I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
5
4
2
2
~
5
4
3
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
6
.
pp
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
2
5422
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Desig
ning
,
dev
elo
ping
and a
na
ly
zing
of a rect
a
ng
ula
r
-
sha
ped
pa
tch
a
nten
na
at
3
.5 G
H
z f
o
r
5G
a
pplica
tions
at S
b
a
nd
Su
k
a
nto
H
a
lder
1
,
M
d.
So
hel R
a
na
1
,
M
d Abd
ul Aha
d
2
,
M
d.
Sh
eha
b Ud
din
S
ha
hria
r
1
,
M
d.
Ab
du
lla
Al
M
a
m
un
1
,
M
d.
M
o
m
inu
r
Ra
ha
m
a
n
1
,
O
mer
F
a
ruk
1
,
M
d.
E
f
t
ia
r
Ahm
e
d
3
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
K
h
u
l
n
a
,
K
h
u
l
n
a
,
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
W
a
sh
i
n
g
t
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
V
i
r
g
i
n
i
a
,
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
C
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
D
h
a
k
a
,
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
8
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
1
1
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
1
5
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
stu
d
y
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
two
d
isti
n
c
t
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
s
fo
r
5
G
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
t
3
.
5
G
Hz
.
Ro
g
e
rs
RT5
8
8
0
se
rv
e
d
a
s
th
e
fo
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
a
teria
l
fo
r
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
s
I
a
n
d
II
.
A
5
0
Ω
fe
e
d
li
n
e
is
u
ti
li
z
e
d
t
o
su
p
p
ly
b
o
t
h
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
.
Ac
c
o
rd
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
c
a
lcu
latio
n
s
,
De
sig
n
I
e
x
h
ib
it
s
a
re
flec
ti
o
n
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
(
S
11
)
o
f
-
3
2
.
9
8
d
B,
a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
n
d
in
g
wa
v
e
ra
ti
o
o
f
1
.
0
4
5
,
a
g
a
i
n
o
f
7
.
8
1
d
Bi,
a
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
8
9
.
2
%
,
a
n
d
a
su
rfa
c
e
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
6
6
.
8
2
A/V.
De
sig
n
II
h
a
s
a
re
flec
ti
o
n
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
(S
11
)
o
f
3
4
.
9
8
d
B
,
v
o
l
tag
e
sta
n
d
in
g
wa
v
e
ra
ti
o
(VSW
R)
o
f
1
.
0
3
6
,
g
a
in
o
f
8
.
7
8
d
Bi,
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
8
9
.
8
7
%
,
a
n
d
s
u
rfa
c
e
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
6
2
.
7
A/V.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
two
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
s,
d
e
sig
n
II
o
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
d
e
sig
n
I,
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
f
u
lfi
l
led
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
ted
p
u
rp
o
se
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
lt
i
e
s
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
p
a
p
e
r
a
re
to
d
e
sig
n
t
wo
d
iffere
n
t
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
s
u
s
in
g
sa
m
e
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
d
e
sig
n
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
.
De
sig
n
II
is
p
ro
ficie
n
t
i
n
su
p
p
o
rti
n
g
5
G
se
rv
ice
s
o
win
g
to
it
s
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
o
u
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
S
11
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
re
d
u
c
e
d
to
b
rin
g
t
h
e
VSW
R
v
a
lu
e
is
c
lo
se
to
1
.
Als
o
,
imp
ro
v
e
g
a
i
n
,
d
irec
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
b
y
b
rin
g
i
n
g
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
tch
in
g
c
lo
se
to
5
0
Ω.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
5G
C
ST
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
R
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t (
S
11
)
R
o
g
er
s
R
T
5
8
8
0
Vo
ltag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
atio
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Md
.
So
h
el
R
an
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
No
r
th
er
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Kh
u
ln
a,
Kh
u
l
n
a
-
9
1
0
0
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
E
m
ail:
s
o
h
el.
r
an
a@
u
its
.
ed
u
.
b
d
,
s
o
h
el.
r
an
a@
n
u
b
tk
h
u
ln
a.
ac
.
b
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
An
ten
n
as
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
b
o
th
th
e
r
ec
ep
tio
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
wav
es.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
in
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
v
id
e
o
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
n
ec
ess
itates
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ata
r
ates.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
4
G
wir
ele
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
is
en
co
u
n
ter
i
n
g
a
ca
p
ac
ity
lim
itatio
n
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
d
ata
d
em
an
d
m
ay
ex
ce
ed
its
ca
p
ac
ity
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
a
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
c
u
s
to
war
d
s
S
-
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
E
r
icss
o
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
r
ep
o
r
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
4
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
ap
i
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
in
th
e
5
G
m
id
-
b
an
d
(1
-
6
GHz
)
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
o
d
er
n
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
ee
k
u
n
lim
ited
p
o
wer
,
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
s
p
atial
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
]
.
E
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
will
b
o
th
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
5
G
Ad
v
an
ce
d
,
wh
ich
will
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
ew
ef
f
icien
cie
s
an
d
lay
th
e
tech
n
ical
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ov
e
r
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
e
en
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
in
th
e
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
in
1
G,
2
G,
3
G,
an
d
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
E
x
tr
em
el
y
r
ap
i
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
b
ein
g
m
a
d
e
in
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
e
GPS,
W
i
-
Fi,
in
f
r
ar
ed
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
[
4
]
.
W
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
r
a
p
id
ly
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
d
ata
v
o
lu
m
e
in
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
5
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
lar
g
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it d
ata
with
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ities
th
at
allo
w
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lyzi
n
g
o
f a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
a
tc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
…
(
S
u
k
a
n
t
o
Ha
ld
er
)
5423
s
p
ee
d
s
o
f
Gb
p
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
5
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
g
ath
e
r
in
g
an
d
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
an
en
d
less
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
5
G
is
n
o
w
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
aim
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ee
d
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
n
etwo
r
k
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
co
v
e
r
ag
e
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
5
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
lin
k
ed
d
ev
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
eh
icles,
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices,
m
ed
ical
ap
p
ar
atu
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
a
n
ten
n
as
ar
e
o
p
tim
al
ch
o
ices
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
5
G
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
lig
h
tweig
h
t
n
atu
r
e
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
ci
r
cu
its
.
Patch
an
ten
n
as
h
av
e
g
ar
n
e
r
ed
r
esear
ch
atten
tio
n
o
win
g
to
th
eir
co
m
p
ac
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
ad
ap
t
ab
ilit
y
,
lo
w
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
at
ch
an
ten
n
a
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
clar
ity
an
d
c
o
h
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
in
itial
p
o
r
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
ex
am
in
es
th
e
p
er
tin
en
t
liter
atu
r
e,
wh
ile
th
e
th
ir
d
d
elin
ea
tes
th
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
eg
m
en
t
ass
es
s
es
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
f
if
th
s
ec
tio
n
d
elin
ea
tes th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sid
e
a
n
d
to
p
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
[
9
]
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
l
if
ic
s
ec
to
r
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
h
as
s
ee
n
m
ajo
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wir
eless
d
ev
i
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
wir
eless
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
witn
ess
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
r
ec
en
t
tim
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
as
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
av
ailab
le.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
wir
eless
an
ten
n
as
d
u
e
to
th
eir
in
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
co
s
t
an
d
th
e
ea
s
e
wi
th
wh
ich
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
o
n
3
.
5
GHz
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
r
ep
u
te
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
h
av
e
also
f
ea
tu
r
ed
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
p
ap
er
s
with
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
t
o
p
ics.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
i
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
tak
e
p
lace
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
l
d
is
ess
en
tial,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wca
s
es
[
4
]
a
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
W
L
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
lated
an
ten
n
a
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
co
r
d
an
ce
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
d
esig
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
aly
s
is
with
o
th
e
r
r
e
ce
n
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
[
1
1
]
,
a
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
t
h
at
is
s
m
all
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
p
er
atin
g
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
B
o
th
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
a
n
alo
g
o
u
s
cir
c
u
it m
o
d
el
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
est p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
an
d
wid
th
,
S
11
,
g
ain
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle
[
1
2
]
,
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
esig
n
s
o
f
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
a
r
r
ay
s
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
wir
eless
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
in
th
e
S
-
b
an
d
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
All
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
ain
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
atio
(
VSW
R
)
,
S
11
,
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
,
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
[
1
3
]
,
a
co
m
p
ac
t
a
n
d
wid
e
b
an
d
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
f
o
r
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
en
d
-
f
ir
e
d
ir
ec
tin
g
elem
en
ts
a
n
d
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
f
o
ld
ed
d
ip
o
le
r
es
o
n
ato
r
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
[
1
4
]
,
a
s
m
all
p
r
in
ted
an
ten
n
a
u
tili
zin
g
two
f
o
ld
ed
U
-
s
h
ap
ed
ar
m
r
ad
iato
r
s
f
o
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
an
ten
n
a
is
s
im
u
lated
with
th
e
HFSS
s
im
u
lato
r
,
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
an
d
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
av
o
r
ab
le
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
alig
n
well
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
r
esea
r
ch
ex
am
in
es
[
1
5
]
,
a
cir
cu
lar
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
f
o
r
5
G
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
in
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eso
lv
ed
is
s
u
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
d
i
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
,
p
o
te
n
tially
o
b
v
iatin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
b
o
ar
d
k
in
d
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
n
an
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
r
a
p
id
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
in
g
in
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
ec
o
n
o
m
i
ca
l
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
[
1
6
]
,
a
n
ew
ty
p
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
2
5424
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
p
o
lar
izatio
n
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
f
r
ac
tal
an
ten
n
a
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
in
wid
e
b
an
d
s
itu
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
a
n
d
wid
th
an
d
g
ain
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e,
w
h
ich
wa
s
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
lin
ea
r
an
d
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
[
1
7
]
,
d
esig
n
a
s
lo
tted
S
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
an
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
a
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
VSW
R
,
an
d
a
g
o
o
d
g
ain
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
[
1
8
]
,
d
esig
n
a
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
r
in
g
-
s
h
ap
e
d
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
e
x
h
ib
its
a
co
m
p
ac
t
d
esig
n
,
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
,
u
n
if
o
r
m
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
atter
n
,
en
o
u
g
h
g
ain
,
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
all
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
[
1
9
]
a
g
ap
-
co
u
p
led
,
r
in
g
-
s
h
ap
e
d
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
wit
h
q
u
ad
-
b
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
q
u
ad
-
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
is
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
[
2
0
]
a
s
m
all
co
p
lan
ar
-
wa
v
eg
u
id
e
-
f
ed
r
ec
t
an
g
u
lar
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
with
a
s
em
icir
cu
lar
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
an
aly
ze
d
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
lin
ea
r
an
d
cu
r
v
ed
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
ed
S
11
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
g
ain
,
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
[
2
1
]
a
s
lo
tted
p
atch
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
i
n
g
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
g
ain
.
Fo
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
a
s
lo
tted
p
lu
s
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
an
d
a
d
e
f
ec
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
DGS)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
r
ea
ted
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
,
g
ain
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
VSW
R
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
[
2
3
]
,
a
d
o
wn
s
ized
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
ti
n
y
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
o
p
er
atin
g
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
is
an
te
n
n
a
co
n
c
eiv
ed
attain
ed
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
g
ai
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
co
v
e
r
ag
e
an
d
h
i
g
h
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
3
.
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
d
esig
n
ated
f
o
r
m
id
-
b
an
d
5
G
s
er
v
ices
al
l
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
I
t
is
an
es
s
en
tial
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
a
n
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
it
is
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
in
r
eg
io
n
al
5
G
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
'
s
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
ely
f
av
o
r
ab
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esu
l
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
f
u
tu
r
e
5
G
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
ten
n
as
ar
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
ec
ep
tio
n
.
A
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
f
o
u
r
to
f
iv
e
d
ec
ad
es
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
s
th
at
ar
e
co
m
p
ac
t,
m
o
d
est
in
s
ize,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t.
W
h
ile
wid
eb
an
d
an
ten
n
as
ex
h
ib
itin
g
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
g
ain
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
th
eir
s
izes
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
an
ten
n
a
s
th
at
ar
e
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
lig
h
t
weig
h
t,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
ize
o
f
th
e
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
m
ay
d
im
in
is
h
ce
r
tain
ad
v
an
tag
es,
t
h
u
s
im
p
air
in
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
f
l
o
wch
a
r
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
a
d
es
ig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lyzi
n
g
o
f a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
a
tc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
…
(
S
u
k
a
n
t
o
Ha
ld
er
)
5425
W
h
en
d
esig
n
in
g
a
p
atch
an
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
wir
eless
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
atu
m
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
,
an
d
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
d
esig
n
I
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
an
d
d
esig
n
I
I
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
b
ei
n
g
p
r
esen
ted
is
cr
ea
ted
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
o
n
a
R
o
g
er
s
R
T
5
8
8
0
d
ielec
tr
ic
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
h
as
a
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
(
δ)
o
f
0
.
0
0
0
9
,
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
tan
t
(
)
o
f
2
.
2
,
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
ick
n
ess
(
H
S
)
o
f
0
.
6
m
illi
m
eter
s
,
an
d
a
p
atch
th
ick
n
ess
(
t
s
)
o
f
0
.
0
3
5
m
illi
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
wer
e
b
o
t
h
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
as a
b
o
v
e
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ten
n
a
w
as d
esig
n
ed
u
tili
zin
g
C
ST
:
(
a)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
I
I
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
n
ten
n
as h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Wg
Lg
Wp
Lp
Hs
W
f
W
i
L
i
Lf
W
x
F
D
e
si
g
n
I
(
mm
)
1
0
0
70
5
2
.
4
5
2
7
.
9
7
06
1
.
7
6
1
.
5
4
-
-
D
e
si
g
n
I
I
(
mm
)
1
0
0
70
48
2
7
.
7
8
0
.
6
1
.
8
0
.
8
5
1
.
5
0
.
5
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ar
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
atio
(
VSW
R
)
,
g
ain
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
n
ten
n
a
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
,
a
n
d
th
ey
ar
e
also
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
th
at
wer
e
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
T
ab
le
3
b
ef
o
r
e.
No
tin
g
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
ar
e
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
tu
d
ies
is
s
o
m
eth
in
g
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
m
ay
m
a
k
e
it a
g
o
o
d
co
n
te
n
d
er
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
5
G
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Deliv
er
s
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
t
co
m
es
M
o
d
e
l
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
11
(
d
B
)
V
S
W
R
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
d
B
i
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
I
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
ma
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
Ω
)
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
/
m)
D
e
si
g
n
-
I
R
o
g
e
r
s
R
T
5
8
8
0
-
3
2
.
9
8
1
.
0
4
5
7
.
8
1
8
.
7
5
8
9
.
2
5
5
0
.
1
5
6
6
.
8
D
e
si
g
n
-
II
-
3
4
.
9
8
1
.
0
3
6
7
.
8
9
8
.
7
8
8
9
.
8
7
4
9
.
8
9
6
2
.
7
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
with
s
ev
er
al
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
Ref
F
r
(
G
H
z
)
S
11
(
d
B
)
V
S
W
R
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
i
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
[
1
1
]
3
.
5
-
2
3
.
6
2
1
.
1
9
3
.
3
9
-
[
2
0
]
3
.
2
-
33
≤
2
-
-
[
2
1
]
3
.
5
-
2
6
.
5
b
e
l
o
w
-
2
4
.
2
82
[
2
5
]
3
.
5
-
1
4
.
1
3
1
.
4
8
4
.
6
6
6
1
.
5
1
[
2
6
]
3
.
5
-
1
9
.
9
6
1
.
2
2
3
.
8
-
[
2
7
]
3
.
5
-
-
7
.
5
80
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
s
3
.
5
-
3
4
.
9
8
1
.
0
3
6
8
.
7
8
8
9
.
8
7
4
.
1
.
Ref
lec
t
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icient
T
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
q
u
a
n
tifie
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
an
el
ec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
wa
v
e
r
ef
lecte
d
at
an
ten
n
a
ter
m
in
als
with
in
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ed
i
u
m
a
n
d
it
h
as
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
11
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
eq
u
atio
n
8
,
an
S
11
v
alu
e
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
v
alu
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
d
ec
ib
els
th
at
r
e
f
lects
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lecte
d
p
o
wer
(
P
ref
)
to
th
e
in
ci
d
en
t
p
o
wer
(P
in
)
at
p
o
r
t 1
.
I
f
S
11
is
les
s
th
a
n
-
1
0
d
B
,
th
en
9
0
% o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
th
at
is
ex
cited
i
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
[
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
2
5426
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
n
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
I
an
d
d
esig
n
I
I
.
At
3
.
5
GHz
,
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t (
S
11
)
o
f
d
esig
n
I
is
-
3
2
.
9
8
d
B
,
wh
ile
d
esig
n
I
I
is
-
3
4
.
9
8
d
B
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
v
er
s
u
s
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
o
f
g
ap
i
n
s
et
f
ee
d
4
.
2
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
nd
ing
ra
t
io
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
at
io
(
VSW
R
)
q
u
an
titativ
ely
ass
ess
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
an
ten
n
a
f
ee
d
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
t
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
as
a
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
Als
o
,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
e
an
ten
n
a
r
ad
iatio
n
wh
en
it
is
les
s
th
an
o
r
alm
o
s
t
eq
u
al
to
2
.
I
n
an
id
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
th
is
v
al
u
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
to
1
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
is
em
itti
n
g
r
ad
iatio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
(
a)
an
d
5
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
I
an
d
I
I
,
th
e
VSW
R
v
alu
es
ar
e
at
o
r
b
elo
w
2
.
B
o
th
an
ten
n
a
I
an
d
an
ten
n
a
I
I
h
av
e
a
VSW
R
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
4
5
8
at
3
.
5
GHz.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
a
p
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
e
r
s
u
s
VS
W
R
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
:
(
a)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
I
I
4
.
3
.
Ra
dia
t
io
n
p
a
t
t
er
n
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
g
r
ap
h
i
ca
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
p
o
wer
in
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e.
Fig
u
r
es
6
(
a
)
an
d
6
(
b
)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
es
7
(
a)
a
n
d
7
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
two
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
an
d
th
r
ee
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
E
-
p
lan
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
in
th
r
ee
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
:
s
tr
aig
h
t
,
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
b
e
n
t,
a
n
d
v
er
tical
ly
b
en
t,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
H
-
p
lan
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
E
-
p
la
n
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
is
p
lay
s
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
H
-
p
lan
e
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
an
ten
n
a
r
ad
iates
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ally
wh
en
alig
n
e
d
s
tr
aig
h
t,
q
u
asi
-
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
all
y
wh
en
b
en
t
v
er
tically
an
d
alm
o
s
t
o
m
n
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
ally
wh
en
cu
r
v
ed
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tally
.
T
h
e
E
-
p
lan
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
p
atter
n
s
o
f
th
e
two
m
o
d
els
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
r
r
elate
d
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
a
r
e
also
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
4
.
4
.
G
a
in a
nd
direct
iv
it
y
Gain
r
ef
er
s
t
o
an
au
g
m
en
tati
o
n
in
p
o
wer
lev
el
[
9
]
.
An
te
n
n
a
g
ain
is
ty
p
ically
r
e
f
er
en
ce
d
to
an
is
o
tr
o
p
ic
an
ten
n
a
an
d
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
d
B
i.
An
an
ten
n
a'
s
e
n
er
g
y
g
ai
n
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
its
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
[
2
9
]
.
At
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
3
.
5
GHz
,
d
esi
g
n
s
I
a
n
d
I
I
ex
h
ib
it
g
ai
n
o
f
7
.
8
1
an
d
7
.
8
9
d
B
i,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
(
a)
an
d
8
(
b
)
.
Dir
ec
tiv
ity
is
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
et
r
ic
f
o
r
an
an
ten
n
a.
I
n
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lyzi
n
g
o
f a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
a
tc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
…
(
S
u
k
a
n
t
o
Ha
ld
er
)
5427
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
m
a
x
im
u
m
em
is
s
io
n
,
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
an
t
en
n
a
as
it
r
ad
iates.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
(
a)
an
d
9
(
b
)
th
at
d
esig
n
s
I
an
d
I
I
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
o
f
8
.
7
5
a
n
d
8
.
7
8
d
B
i,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Per
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
2
D
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
d
esig
n
I
a
n
d
II
:
(
a)
E
-
Field
an
d
(
b
)
H
-
Field
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
View
o
f
3
D
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
d
esig
n
I
a
n
d
II
:
(
a)
E
-
Field
an
d
(
b
)
H
-
Field
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
th
at
af
f
ec
t th
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
an
an
ten
n
a
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
D
e
si
g
n
I
D
e
si
g
n
I
I
M
a
i
n
l
o
b
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(E
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
0
.
0
D
e
g
.
0
.
0
D
e
g
.
3
d
B
B
e
a
mw
i
d
t
h
(
E
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
6
3
.
0
D
e
g
.
6
5
.
2
D
e
g
.
S
i
d
e
l
o
b
e
l
a
b
e
l
(
E
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
-
2
0
.
4
d
B
-
1
9
.
3
d
B
M
a
i
n
l
o
b
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(H
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
6
.
0
D
e
g
.
4
.
0
D
e
g
.
3
d
B
B
e
a
mw
i
d
t
h
(
H
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
7
5
.
1
D
e
g
.
7
2
.
8
D
e
g
.
S
i
d
e
l
o
b
e
l
a
b
e
l
(
H
-
p
l
a
n
e
)
-
1
4
.
7
d
B
-
1
8
.
1
d
B
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Dep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
3
D
g
ain
p
atter
n
o
f
:
(
a
)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
II
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
2
5428
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
3
D
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
p
atter
n
o
f
:
(
a
)
d
e
s
ig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
I
I
4
.
5
.
E
f
f
iciency
,
r
a
dia
t
io
n e
f
f
iciency
a
nd
s
urf
a
ce
curr
ent
I
n
a
cc
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e,
t
h
e
g
ai
n
a
n
d
th
e
d
i
r
e
cti
v
i
ty
ar
e
p
r
ec
is
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
t
o
o
n
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
,
t
h
en
is
ca
l
le
d
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
[
3
0
]
.
A
n
el
ec
t
r
i
c
f
iel
d
h
as
b
e
en
ass
i
g
n
ed
t
o
t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
t
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
p
at
ch
an
d
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
b
l
u
e
p
a
r
ts
h
a
v
e
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
t
h
at
is
ze
r
o
,
wh
e
r
e
as
t
h
e
r
e
d
ar
ea
s
s
y
m
b
o
li
ze
t
h
e
i
n
te
n
s
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
al
ly
d
e
p
i
cte
d
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
i
c
i
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
a
r
e
a
th
a
t
is
r
esp
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
es
o
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
t
a
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
1
0
(
a)
a
n
d
1
0
(
b
)
ill
u
s
tr
at
e
th
e
r
ad
iat
io
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
a
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a)
an
d
1
1
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wh
ich
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Vis
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
an
ten
n
a
:
(
a)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
I
I
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
an
te
n
n
a
:
(
a)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
II
4
.
6
.
I
m
peda
nce
m
a
t
ching
a
n
d Sim
t
h c
ha
rt
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
lin
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
if
ty
o
h
m
s
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
A
m
atch
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
[
2
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
p
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
an
ten
n
as
I
an
d
I
I
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
p
lo
t
g
r
ap
h
ically
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
m
p
licated
im
p
e
d
an
ce
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
d
ev
i
ce
o
r
s
y
s
tem
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
im
p
ed
an
ce
is
ca
lcu
lated
in
a
co
m
p
lex
f
o
r
m
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
13
(
a)
a
n
d
1
3
(
b
)
d
is
p
la
y
s
th
e
s
m
ith
ch
ar
t f
o
r
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
I
an
d
I
I
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lyzi
n
g
o
f a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
a
tc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
…
(
S
u
k
a
n
t
o
Ha
ld
er
)
5429
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
View
o
f
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
t
est
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
I
llu
s
tr
ates
th
e
Sm
ith
ch
ar
t f
o
r
an
te
n
n
a
:
(
a)
d
esig
n
I
an
d
(
b
)
d
esig
n
II
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
am
in
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
two
d
esig
n
s
(
d
esig
n
I
&
I
I
)
f
o
r
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
as
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
5
G
ap
p
licatio
n
s
at
3
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
c
r
ea
te
an
ten
n
as
th
at
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
5
G
wir
eless
an
d
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
en
co
m
p
a
s
s
es
a
lo
w
VSW
R
,
a
m
in
im
al
S
11
,
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
g
ain
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
3
.
5
GHz
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a'
s
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
ap
p
lica
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
5
G
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
as
ar
e
ad
v
an
t
ag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
to
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices
d
u
e
to
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t size.
Ma
n
y
m
eth
o
d
s
will b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
5
G
b
an
d
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
u
ld
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
tar
g
et
b
an
d
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
r
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
d
ie
lectr
ic
m
ater
ial.
Du
e
to
p
h
y
s
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
a
n
d
f
ab
r
icatio
n
to
ler
an
ce
s
,
it
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
to
t
h
at
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
te
n
n
as
at
th
is
p
ar
ticu
la
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
'
s
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
icu
lty
.
I
t
will
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
th
is
an
te
n
n
a
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
t
-
to
o
-
d
is
tan
t
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
t
h
en
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
esu
lts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
S
o
n
i
,
D
.
Y
a
d
a
v
,
a
n
d
M
.
T
i
w
a
r
i
,
“
W
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
m
mW
a
v
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
met
a
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
”
Bu
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
(
BEEI)
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
0
–
1
0
8
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
e
e
i
.
v
1
4
i
2
.
7
8
4
0
.
[
2
]
S
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
A
.
S
.
D
i
x
i
t
,
R
.
R
.
M
a
l
e
k
a
r
,
H
.
D
.
R
a
u
t
,
a
n
d
L
.
K
.
S
h
e
v
a
d
a
,
“
F
i
f
t
h
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
:
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
5
6
8
–
1
6
3
5
9
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
2
0
9
5
2
.
[
3
]
S
.
K
u
m
a
r
B
a
d
i
,
O
.
P
r
a
k
a
s
h
A
c
h
a
r
y
a
,
B
.
A
p
p
a
s
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
B
i
z
o
n
,
“
A
s
p
a
c
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
i
x
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
f
o
r
5
G
-
n
7
9
/
W
L
A
N
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
4
8
–
2
0
4
5
5
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
E
S
S
.
2
0
2
5
.
3
5
3
0
9
5
4
.
[
4
]
H
.
A
.
El
-
H
a
k
i
m
a
n
d
H
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
a
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
g
e
o
me
t
r
y
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
me
n
t
s
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
9
1
9
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s
4
1
5
9
8
-
023
-
4
6
4
0
0
-
9.
[
5
]
Z.
S
a
a
d
o
o
n
,
H
.
A
.
A
b
b
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
h
.
W
a
i
s,
“
N
e
w
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
2
8
G
H
z
mi
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
–
1
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
2
7
2
/
a
j
e
c
e
.
1
2
.
[
6
]
L.
C
.
Y
u
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
K
a
m
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
“
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
a
t
c
h
p
h
a
se
a
r
r
a
y
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
2
8
G
H
z
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
p
p
.
4
7
–
5
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
o
c
s
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
5
.
0
1
2
.
[
7
]
T.
G
.
A
b
o
u
e
l
n
a
g
a
,
M
.
B
.
T
a
y
e
l
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
D
e
s
o
u
k
y
,
“
H
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
U
W
B
f
o
u
r
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
f
o
r
C
-
B
a
n
d
a
n
d
X
-
B
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
0
8
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
2
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
o
j
a
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
8
2
0
0
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
2
5430
[
8
]
T.
Ji
a
n
g
,
L.
Zh
u
a
n
g
,
J
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q
.
A
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
d
u
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
sl
o
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
f
e
e
d
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Mi
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
1
7
5
9
0
7
8
7
2
3
0
0
1
5
5
1
.
[
9
]
K
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
R
F
a
n
d
Mi
c
ro
w
a
v
e
W
i
re
l
e
ss S
y
st
e
m
s
.
W
i
l
e
y
,
2
0
0
0
.
[
1
0
]
I
.
K
h
a
n
,
M
.
C
h
e
f
f
e
n
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
H
a
san
,
“
D
a
t
a
a
i
d
e
d
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
M
I
M
O
-
O
F
D
M
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
y
s
t
e
ms
u
si
n
g
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s,
”
I
E
EE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
6
9
6
5
9
.
[
1
1
]
R
.
K
.
V
e
r
ma
,
B
.
P
r
i
y
a
,
M
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
A
.
Y
a
d
a
v
,
a
n
d
V
.
K
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
Eq
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
mo
d
e
l
‐
b
a
se
d
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
mi
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
l
i
n
e
f
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
sma
l
l
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
s
u
b
‐
6
G
H
z
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
a
c
.
5
5
9
5
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
K
h
a
b
b
a
t
E
z
z
u
l
d
d
i
n
,
R
.
H
a
ss
a
n
M
a
h
mu
d
,
M
.
J
a
l
i
l
A
h
me
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
O
t
h
ma
n
H
a
sa
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
mi
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
r
r
a
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
t
S
-
B
a
n
d
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
syst
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
–
5
0
6
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
9
8
5
/
i
j
e
c
e
s.
1
4
.
5
.
1
.
[
1
3
]
Y
.
S
h
i
,
Y
.
W
u
,
C
.
H
u
,
Z.
M
a
,
a
n
d
W
.
L
u
o
,
“
A
mi
n
i
a
t
u
r
i
z
e
d
w
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
g
a
i
n
e
n
d
-
f
i
r
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
-
R
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
H
i
g
h
-
sp
e
e
d
R
a
i
l
w
a
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
9
–
2
6
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
s
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
1
.
0
0
4
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
Za
h
r
a
n
,
A
.
I
.
A
.
G
a
l
a
l
,
A
.
M
.
E
l
-
S
a
w
y
,
a
n
d
E.
T
a
mm
a
m
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
A
3
.
5
G
H
z
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
s
i
z
e
m
i
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
o
f
t
w
o
f
o
l
d
e
d
u
-
sh
a
p
e
d
a
r
ms
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
r
e
n
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
6
0
8
/
j
a
e
t
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
1
6
9
3
7
.
1
3
1
8
.
[
1
5
]
S
a
i
d
a
t
u
l
H
a
mi
d
a
h
A
.
H
a
mi
d
a
n
d
G
o
h
C
h
i
n
H
o
c
k
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
3
.
5
G
H
z
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
N
a
n
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
(
I
J
N
e
a
M)
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
7
–
8
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
8
9
1
5
/
i
j
n
e
a
m.
v
1
8
i
1
.
1
7
0
3
.
[
1
6
]
K
.
P
a
t
e
l
a
n
d
S
.
K
.
B
e
h
e
r
a
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
p
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
l
e
K
o
c
h
f
r
a
c
t
a
l
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
S
-
a
n
d
C
-
b
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
W
i
re
l
e
ss T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
1
7
5
9
0
7
8
7
2
4
0
0
1
3
0
2
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
K
a
n
n
a
d
h
a
s
a
n
a
n
d
R
.
N
a
g
a
r
a
j
a
n
,
Ba
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
a
n
d
g
a
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
sl
o
t
t
e
d
S
-
sh
a
p
e
d
m
i
c
ro
s
t
ri
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
o
c
a
R
a
t
o
n
:
C
R
C
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
2
4
.
[
1
8
]
S
.
R
a
n
a
,
A
.
K
.
G
a
u
t
a
m
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
“
C
o
mp
a
c
t
t
r
i
p
l
e
b
a
n
d
r
i
n
g
s
h
a
p
e
d
p
l
a
n
a
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
W
LA
N
/
W
i
M
A
X
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
Wi
re
l
e
ss
Pe
r
so
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
9
–
2
2
5
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
0
2
4
-
1
1
7
1
3
-
z.
[
1
9
]
S
.
R
a
i
k
w
a
r
,
A
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
K
.
S
r
i
v
a
s
t
a
v
a
,
M
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
N
.
A
n
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
R
.
K
.
V
e
r
ma,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
a
n
d
q
u
a
d
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
r
i
n
g
‐
sh
a
p
e
mi
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
W
LA
N
I
S
M
W
i
M
A
X
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
u
m
e
ri
c
a
l
Mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
:
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,
D
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
F
i
e
l
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
n
m
.
7
0
0
6
0
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
S
.
A
b
d
e
l
H
a
l
i
m,
M
.
M
o
s
t
a
f
a
,
a
n
d
O
.
H
a
m
d
y
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
3
.
2
-
G
H
z
c
o
-
p
l
a
n
a
r
mi
n
i
a
t
u
r
i
z
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
s
-
b
a
n
d
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss Pe
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
7
–
1
8
9
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
7
-
023
-
1
0
6
8
6
-
9.
[
2
1
]
M
.
Z
.
B
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
M
.
T.
I
sl
a
m,
H
.
R
mi
l
i
,
I
.
H
o
ssai
n
,
M
.
Z
.
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
ms
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
“
A
l
o
w
‐
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
sl
o
t
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
su
b
‐
6
G
H
z
5
G
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
a
c
.
5
3
2
1
.
[
2
2
]
L
.
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
P
a
u
l
,
S
.
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
D
a
s
,
T
.
R
a
n
i
,
S
.
M
.
M
u
y
e
e
n
,
S
.
A
.
S
h
e
z
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
I
s
h
r
a
q
u
e
,
“
A
s
l
o
t
t
e
d
p
l
u
s
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
a
D
G
S
f
o
r
5
G
S
u
b
-
6
G
H
z
/
W
i
M
A
X
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
e
1
2
0
4
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
e
1
2
0
4
0
.
[
2
3
]
A.
-
A
.
La
a
b
a
d
l
i
,
Y
.
M
e
j
d
o
u
b
,
A
.
E
l
A
mr
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ta
r
b
o
u
c
h
,
“
M
i
n
i
a
t
u
r
i
z
e
d
p
a
t
c
h
m
e
t
a
mat
e
r
i
a
l
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
3
.
5
G
H
z
B
a
n
d
,
”
i
n
L
e
c
t
u
re
N
o
t
e
s
i
n
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
v
o
l
6
3
5
.
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r,
C
h
a
m
.
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
6
2
1
–
6
2
6
.
[
2
4
]
A
.
D
a
d
h
i
c
h
,
P
.
S
a
m
d
a
n
i
,
J.
K
.
D
e
e
g
w
a
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
b
a
n
d
mi
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
i
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
9
0
4
.
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
4
5
.
[
2
5
]
N
.
R
a
m
l
i
,
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
T.
K
h
a
l
i
f
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
su
b
st
r
a
t
e
b
a
s
e
d
mi
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
5
6
9
/
I
JA
C
S
A
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
1
1
0
8
1
1
.
[
2
6
]
G
.
K
a
r
t
i
k
a
s
a
r
i
,
M
.
P
.
K
.
P
r
a
j
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
R
o
m
a
d
h
o
n
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
p
a
t
c
h
m
i
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
d
e
f
e
c
t
e
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
met
h
o
d
a
t
3
.
5
G
H
z
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
5
G
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
I
t
s
U
t
i
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
8
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
6
8
7
3
/
j
i
t
u
.
6
.
2
.
5
2
5
9
.
[
2
7
]
D
.
S
.
K
i
r
a
n
a
n
d
Y
.
B
.
R
a
o
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
s
t
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
t
e
f
l
o
n
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
g
a
i
n
a
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
R
T
D
u
r
o
i
d
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
,
”
i
n
A
I
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
5
,
p
.
0
2
0
0
6
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
5
.
0
2
6
2
6
7
7
.
[
2
8
]
Y
.
R
h
a
z
i
,
O
.
El
B
a
k
k
a
l
i
,
Y
.
El
M
e
r
a
b
e
t
,
M
.
A
.
La
f
k
i
h
,
S
.
B
r
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
.
S
r
i
f
i
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
b
a
n
d
mi
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
p
a
t
c
h
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
3
–
6
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
5
0
4
6
/
a
j
0
4
0
3
1
0
.
[
2
9
]
R
.
P
r
z
e
s
my
c
k
i
,
M
.
B
u
g
a
j
,
a
n
d
L.
N
o
w
o
si
e
l
s
k
i
,
“
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
m
i
c
r
o
st
r
i
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
5
G
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
s
y
st
e
ms
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
t
2
8
G
H
z
,
”
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
.
[
3
0
]
E.
L
.
D
.
P
r
i
y
a
a
n
d
K
.
K
a
v
i
t
h
a
,
“
Tw
i
n
-
p
o
r
t
t
r
a
n
smi
ssi
o
n
l
i
n
e
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
s
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
I
TS
V
2
X
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
7
6
-
0
2
5
-
0
3
9
1
8
-
2.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
u
k
a
n
to
H
a
ld
e
r
is
f
in
a
l
y
e
a
r
o
f
h
is
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
p
r
o
g
ra
m
a
t
Kh
u
ln
a
’s
No
rt
h
e
rn
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
He
p
lan
s
to
e
a
rn
h
is
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
P
ro
g
ra
m
.
An
ten
n
a
re
se
a
rc
h
,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
re
a
ll
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
to
h
im
in
t
h
e
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
k
a
n
tah
a
l
d
e
r9
6
1
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
a
n
a
lyzi
n
g
o
f a
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
l
a
r
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
a
tc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
…
(
S
u
k
a
n
t
o
Ha
ld
er
)
5431
Md
.
S
o
h
e
l
Ra
n
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
S
c
.
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
P
rime
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(P
U),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
,
in
2
0
1
5
.
In
2
0
1
8
,
h
e
g
o
t
h
is
first
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(
M
.
S
c
.
)
in
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(UITS
),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
se
c
o
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
in
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
S
e
c
u
rit
y
)
fr
o
m
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls
(BUP
),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
,
in
2
0
2
2
.
He
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
t
h
ir
d
M
.
S
c
.
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
(IUB),
Ba
n
g
lad
e
s
h
,
i
n
2
0
2
3
.
M
r
.
Ra
n
a
is a me
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
icro
strip
p
a
tch
a
n
ten
n
a
,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
im
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
s
o
lar
c
e
ll
,
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
M
r.
Ra
n
a
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
5
9
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
in
p
e
e
r
-
re
v
iew
e
d
Jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
At
p
re
se
n
t,
h
e
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
h
e
a
d
in
th
e
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
No
rth
e
rn
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
B
u
sin
e
s
s
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Kh
u
ln
a
,
Kh
u
ln
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
so
h
e
l.
ra
n
a
@u
it
s.e
d
u
.
b
d
.
Md
Abd
u
l
Ah
a
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
f
ro
m
Ba
n
g
la
d
e
sh
Arm
y
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(BAU
S
T)
S
a
id
p
u
r,
B
a
n
g
lad
e
sh
with
a
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
(B.
S
c
.
)
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is ma
ste
r
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
(M
.
S
c
.
)
in
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
Was
h
in
g
to
n
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
WUS
T)
,
Virg
in
ia,
Un
i
ted
S
tate
s
in
2
0
2
4
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
a
re
in
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
si
g
n
,
p
h
o
to
n
ics
,
n
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
o
p
ti
c
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
t
h
e
e
m
a
il
:
a
b
d
u
l
a
h
a
d
m
a
n
ik
2
0
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
S
h
e
h
a
b
U
d
d
i
n
S
h
a
h
r
i
a
r
is
fi
n
a
l
y
e
a
r
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
s
t
u
d
ies
a
t
t
h
e
No
rt
h
e
r
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
K
h
u
l
n
a
.
He
is
c
u
r
re
n
t
l
y
e
n
r
o
ll
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
’s
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
,
w
o
rk
i
n
g
t
o
wa
r
d
s
a
d
e
g
re
e
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
’s
sc
ie
n
t
if
ic
p
u
rs
u
it
s
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
ss
a
n
te
n
n
a
d
e
si
g
n
,
wi
re
le
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
a
l
ter
n
a
t
i
v
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
s
h
i
h
a
b
sh
a
h
ria
r
5
6
5
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
Al
M
a
m
u
n
is
a
fin
a
l
y
e
a
r
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
N
o
rth
e
rn
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
K
h
u
l
n
a
a
n
d
a
n
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
in
t
h
e
th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
o
f
h
is
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
.
An
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
re
s
o
m
e
th
in
g
s
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
is
i
n
tere
ste
d
i
n
d
o
in
g
i
n
th
e
re
a
lm
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
m
u
n
sh
o
3
3
2
6
7
7
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
Mo
m
in
u
r
Ra
h
a
m
a
n
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
t
th
e
No
rth
e
rn
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
K
h
u
l
n
a
,
wh
e
re
h
e
is
e
n
ro
ll
e
d
i
n
th
e
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
’s
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
i
n
fin
a
l
y
e
a
r.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
in
th
e
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
’s
th
ird
y
e
a
r
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
ies
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
d
e
sig
n
,
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s.
Th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
s
is
a
n
o
th
e
r
a
re
a
th
a
t
h
e
is i
n
tere
ste
d
i
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
e
lo
n
m
d
9
0
2
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.