
s
o
s
h
ad
in
g
d
iag
r
am
P
Vsy
s
t
3
.
1
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
em
pro
du
ct
io
n
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
iece
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
n
am
ely
th
e
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
p
e
r
y
ea
r
af
t
er
d
ed
u
ctin
g
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es
w
ith
m
o
n
th
ly
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
an
n
u
al
o
p
e
r
atin
g
r
atio
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
Pro
d
u
ctio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
p
ea
k
in
g
i
n
J
u
n
e
an
d
r
ea
ch
in
g
its
lo
west
p
o
in
t
in
J
an
u
ar
y
.
Key
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
is
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
e
s
tr
in
g
lo
s
s
es
(
L
c)
o
f
0
.
5
k
W
h
/k
W
p
/d
ay
,
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es
(
L
s
)
o
f
0
.
1
4
k
W
h
/k
W
p
/d
ay
,
an
d
th
e
n
et
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
ed
to
t
h
e
u
s
er
(
Yf
)
o
f
4
.
5
5
k
W
h
/k
W
p
/d
ay
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sy
s
tem
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
P
Vsy
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
4
5
-
5
5
7
550
3
.
1
.
3
.
B
a
la
nces
a
nd
m
a
in re
s
ults
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
M
eteo
n
o
r
m
8
.
1
s
im
u
latio
n
s
id
en
tifie
d
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
Glo
b
al
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
I
r
r
a
d
iatio
n
(
m
e
asu
r
in
g
to
tal
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
,
Dif
f
u
s
e
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
I
r
r
ad
iatio
n
(
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
ca
tter
ed
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
)
,
a
v
er
ag
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
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r
e,
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b
al
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t
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r
in
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lar
r
ad
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e
s
o
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p
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a
n
d
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al
E
f
f
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tiv
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I
r
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(
m
ea
s
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in
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t
h
e
ef
f
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tiv
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s
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r
ad
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f
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elec
tr
icity
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er
atio
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ac
co
u
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tin
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t
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r
s
lik
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in
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t
an
g
le
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d
o
p
tic
al
lo
s
s
es).
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
k
ey
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ata
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o
r
ca
lcu
latin
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o
n
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r
id
PV
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f
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m
an
ce
.
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h
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clu
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r
ay
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ated
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ally
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ata
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s
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is
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le
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alan
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L
o
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s
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m
Pv
s
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t
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s
lo
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s
d
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r
am
s
im
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latio
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r
e
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al
k
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f
ac
to
r
s
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p
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s
o
lar
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a
n
el
s
y
s
tem
en
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u
tp
u
t.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
s
h
ad
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
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r
r
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n
d
in
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r
ed
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n
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p
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ir
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Fig
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illu
s
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ates l
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Fig
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r
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4
.
L
o
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&
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p
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N:
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-
4
7
5
2
On
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g
r
id
vs.
o
ff
-
g
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
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lta
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s
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fo
r
s
ma
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t g
r
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a
tech
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(
A
r
th
u
r
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im
o
r
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kir
)
551
3
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.
Desig
n a
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lcula
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f
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em
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h
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
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s
e
in
th
is
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tu
d
y
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s
e
h
as
a
v
ar
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aily
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r
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4
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wh
ile
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ab
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1
p
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v
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.
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t
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t
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.
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h
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etailed
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ately
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ased
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ar
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r
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ize
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d
(
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,
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will r
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d
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.
=
(
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3
(
1
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T
ab
le
2
.
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ee
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e
co
m
p
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t u
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d
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t
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s
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n
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itio
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s
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in
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ax
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atter
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I
SS
N
:
2
5
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I
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J
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g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
1
0
.
1
0
y
ea
r
s
to
r
ec
o
v
er
its
in
itial c
o
s
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
i
o
d
o
n
-
g
r
id
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
2
)
a
n
d
(
2
3
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
=
2
,
436
.
09
(
1
,
587
ℎ
×
0
.
15
)
=
10
.
10
(2
2
)
=
1
,
364
.
50
(
2
,
574
ℎ
×
0
.
15
)
=
3
.
54
(2
3
)
3
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
a
s
s
es
s
es
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
o
n
-
g
r
id
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
a
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e.
On
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
icien
cy
d
u
e
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
lo
wer
in
itial
co
s
ts
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
T
ab
le
2
)
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
6
×
4
.
5
m
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
s
p
ac
e
f
av
o
r
s
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
s
in
ce
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
atter
y
s
p
ac
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
cr
o
p
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
m
a
in
tain
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
ts
e
v
er
y
5
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
,
u
n
lik
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
r
esen
ts
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
ac
tical
c
h
allen
g
es
f
o
r
o
n
-
g
r
id
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
Ob
tain
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
co
m
p
an
y
is
a
r
estrictiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
o
n
ly
ac
ce
p
ted
twice
y
ea
r
ly
,
in
J
an
u
ar
y
an
d
J
u
ly
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
len
g
th
y
d
elay
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
co
m
p
an
y
d
ictates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
,
o
f
ten
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
d
esire
d
ca
p
a
city
to
s
ec
u
r
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al.
T
h
es
e
lim
itatio
n
s
s
ev
er
ely
co
n
s
tr
a
in
d
esig
n
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
an
d
h
a
v
e
f
o
r
ce
d
p
r
o
jects to
d
o
wn
s
ize
th
eir
PV sy
s
tem
s
to
m
ee
t r
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
in
itial
co
s
t,
th
ey
o
f
f
er
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
Firstl
y
,
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
e
r
g
y
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
allo
win
g
f
ar
m
e
r
s
to
g
en
er
ate
elec
tr
icity
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
eir
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
b
ject
to
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
p
er
m
itti
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
as
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
ate
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
i
r
e
a
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
t
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
s
ts
will
l
ik
ely
b
e
less
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
th
an
th
ey
ar
e
to
d
ay
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
f
a
r
m
er
s
wh
o
v
alu
e
en
er
g
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
p
er
m
itti
n
g
h
u
r
d
les,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
s
t sav
in
g
s
.
A
life
tim
e
co
s
t
an
aly
s
is
co
m
p
ar
in
g
o
n
-
g
r
id
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
in
an
cial
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
.
Of
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
c
o
s
ts
d
u
e
to
f
r
eq
u
en
t
b
atter
y
r
e
p
la
ce
m
en
ts
ev
er
y
5
–
10
y
ea
r
s
an
d
a
n
n
u
al
PV
p
an
el
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
0
.
5
%,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
L
C
OE
.
On
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
lack
in
g
b
atter
y
ex
p
e
n
s
es,
ty
p
ically
o
f
f
er
lo
wer
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
;
h
o
wev
er
,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
s
u
ch
as
r
em
o
v
in
g
n
et
m
eter
in
g
(
Per
m
en
E
SDM
No
.
2
/2
0
2
4
)
d
im
in
is
h
t
h
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
attr
ac
tiv
e
n
ess
,
p
o
ten
ti
ally
m
ak
in
g
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
f
o
r
ar
ea
s
with
lim
ited
o
r
u
n
r
eliab
le
g
r
id
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
5
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
s
k
ey
f
in
an
cial
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
clar
i
f
y
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Gr
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t u
s
ag
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
tity
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
On
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
st
e
m
Off
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
st
e
m
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
C
o
s
t
(
U
S
D
)
U
S
D
1
,
3
6
4
.
5
0
U
S
D
2
,
4
3
6
.
0
9
O
&M
C
o
s
t
(
U
S
D
/
y
e
a
r
)
U
S
D
1
5
0
U
S
D
2
0
0
LC
O
E
(
U
S
D
/
k
W
h
)
Li
f
e
t
i
me
(
Y
e
a
r
s)
To
t
a
l
N
P
C
(
U
S
D
)
A
n
n
u
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
/
Y
e
a
r
)
S
e
l
f
-
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
R
a
t
i
o
(
S
S
R
,
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
)
G
r
i
d
R
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
R
a
t
i
o
(
G
R
R
,
O
n
-
G
r
i
d
)
P
a
y
b
a
c
k
P
e
r
i
o
d
(
Y
e
a
r
s)
U
S
D
0
.
1
1
25
U
S
D
3
,
9
5
9
.
6
1
2
,
5
7
4
N
/
A
6
0
%
3
.
5
4
U
S
D
0
.
3
7
25
%8
,
2
2
7
.
2
9
1
,
5
8
7
1
0
0
%
N
/
A
1
0
.
1
0
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