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678
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th
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ex
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ile
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m
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tan
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GSM
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ag
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L
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E
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R
an
d
5
G
-
R
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
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.
Fo
r
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
asian
Un
io
n
r
ailway
s
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it
m
ea
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ll
m
ig
r
atio
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r
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m
an
alo
g
H
F
an
d
UHF
r
ad
i
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
FR
MCS
in
m
o
d
er
n
telec
o
m
m
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n
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s
p
r
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ity
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s
p
o
r
t
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tem
s
(
I
T
S)
[
3
]
,
[
4
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.
T
h
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T
DD
-
L
T
E
as
FR
M
C
S
-
r
ea
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y
tech
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ig
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elem
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d
5
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tech
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ay
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ti
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ety
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d
a
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p
ass
en
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a
n
d
co
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p
an
ies
as
u
s
er
s
[
5
]
.
I
n
g
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th
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FR
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tan
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ar
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is
a
m
o
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if
ied
5
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R
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p
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co
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m
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n
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d
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af
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s
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s
[
6
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I
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itio
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t
h
e
FR
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is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
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co
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it
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s
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GS
M
-
R
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
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p
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th
e
FR
MC
S
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
T
r
an
s
-
Sib
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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&
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p
Sci
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-
4
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Ma
ximizi
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Qo
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in
r
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ilw
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a
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etw
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ks:
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M
a
ksim S
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679
wh
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m
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s
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th
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[
8
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[
9
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5G
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tech
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u
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p
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ts
m
a
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en
ts
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k
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g
h
co
m
p
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t
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im
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latio
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s
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s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
s
s
ig
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p
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p
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a
tio
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d
b
it
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o
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r
ate
(
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m
etr
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to
d
eter
m
i
n
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wh
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L
C
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ased
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ca
n
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with
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m
o
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eq
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ir
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ts
.
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h
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f
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d
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ly
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m
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r
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p
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to
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d
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m
en
t.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
W
id
e
in
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o
d
u
ctio
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o
f
tr
u
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k
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u
n
icati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
m
ain
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
s
af
ety
an
d
v
el
o
city
o
n
r
ailway
s
,
is
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
is
p
atch
er
s
,
tr
ain
d
r
iv
er
s
an
d
wo
r
k
e
r
s
,
wh
o
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
r
ailway
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
d
ig
ital
r
eq
u
ests
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
r
em
o
te
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
an
d
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
p
er
ati
o
n
[
1
0
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
i
n
tellig
en
t
tr
ain
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
m
an
n
ed
tr
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
la
ten
cy
,
B
E
R
,
an
d
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
o
p
in
io
n
s
co
r
e
(
MO
S)
f
o
r
au
d
io
an
d
v
id
e
o
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
M
o
d
er
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
allo
w
m
ak
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
a
r
ea
l FR
MCS
s
y
s
tem
[
4
].
T
h
e
L
C
X
is
a
p
o
p
u
la
r
ch
o
ice
wh
en
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
ize
B
E
R
v
alu
es
in
a
r
ea
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
p
licated
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
,
as
it
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
12
]
,
[
13
]
.
I
ts
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
m
o
d
eled
th
e
B
E
R
r
ay
leig
h
f
a
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
el
,
as
t
h
ey
s
im
u
lated
an
d
g
o
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
b
est s
lo
t p
er
io
d
(
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
λ
/2
)
with
th
e
m
in
im
al
B
E
R
v
alu
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
wh
ich
co
n
d
u
cted
th
eir
o
wn
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
tu
n
n
els in
d
if
f
er
en
t te
r
r
ain
[
1
4
]
,
[
15
].
T
h
e
r
e
is
n
o
s
im
p
le
eq
u
atio
n
to
m
o
d
el
s
ig
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
d
is
tan
c
e,
ter
r
ain
,
b
u
ild
in
g
s
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ater
ia
ls
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
b
en
e
f
its
th
an
r
ea
l
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
test
in
g
th
e
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
r
ea
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
r
ad
io
c
o
v
er
ag
e
a
n
aly
s
is
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ev
al
u
ate
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
f
o
r
5
G
a
n
d
L
T
E
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
also
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
i
n
s
id
e
ar
tif
icial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es in
3
D
-
s
p
ac
e
[
1
7
].
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
,
0
0
0
ar
tific
ial
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
o
b
je
cts in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
As
ian
p
ar
t o
f
T
r
an
s
-
Sib
er
ian
R
ailway
,
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
m
ay
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
r
ailway
r
ad
i
o
lin
k
[
1
8
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
ar
tific
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
is
r
ailway
b
r
i
d
g
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
alo
n
g
th
e
r
ailway
s
.
Fo
r
T
r
an
s
-
Sib
er
ian
R
ailway
th
e
m
ain
d
i
f
f
icu
ltie
s
in
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
c
o
v
er
ag
e
ar
e
t
h
e
ter
r
ai
n
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
o
b
jects o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
’
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
9
].
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
allo
ws
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
at
an
ex
ten
s
io
n
a
n
ten
n
a
is
u
s
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
ca
b
le
’
s
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fo
r
r
a
ilway
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
is
is
e
s
p
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
as
it
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
b
o
th
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
a
n
an
ten
n
a
c
o
v
er
ag
e,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ev
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
a
r
ea
o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
lo
n
g
ley
-
r
ice
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
was
u
s
ed
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
t
er
r
ain
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
s
in
ce
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
MA
T
L
AB
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
r
ar
ea
s
with
o
u
t
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
lo
n
g
-
r
an
g
e
an
d
clo
s
e
-
in
r
eg
i
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
an
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
p
o
in
t
.
T
h
is
allo
w
s
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ates
f
r
o
m
a
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
to
a
C
ar
tesi
an
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
tem
b
e
au
to
m
atize
d
i
n
co
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
also
en
ab
le
s
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
ev
alu
atio
n
d
iag
r
am
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
m
o
d
el
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
t
er
ex
p
er
im
en
t
g
iv
e
th
e
esti
m
ates
o
f
s
u
c
h
Qo
S p
ar
am
eter
s
as B
E
R
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
−
m
o
d
elin
g
tr
a
n
s
ce
iv
er
an
d
r
ec
e
iv
er
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
;
−
ad
d
in
g
n
o
is
e
an
d
jitt
er
;
−
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ig
n
als;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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5
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2
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4
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I
n
d
o
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J
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&
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Sci
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Vo
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40
,
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2
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em
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er
20
25
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6
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6
680
−
esti
m
atin
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B
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R
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T
h
e
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p
o
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m
eth
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en
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en
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p
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R
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ir
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en
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lar
g
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
elem
e
n
ts
lik
e
b
r
id
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
L
C
X
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sig
n
al
p
o
wer
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
d
iag
r
am
4.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
O
F
CO
M
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UT
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R
SI
M
U
L
AT
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h
e
Pacif
ic
r
eg
io
n
o
f
R
u
s
s
ia
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
h
ig
h
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
ca
r
g
o
a
n
d
p
ass
e
n
g
er
tr
ain
m
o
v
em
en
t,
wh
ich
im
p
lies
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
r
ailway
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
it
h
in
a
s
im
u
lated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
b
r
id
g
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
a
s
a
ty
p
ical
tr
u
s
s
d
esig
n
:
with
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
7
6
m
eter
s
,
h
eig
h
t
o
f
1
1
.
4
m
eter
s
,
an
d
wi
d
th
o
f
7
.
1
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
it
y
o
f
s
u
ch
b
r
id
g
es
is
m
ad
e
o
f
m
etal
an
d
is
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
v
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icle
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
eith
er
o
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
o
r
lo
w
er
lev
el.
T
h
e
L
T
E
-
lik
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
u
s
ed
with
in
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
R
a
ilway
s
,
i.e
.
,
lo
n
g
ter
m
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
u
s
u
all
y
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
with
tim
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
i
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
o
f
1
,
7
8
5
-
1
,
8
0
5
MH
z
[
20
]
.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
Hu
awe
i
C
o
m
p
an
y
an
d
d
eliv
er
ed
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
Hu
awe
i
’
s
s
m
a
r
t
r
ailway
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
d
r
iv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
Dig
italizatio
n
[
21
].
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
d
e
v
o
ted
t
o
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
:
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
an
d
L
C
X
in
teg
r
ated
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
alo
n
g
t
h
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
an
d
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
an
te
n
n
ae
o
n
ly
.
I
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
Hu
aw
ei
AQU4
5
1
8
R
2
4
d
ir
ec
ted
an
t
en
n
a
was
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
a
r
a
d
io
s
y
s
tem
an
ten
n
a,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
in
r
ailwa
y
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
L
T
E
-
R
an
d
FR
MC
S
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
in
s
talled
at
th
e
n
ea
r
est
r
ailway
s
ta
tio
n
Uk
u
r
ei
at
th
e
1
0
m
m
ast
[2
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
R
a
d
i
o
s
y
st
e
m
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
–
1
0
m
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
su
r
f
a
c
e
Tx
p
o
w
e
r
–
1
0
W
Tr
a
i
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
L
C
X
s
y
st
e
m
–
5
m
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
c
k
R
x
se
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
−
-
1
1
3
d
B
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
–
1
,
8
0
0
M
H
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Ma
ximizi
n
g
Qo
S
in
r
a
ilw
a
y
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks:
lea
ky
ca
b
le
a
n
d
r
a
y
-
tr
a
cin
g
fo
r
o
p
tima
l
…
(
M
a
ksim S
id
o
r
o
vich
)
681
As
it
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
,
th
e
len
g
th
b
etwe
en
th
e
L
C
X
s
lo
ts
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
h
alf
o
f
th
e
w
av
elen
g
th
.
Fo
r
th
e
FR
MCS
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
alo
n
g
th
e
T
r
an
s
-
Sib
er
ian
R
ailway
,
it
is
eq
u
al
to
8
.
5
·
1
0
-
2
m
.
Fro
m
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
en
d
o
r
s
,
An
tex
,
L
L
C
,
a
n
an
t
en
n
a
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
t
o
f
t
h
e
L
C
X
was
d
ig
itized
b
y
an
ten
n
a
d
iag
r
am
e
d
ito
r
in
[
23
]
,
a
nd
it is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
a
lo
t o
f
r
esear
ch
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
tu
n
n
els
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
L
C
X,
as
in
GB
S
B
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
MI
M
O
ch
an
n
el
u
s
in
g
L
C
X
s
in
tu
n
n
el
f
r
o
m
Sh
an
g
h
ai
Un
iv
er
s
ity
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
u
b
way
an
d
r
ailr
o
ad
tu
n
n
els
in
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ted
MI
MO
,
g
eo
m
etr
ically
b
ased
s
in
g
le
-
b
o
u
n
ce
(
GB
SB
)
f
o
r
L
T
E
-
R
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
L
C
X
-
MI
MO
an
d
d
ip
o
le
MI
MO
in
R
icea
n
co
v
er
ag
e
m
o
d
el.
Usi
n
g
MA
T
L
AB
’
s
an
ten
n
ae
ar
r
ay
t
o
o
lb
o
x
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
L
C
X
as
a
Un
if
o
r
m
L
in
ea
r
Ar
r
a
y
(
UL
A)
,
as
a
ty
p
e
o
f
a
n
ten
n
ae
a
r
r
ay
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
,
wh
e
r
e
id
en
tical
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
ts
ar
e
ev
en
ly
s
p
ac
ed
alo
n
g
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
lin
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
lo
ts
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
UL
A
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
an
an
a
ly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
was o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ad
i
atio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
with
ten
co
m
b
in
e
d
s
lo
ts
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
t o
f
th
e
L
C
X
[
24
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
as a
UL
A
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
ten
L
C
X
s
lo
ts
co
m
b
in
ed
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
s
y
s
tem
,
also
th
e
lo
n
g
ley
-
r
ice
m
o
d
elin
g
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
ley
-
r
ice
m
o
d
el
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
b
e
ap
p
lie
d
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
ca
s
e
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
u
n
e
v
en
ter
r
ain
.
I
t
allo
ws
esti
m
atin
g
lo
s
s
es
o
f
p
o
wer
alo
n
g
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
an
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
a
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
h
eig
h
t
o
f
an
ten
n
ae
,
b
u
ild
in
g
s
an
d
r
o
u
g
h
ter
r
ain
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
p
o
w
er
,
r
eg
is
ter
ed
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
[
27
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
e
q
u
ati
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
i
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
+
+
+
,
(
1)
wh
er
e
L
fs
–
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
lo
s
s
es,
L
d
-
th
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
lo
s
s
es,
L
tr
–
th
e
tr
o
p
o
s
p
h
er
ic
l
o
s
s
es,
L
ol
–
th
e
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
o
th
er
ca
u
s
es.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
i
s
b
ased
o
n
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
an
d
it
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
’
co
v
er
ag
e
[
27
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
7
8
-
68
6
682
Fu
r
th
er
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
ay
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
n
on
-
lig
h
t
o
f
s
ig
h
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
elem
en
ts
(
alm
o
s
t
all
o
f
th
e
r
ailway
b
r
id
g
es
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
m
etal)
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ay
tr
ac
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
,
wo
r
k
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
in
cid
e
n
t
an
d
r
ef
lecte
d
r
a
y
s
(
SB
R
)
,
wh
i
ch
allo
ws
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
with
a
g
eo
m
etr
ic
r
a
n
g
e
[
29
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
allo
w
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
u
r
th
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
,
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
C
X
s
y
s
tem
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
ar
tific
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
b
r
id
g
es,
o
v
er
p
ass
es a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
in
g
o
f
r
ailr
o
ad
tr
ac
k
s
an
d
p
ip
el
in
es.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
ch
an
n
el
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
L
T
E
-
R
/F
R
MC
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
an
n
el
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ax
im
ize
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
th
e
FR
MC
S
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
m
o
d
el
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
u
s
in
g
lo
w
d
e
n
s
ity
p
ar
ity
ch
ec
k
(
L
DPC
)
an
d
d
ig
ital
k
e
y
in
g
as
QAM
.
T
h
e
L
DPC
i
s
a
cla
s
s
o
f
b
lo
ck
-
co
d
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
is
tak
es
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
p
a
r
ity
ch
ec
k
.
T
h
e
L
DPC
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
:
−
A
co
d
e
wo
r
d
,
c
=
[
c
1
, c
2
,
…,
c
n
]
,
wh
er
e
n
is
th
e
co
d
e
wo
r
d
le
n
g
th
;
−
A
n
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
wo
r
d
,
u
=
[
u
1
, u
2
,
…,
u
k
]
,
w
h
er
e
k
is
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
r
d
len
g
th
,
k
<n
;
−
A
co
n
tr
o
l m
atr
i
x
H
with
th
e
s
ize
o
f
m
×n
,
wh
er
e
m
=n
−k
,
an
d
it satis
f
ies th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
⋅
=
0
,
(
2
)
−
W
h
er
e
c
T
is
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
s
ed
v
ec
to
r
o
f
th
e
c
o
d
e
wo
r
d
.
T
h
e
c
o
d
e
wo
r
d
c
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
g
en
er
atin
g
m
atr
ix
G
th
at
is
r
elate
d
with
m
atr
ix
H
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
es th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
=
⋅
.
(
3
)
T
h
e
d
ec
o
d
in
g
o
f
L
DPC
-
co
d
es is
m
ad
e
b
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
a
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
s
y
s
tem
an
d
b
y
ev
al
u
atin
g
th
e
m
atr
ix
H.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
k
e
y
in
g
in
th
e
FR
MCS
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
s
in
g
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ch
an
n
el
d
i
v
id
in
g
(
OFDM)
with
2
5
6
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
OFDM
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
ag
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
eso
u
r
ce
[
3
1
]
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
elin
g
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
b
o
th
an
ten
n
a
an
d
L
C
X
co
v
er
ag
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w,
alo
n
g
with
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
ley
-
r
ice
co
v
er
ag
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
o
d
el
wo
r
k
s
to
th
e
n
ea
r
est p
o
in
t o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
e,
as it is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
co
v
er
ag
e
m
o
d
elin
g
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
ley
-
r
ice
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
T
h
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
p
ar
am
et
er
s
wer
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
m
o
d
el.
At
th
is
s
tep
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ates
wer
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
th
e
C
ar
tes
ian
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
L
C
X
an
ten
n
a
d
iag
r
am
was
u
s
ed
,
wh
ich
was
o
b
tain
e
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
b
r
i
d
g
e
p
r
esen
ted
at
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
alo
n
g
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
with
o
u
t
L
C
X.
Her
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
alo
n
g
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
elem
en
ts
an
d
th
e
r
ay
s
,
r
ef
le
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
et
al
p
ar
ts
,
ca
n
b
e
v
is
u
alize
d
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
with
th
e
L
C
X
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
d
ep
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
t
h
e
latter
ca
s
e
s
h
o
w
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it th
e
s
ig
n
al
in
s
id
e
a
b
r
id
g
e
b
etter
.
T
h
e
r
ay
r
e
f
lectio
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
ca
s
e
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Ma
ximizi
n
g
Qo
S
in
r
a
ilw
a
y
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks:
lea
ky
ca
b
le
a
n
d
r
a
y
-
tr
a
cin
g
fo
r
o
p
tima
l
…
(
M
a
ksim S
id
o
r
o
vich
)
683
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
r
ay
tr
ac
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
(
a)
with
in
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
wi
th
o
u
t L
C
X
an
d
(
b
)
with
MA
T
L
AB
’
s
L
C
X
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
Af
ter
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
d
QAM
-
6
4
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
d
iag
r
am
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
W
h
en
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
at
io
n
with
o
u
t
L
C
X,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
,
th
ey
h
a
v
e
wid
e
r
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
cr
ea
s
e
B
E
R
v
al
u
es.
C
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
ely
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
lo
wer
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
with
th
e
L
C
X
u
s
ag
e
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
a
d
iu
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
p
r
ea
d
in
QI
-
d
iag
r
am
is
s
m
aller
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
c
o
r
r
ec
t d
ata
r
ec
ep
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
e
r
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sig
n
al
-
co
d
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
s
o
f
k
ey
i
n
g
QAM
-
6
4
: (
a)
with
o
u
t L
C
X
an
d
(
b
)
with
L
C
X
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
L
DPC
co
d
ew
o
r
d
s
p
er
f
r
am
e
an
d
5
0
OFDM
s
y
m
b
o
ls
p
er
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
B
E
R
v
alu
e
esti
m
atio
n
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
r
ailway
b
r
i
d
g
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
B
E
R
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
t
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
ac
t,
th
at
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
with
p
ass
iv
e
an
ten
n
a
in
c
r
ea
s
es
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
B
E
R
f
o
r
QAM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
al
in
c
h
allen
g
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
licated
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
ian
ce
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
L
C
X
ca
b
les
s
h
o
ws
its
ef
f
icien
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
B
E
R
v
alu
es
’
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
m
ay
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
al
o
n
g
th
e
s
im
ilar
o
b
jects
lik
e
b
r
id
g
es
an
d
tu
n
n
els,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
FR
MCS
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
u
s
ed
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
r
estrictio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
av
alia
b
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
r
ad
i
o
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
40
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
25
:
6
7
8
-
68
6
684
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
B
E
R
f
o
r
QAM
-
64
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
S
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
L
C
X
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
a
r
tific
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
b
r
id
g
es
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
a
n
aly
s
is
to
o
l
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
s
ig
n
al
co
v
e
r
ag
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
ailway
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
alo
n
g
a
r
ea
s
with
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ar
tific
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
v
ali
d
atio
n
o
f
L
C
X
-
b
ased
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
f
ield
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ep
licate
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
a
ctica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
Qo
S
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
r
ad
i
o
n
etwo
r
k
s
alo
n
g
b
r
id
g
es
p
r
io
r
to
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
e
n
ab
lin
g
b
etter
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
r
ea
l
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
L
C
X
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
m
ak
e
th
e
FR
MC
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tab
le,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ter
r
ain
s
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ty
p
es,
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
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RE
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NC
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[
1
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I
.
P
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S
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m
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,
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ETSI
,
"
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E.
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A
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E.
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S
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