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I
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20
25
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8
3
I
SS
N:
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DOI
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v
15
i
6
.
pp
5
4
6
6
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3
5466
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ts,
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ATLAB
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a
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istan
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n
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rid
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ll
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s
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ey
w
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d
s
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t c
o
lo
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p
tim
izatio
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Hy
b
r
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Mo
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Mo
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CC B
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Dep
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Min
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Kab
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2
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
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k
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MA
NE
T
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m
s
[
1
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MA
NE
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ch
a
r
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co
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ty
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f
r
a
m
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[
1
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.
Nu
m
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s
ch
allen
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d
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b
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tacle
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co
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ter
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p
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les
in
th
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co
m
m
u
n
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p
r
o
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s
[
2
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.
Desig
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s
y
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te
m
s
to
f
ac
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m
m
u
n
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with
in
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m
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if
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lt
with
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t
a
th
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n
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s
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ticip
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f
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allen
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R
o
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s
tan
d
s
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t
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f
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n
d
am
e
n
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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A
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Ha
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5467
r
esp
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s
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with
in
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Giv
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ar
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Dif
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ates
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ti
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r
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h
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t
r
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o
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is
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d
y
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ith
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g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
an
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
An
t
co
lo
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
A
C
O)
,
a
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
(
SI)
tech
n
iq
u
e,
d
r
aws
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
at
u
r
al
f
o
r
ag
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
r
ea
l
an
ts
as
th
ey
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
in
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
f
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
a
n
t
m
a
k
es
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
its
n
e
x
t
m
o
v
e
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
p
h
er
o
m
o
n
e
s
p
r
esen
t
alo
n
g
th
e
p
ath
lead
in
g
to
th
e
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
at
h
s
clo
s
ely
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
to
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
o
tab
le
s
u
r
g
e
in
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
m
m
u
n
ity
'
s
in
ter
est
in
AC
O
r
ec
en
tly
.
Giv
en
its
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
AC
O
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ap
p
lied
in
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
in
ass
ig
n
m
en
t a
n
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
tas
k
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
a.
A
h
y
b
r
id
AC
O
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
to
th
e
class
o
f
SI
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
R
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
o
th
e
r
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
AODV
,
ANT
MA
NT
,
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
d
d
is
tan
ce
(
DSDV)
[
2
]
.
b.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
MA
NE
T
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
I
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
es
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
r
eso
lv
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
is
s
u
es
th
at
ar
is
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
with
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
c.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
two
em
b
ed
d
e
d
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
in
itial
m
et
h
o
d
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
“
L
o
ca
l
Z
o
n
e
”
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
“
No
r
th
Neig
h
b
o
r
”
tab
le.
L
ev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
n
s
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
m
in
im
ize
n
etwo
r
k
o
v
er
h
ea
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tep
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
s
ize.
d.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
q
u
ick
er
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
with
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
s
elec
t th
e
p
ath
th
at
h
as a
b
an
d
wid
th
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
e.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
ess
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
it
with
th
e
AC
O
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
s
ev
er
al
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
AODV
,
DSR
,
an
d
DSDV
[
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ANT
MA
NE
T
,
HM
QAn
t
is
an
o
th
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
ticle
is
o
r
g
an
iz
ed
as:
s
ec
tio
n
2
b
r
ief
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
es
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
.
Sectio
n
3
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
m
ain
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
I
n
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
s
)
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
r
ed
ir
ec
t
d
ata
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
e
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
d
eq
u
a
te
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
C
u
s
to
m
r
o
u
tin
g
is
class
if
ied
as p
r
o
ac
ti
v
e,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
a
n
d
m
i
x
ed
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
5
]
.
Acc
ep
ted
an
d
u
p
d
ate
d
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
ar
e
k
ep
t
in
th
e
s
er
ial
r
o
u
ti
n
g
o
f
all
n
o
d
es
with
in
th
e
s
er
ial
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
n
o
d
es,
u
n
lik
e
o
n
-
d
e
m
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
wh
e
r
e
p
ath
s
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
o
n
ly
wh
e
n
r
eq
u
ested
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e.
Occ
asio
n
ally
,
a
n
o
d
e
lo
o
k
s
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
o
b
tain
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ata.
T
h
es
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
cu
r
a
f
ix
ed
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
c
o
s
t,
as
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
r
el
y
o
n
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
a
f
f
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
o
p
er
ate
with
in
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it.
T
h
is
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tic
is
ty
p
ical
o
f
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
s
u
ch
as
g
l
o
b
al
s
tate
r
o
u
tin
g
(
GSR
)
,
o
p
tim
ized
lin
k
s
tate
r
o
u
tin
g
(
OL
SR
)
,
an
d
DSDV
[
3
]
.
OL
SR
[
6
]
is
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
u
r
e
lin
k
s
tatu
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
u
s
es
th
e
m
u
lti
-
p
o
in
t
r
el
ay
th
eo
r
y
(
MPR
)
to
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
af
f
ic,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
th
e
en
tire
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
MPR
g
r
o
u
p
is
s
elec
ted
to
co
v
er
all
n
o
d
es
lo
ca
te
d
two
s
tep
s
awa
y
.
OL
SR
wo
r
k
s
with
p
er
io
d
ic
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
ess
ag
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ello
m
ess
ag
es
an
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
T
C
)
o
n
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
MPR
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
OL
SR
u
s
es
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
ar
e
th
e
welc
o
m
e
b
r
ea
k
p
ar
am
eter
,
th
e
T
C
b
r
ea
k
p
ar
am
eter
,
th
e
MPR
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
ar
am
eter
,
a
n
d
th
e
T
C
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
p
a
r
am
eter
.
I
n
GSR
[
7
]
,
a
n
o
d
e
k
ee
p
s
a
r
e
co
r
d
o
f
lin
k
s
tatu
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ich
is
r
eg
u
lar
ly
u
p
d
ated
u
s
in
g
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
Per
io
d
ically
,
a
n
o
d
e
s
h
ar
es
its
lin
k
s
tatu
s
o
n
ly
with
its
im
m
ed
iate
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
elec
tiv
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
ag
es
cir
cu
latin
g
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
6
6
-
5
4
8
3
5468
n
etwo
r
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
p
d
ate
m
ess
ag
es
th
em
s
elv
es
ar
e
r
ela
tiv
ely
lar
g
e,
an
d
t
h
eir
s
ize
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
as th
e
n
etwo
r
k
e
x
p
an
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
DSDV
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
8
]
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
m
ain
tain
s
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
r
o
u
tin
g
f
o
r
all
k
n
o
wn
d
e
s
tin
atio
n
s
.
R
o
u
tin
g
d
ata
is
u
p
d
ated
f
r
o
m
tim
e
to
tim
e.
E
ac
h
MA
NE
T
n
o
d
e
m
ai
n
tain
s
a
tab
le
th
at
c
o
n
tain
s
d
ata
o
n
all
ex
is
tin
g
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
,
th
e
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e
t
o
r
ea
c
h
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
th
e
b
u
lk
o
f
h
o
p
s
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
.
Fro
m
tim
e
to
tim
e,
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
th
is
tab
le
to
all
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
ad
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
l
o
ad
.
E
ac
h
en
tr
y
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
is
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
an
o
r
d
er
n
u
m
b
er
ass
ig
n
ed
b
y
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e.
Seq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
s
allo
w
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
o
ld
r
o
u
tes
f
r
o
m
n
ew
o
n
es,
th
e
r
eb
y
av
o
id
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
lo
o
p
s
.
Var
g
h
ee
s
e
et
a
l.
[
2
]
p
r
esen
t
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
in
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
(
MH
R
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
MH
R
in
v
o
lv
es
t
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
elay
n
o
d
es
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
ac
r
o
s
s
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
with
in
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
MH
R
ca
n
lead
to
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
v
er
s
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
in
t
h
e
M
ANE
T
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
io
r
ity
d
y
n
am
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
(
PB
DR
)
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
MH
R
in
d
y
n
am
ic
MA
NE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
y
m
itig
atin
g
n
o
d
e
lin
k
f
ailu
r
es
(
NL
F)
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
r
ee
m
a
in
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
PB
DR
p
r
o
to
co
l,
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
in
s
im
u
lated
MA
NE
T
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
d
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o
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tr
ated
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h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
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s
s
o
f
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im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
NL
F
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
e
x
is
tin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
Ov
er
all,
PB
D
R
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
ef
f
icien
t m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
in
MA
NE
T
s
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
em
p
o
r
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y
o
r
d
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d
r
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tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
T
OR
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is
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
9
]
.
I
t
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
ts
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
te,
m
an
ag
es
ch
an
n
els,
elim
in
ates
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
ath
s
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
es
r
o
u
tes.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
it
lack
s
s
u
p
p
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m
u
lticast
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o
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th
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o
th
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d
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o
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k
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s
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is
s
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m
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im
al
d
elay
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wev
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it
n
ec
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s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
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en
t
r
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u
te
tab
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p
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ate
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d
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ten
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p
r
o
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s
in
g
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p
o
ten
tially
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in
g
to
d
eg
r
ad
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
p
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f
o
r
m
an
c
e
as
it
s
ca
les.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
D
SR
s
wif
tly
r
esto
r
es
lo
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t
o
r
b
r
o
k
en
p
ath
s
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u
tili
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s
m
u
ltip
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o
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tin
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,
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d
co
n
s
er
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es
en
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y
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eless
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ta
k
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tify
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r
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r
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to
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n
d
d
elay
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DSDV
f
u
r
n
is
h
es
r
ea
d
ily
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ailab
le
r
o
u
tes
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
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d
e
s
tin
atio
n
,
r
ed
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cin
g
p
ath
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tim
e
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d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
m
in
im
izi
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g
d
ela
y
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
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a
co
m
p
a
r
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o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
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ased
r
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tin
g
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d
AI
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eth
o
d
s
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ar
ticu
la
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r
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in
f
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e
n
t
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in
g
(
R
L
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d
d
ee
p
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in
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(
DQL
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,
as sh
o
wn
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1
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1
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ased
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F
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ET
3.
P
RO
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3
.
1
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Appl
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ba
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t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
ro
uting
a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
f
o
r
M
ANET
s
A
v
ec
t
o
r
o
f
,
,
an
d
is
u
s
ed
t
o
d
e
f
i
n
e
th
e
p
o
s
iti
o
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
a
MA
N
E
T
n
o
d
e
,
wi
th
,
an
d
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
in
g
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
tes
in
t
h
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
a
l
s
p
a
ce
a
n
d
r
ep
r
es
en
ti
n
g
ti
m
e
AC
O
is
u
s
e
d
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
c
h
to
r
e
d
u
ce
n
e
two
r
k
o
v
e
r
h
e
ad
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
d
ela
y
s
r
es
u
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
co
n
s
t
a
n
tl
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
t
o
p
o
lo
g
i
es
i
n
MA
N
E
T
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
z
o
n
e
lo
ca
t
io
n
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
b
a
n
d
wid
th
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e,
c
r
e
ati
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
m
et
r
i
cs
an
d
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
o
p
tim
al
p
ath
s
t
o
d
est
in
ati
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
o
u
t
in
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
h
ase
,
r
e
p
o
r
ti
n
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
n
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
ev
en
t
o
f
a
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
ch
a
n
g
e
in
M
ANE
T
.
Ad
d
i
t
io
n
al
ly
,
a
p
r
o
a
cti
v
e
p
h
ase
f
a
cili
tat
es
r
ap
id
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
is
s
em
in
ates
u
p
d
a
ted
r
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
n
o
d
es.
3
.
3
.
Rea
c
t
iv
e
ph
a
s
e
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
th
r
ee
s
t
ag
es
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
h
ase
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
ta
g
e
is
th
e
i
n
it
ial
s
ta
g
e
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
t
h
e
p
at
h
-
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ta
g
e,
a
n
d
th
e
t
h
i
r
d
is
th
e
p
at
h
-
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
e
i
n
i
tia
l
s
ta
g
e
b
e
g
i
n
s
wh
e
n
all
o
r
a
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
'
s
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
j
u
s
t
b
e
en
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
,
wh
ic
h
is
cl
o
s
e
t
o
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
'
s
li
f
ec
y
cle
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
s
t
ar
t
wi
th
b
u
i
ld
in
g
th
ei
r
o
w
n
lo
ca
l
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
t
h
is
s
t
ag
e
b
y
c
r
e
ati
n
g
a
d
is
ti
n
c
ti
v
e
n
o
d
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
.
E
a
ch
n
o
d
e
m
a
in
tai
n
s
o
n
e
v
e
ct
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
r
ee
ta
b
l
es.
a.
Statis
tic
al
v
e
ct
o
r
:
it
is
a
o
n
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
al
v
ec
t
o
r
t
h
at
c
o
n
ta
in
s
th
e
i
n
it
ial
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
L
o
c
al
z
o
n
e
p
h
e
r
o
m
o
n
es
as
wel
l
as t
h
e
f
i
x
e
d
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
AC
O
p
r
o
b
ab
ili
t
y
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
,
.
b.
Geo
ta
b
l
e
(
GE
O)
:
a
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
t
ab
le
is
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
te
d
i
n
t
o
th
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
-
g
e
n
e
r
ate
d
t
a
b
les
.
Or
g
a
n
i
ze
d
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es'
r
e
co
r
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
,
t
h
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
G
e
o
t
a
b
l
e
e
n
co
m
p
ass
t
h
e
n
o
d
e'
s
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
at
es
an
d
g
eo
-
l
if
eti
m
e
(
NNT
)
.
c.
No
r
t
h
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
ta
b
l
e
(
N
NT
)
:
T
h
e
t
a
b
le
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
e
d
b
y
n
o
d
e
(
i
)
is
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
as
a
o
n
e
-
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
a
l
v
e
ct
o
r
,
wh
e
r
e
ea
c
h
e
n
t
r
y
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
to
o
n
e
o
f
(
i
)
’
s
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
l
o
c
ate
d
t
o
its
n
o
r
t
h
.
E
ac
h
en
t
r
y
in
i
’
s
NN
T
in
c
lu
d
es
a
ti
m
est
am
p
t
h
a
t
r
e
l
ates
t
o
t
h
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
(
j
)
.
T
h
is
tim
esta
m
p
r
e
f
le
cts
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
e
n
t
ti
m
e
at
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
e
i
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
a
s
ig
n
al
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
j
.
d.
Ph
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
t
ab
le
(
PH
T
)
:
a
tw
o
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
at
r
i
x
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
i
n
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
is
m
a
tr
i
x
'
s
e
n
t
r
y
is
.
No
d
at
a
p
a
c
k
ets
a
r
e
tr
an
s
m
it
t
ed
b
et
wee
n
n
o
d
es
at
t
h
is
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e
o
f
n
e
tw
o
r
k
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
T
h
e
y
s
im
p
l
y
g
at
h
er
n
etw
o
r
k
d
a
ta
to
e
x
p
an
d
t
h
e
ir
n
o
d
e
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
ck
ets
is
h
o
w
n
o
d
es
b
u
il
d
th
e
ir
r
o
u
t
in
g
ta
b
l
es.
T
h
r
e
e
m
a
in
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
a
ck
ets
h
av
e
b
e
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
:
f
o
r
wa
r
d
-
a
n
ts
(
FA
NT
)
,
b
ac
k
w
a
r
d
-
A
n
ts
,
an
d
ANT
-
HE
L
L
O
p
a
c
k
ets
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
S
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
c
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
w
h
e
n
a
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
wa
n
ts
to
s
en
d
a
d
at
a
p
ac
k
et
t
o
a
d
est
in
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e
b
u
t
l
ac
k
s
v
a
li
d
r
o
u
t
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
i
n
its
NNT
a
n
d
P
HT
.
T
o
i
n
i
tia
te
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
g
e
n
e
r
ates
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
a
n
t
(
FAN
T
)
a
n
d
i
n
je
cts
it
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
F
ANT
’
s
m
a
in
r
o
le
is
to
s
e
ar
c
h
f
o
r
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
p
at
h
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
d
esti
n
at
io
n
w
h
il
e
s
im
u
l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
u
p
d
a
tin
g
t
h
e
p
h
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
tr
a
ils
o
n
t
h
e
v
is
i
te
d
r
o
u
t
es.
A
f
te
r
i
d
en
tif
y
i
n
g
v
i
ab
le
r
o
u
t
es,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
o
n
e
is
s
e
l
ec
t
ed
a
n
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
el
p
s
m
in
im
i
ze
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ess
ag
e
o
v
er
h
e
a
d
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
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8
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8
I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
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5470
5G
-
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ab
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MA
NE
T
s
m
ar
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a
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t
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tep
f
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war
d
in
th
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ev
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x
t
-
g
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r
atio
n
wir
eless
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h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
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On
e
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
o
u
t
f
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tu
r
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o
f
5
G
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
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ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
ea
v
y
tr
a
f
f
ic
v
o
lu
m
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ile
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g
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ict
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ar
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u
ch
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ates,
r
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en
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-
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n
d
laten
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,
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o
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S
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er
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,
in
teg
r
atin
g
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G
with
MA
NE
T
s
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
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T
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r
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th
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r
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r
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o
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-
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ased
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h
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eth
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r
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ates
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e
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ter
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o
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s
r
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tes.
W
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r
o
g
r
am
u
tili
ze
d
is
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
1
8
B
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
a
r
e
b
ased
o
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
1
0
0
n
o
d
es
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
lo
ca
ted
with
in
a
1
5
0
0
m
2
a
r
ea
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
will
b
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al,
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
h
ig
h
n
etwo
r
k
lo
ad
s
u
s
in
g
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
e
way
to
d
o
th
is
is
to
c
h
an
g
e
h
o
w
m
an
y
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
p
e
r
s
e
co
n
d
to
4
,
8
,
o
r
1
2
C
B
R
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
tw
o
cr
u
cial
v
ar
iab
les:
n
o
d
e
s
p
ee
d
(
5
,
1
0
,
1
5
,
2
5
,
5
0
)
m
/s
an
d
p
au
s
e
tim
es
(
5
,
1
0
,
1
5
s
)
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
NS
-
3
,
w
h
ich
allo
ws
f
in
e
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
wir
eless
PHY/MA
C
lay
er
s
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
els.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
r
esu
lts
in
NS
-
3
(
5
0
n
o
d
es,
r
a
n
d
o
m
way
p
o
i
n
t)
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
s
im
ilar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
en
d
s
,
with
ad
d
ed
r
ea
lis
m
in
p
ac
k
et
co
llis
io
n
s
an
d
lin
k
-
lay
e
r
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
a
b
le
3.
M
o
b
ili
ty
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
l
ev
els
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
S
p
e
e
d
(
m
/
s)
5,
1
0
,
1
5
,
2
5
,
50
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
Le
v
e
l
1
Le
v
e
l
2
Le
v
e
l
3
P
a
u
se
-
t
i
m
e
(
s)
5
10
15
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
z
e
1
0
0
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
A
N
TM
A
N
E
T
,
A
O
D
V
,
D
S
D
V
,
D
S
R
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
p
a
r
t
wi
ll
d
is
c
u
s
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
o
u
t
co
m
es
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
n
etw
o
r
k
l
o
ad
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
i
n
a
MA
NE
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
a
u
s
e
ti
m
es
(
5
,
1
0
,
an
d
1
5
Se
c.
)
o
n
th
e
s
p
e
ed
o
f
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
,
alo
n
g
wit
h
tw
o
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
A
an
d
B
,
h
as
b
e
en
e
v
al
u
at
e
d
b
y
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
T
h
is
c
an
b
e
ac
h
i
ev
e
d
b
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
n
u
m
b
e
r
(
4
,
8
,
1
2
p
a
ck
ets/
s
ec
.
)
s
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
B
R
a
p
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
p
er
s
e
c
o
n
d
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
A,
t
h
e
i
n
it
ial
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
is
wh
e
n
t
h
e
C
B
R
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
es tr
af
f
i
c
at
a
r
a
te
o
f
4
p
a
ck
ets
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
r
ea
lis
ti
c
p
a
c
k
et
r
ate
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
ei
r
lo
w
b
a
n
d
wi
d
t
h
an
d
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
t
r
a
in
ts
.
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h
is
s
ce
n
a
r
io
ev
al
u
a
tes
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
e
r
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
a
u
s
e
ti
m
e
in
te
r
v
als
,
w
h
e
r
e
p
a
u
s
e
tim
e
r
ef
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
a
n
o
d
e
r
e
m
a
in
s
s
ta
ti
o
n
ar
y
af
te
r
a
r
r
i
v
i
n
g
at
its
d
es
ti
n
at
io
n
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
au
s
e
t
im
e
is
s
h
o
r
t
er
,
t
h
e
s
te
er
m
a
tr
ix
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
es
m
o
r
e
q
u
ic
k
ly
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
s
c
en
ar
io
s
wit
h
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
i
n
a
cti
v
it
y
.
As
a
r
es
u
l
t,
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
ess
ed
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
as
ed
m
o
b
ili
ty
o
f
n
o
d
es
,
w
h
i
ch
d
i
r
e
ctl
y
i
m
p
a
cts
k
e
y
MA
NE
T
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
et
r
i
c
s
,
e
.
g
.
,
av
e
r
a
g
e
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
n
e
tw
o
r
k
o
v
er
h
e
ad
,
a
n
d
ji
tte
r
.
I
n
S
ce
n
a
r
i
o
B
,
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
i
n
v
o
lv
es
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
b
it
r
at
e
(
C
B
R
)
ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
tr
af
f
i
c
at
a
r
a
te
o
f
8
p
a
ck
ets
p
er
s
e
c
o
n
d
.
4
.
1
.
E
nd
-
to
-
end dela
y
E
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
(
E
2
E
)
d
e
la
y
is
a
c
r
u
ci
al
m
et
r
ic
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
v
a
lu
at
e
h
o
w
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
s
(
M
ANE
T
s
)
.
I
t
m
e
asu
r
es
t
h
e
tim
e
ta
k
e
n
f
o
r
a
d
a
ta
p
a
c
k
et
t
o
t
r
a
v
el
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
esti
n
a
ti
o
n
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
is
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
e
twe
en
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
,
AO
DV,
DSR
,
D
SD
V,
a
n
d
AN
T
MA
NE
T
,
is
ill
u
s
t
r
ate
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
3
t
o
8.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
E
2
E
d
ela
y
at
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
p
e
e
d
s
w
it
h
a
p
a
u
s
e
ti
m
e
o
f
5
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
tl
y
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
a
cr
o
s
s
all
s
p
e
ed
l
ev
els
,
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
w
est
d
ela
y
ev
en
as
s
p
e
e
d
i
n
c
r
e
ases
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
t
o
i
ts
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
ec
h
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is
m
,
w
h
i
ch
o
p
t
im
iz
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p
at
h
s
e
le
cti
o
n
t
o
m
i
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im
iz
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d
e
la
y
s
.
As
n
o
d
e
s
p
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i
n
c
r
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ases
,
o
t
h
e
r
p
r
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s
u
c
h
as
AODV
a
n
d
DSDV
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s
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a
m
a
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k
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d
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p
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