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I
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.
pp
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5746
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k
s.
K
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s
:
B
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m
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ic
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aly
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is
Dr
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p
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Pro
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s
Sm
ar
t f
ar
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in
g
Un
m
an
n
ed
ae
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ial
v
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Alf
r
ed
T
h
ag
a
Kg
o
p
a
Sch
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o
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p
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tin
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,
Un
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s
ity
o
f
So
u
th
Af
r
ica
Flo
r
id
a,
So
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th
Af
r
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E
m
ail:
Kg
o
p
aa
t@
u
n
is
a.
ac
.
za
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
o
d
ay
th
e
wo
r
ld
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
8
b
illi
o
n
an
d
is
esti
m
ated
to
r
is
e
r
ap
id
ly
in
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
p
ar
alleled
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
wate
r
s
ca
r
city
,
f
o
o
d
in
s
ec
u
r
it
y
[
2
]
,
a
n
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
[
3
]
ch
allen
g
es
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
SF
T
)
id
en
tifie
d
as
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
d
e
n
o
te
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
d
r
o
n
es
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
b
ig
d
ata,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
al
y
tics
th
at
im
p
ac
t
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
f
ar
m
in
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
a
r
m
er
s
in
Af
r
ica,
is
in
er
t
d
u
e
t
o
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
c
o
s
ts
[
1
2
]
,
awa
r
e
n
ess
[
1
3
]
,
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
1
4
]
,
a
n
d
lac
k
o
f
a
d
eq
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ate
s
k
il
ls
r
an
k
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
h
ig
h
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Su
b
-
Sah
ar
an
Af
r
ica
h
as
th
e
f
astes
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
with
r
am
p
an
t
p
o
v
e
r
ty
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
q
u
ality
f
o
o
d
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Sm
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
in
Af
r
ica
lack
ad
eq
u
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
[
2
0
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
th
e
lim
ited
u
s
e
an
d
s
lo
w
p
ac
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o
f
SF
T
ad
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
in
Af
r
ica
m
ay
ex
ac
er
b
ate
i
n
eq
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alities
.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
t
r
e
p
o
r
t
b
y
th
e
Fo
o
d
a
n
d
Allied
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
FA
O)
attr
ib
u
tes
r
is
in
g
in
f
latio
n
as
a
n
im
p
ed
im
en
t
to
en
d
in
g
p
o
v
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ty
an
d
ac
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v
in
g
UN
s
u
s
tain
ab
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g
o
als
o
f
ze
r
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h
u
n
g
e
r
b
y
2
0
3
0
[
1
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.
Desp
ite
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
ar
ab
le
lan
d
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
4
]
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
u
e
to
r
is
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
[
3
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,
E
l
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Nin
o
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
cr
o
p
s
an
d
lim
ited
in
co
m
e,
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
s
o
m
e
r
esil
ien
ce
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
So
u
th
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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p
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I
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N:
2088
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8
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Tr
en
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s
o
f u
n
ma
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n
e
d
a
eria
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e
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s
ma
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A
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m
allh
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ar
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u
e
[
1
5
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[
2
6
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[
2
7
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.
C
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b
r
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t
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s
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allh
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ld
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f
a
r
m
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s
th
at
lead
s
to
cr
o
p
l
o
s
s
es
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
cr
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lo
w
q
u
ali
ty
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
SF
T
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
in
f
a
r
m
in
g
an
d
ag
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ic
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ltu
r
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p
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a
ctice
s
with
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o
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ec
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to
in
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cr
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o
d
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tly
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d
im
p
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o
v
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f
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
ly
[
7
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Un
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icles
(
UAV)
o
r
d
r
o
n
es
r
ef
er
to
h
i
g
h
ly
s
o
p
h
is
ti
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ted
p
o
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ed
r
o
b
o
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d
ev
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cr
af
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with
o
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m
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r
r
y
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o
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o
n
leth
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o
d
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
R
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en
tly
UAV
in
n
o
v
ativ
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tech
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o
l
o
g
y
h
as
e
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im
p
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n
g
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
[
3
5
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
UAV
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
cr
o
p
s
p
r
ay
in
g
with
q
u
ality
m
aize
y
ield
s
.
I
n
Vlak
f
o
n
tein
f
ar
m
,
So
u
th
Af
r
ica,
De
Villier
s
et
a
l.
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
d
r
o
n
e
-
b
ased
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
to
b
e
co
m
p
ellin
g
i
n
wee
d
d
e
tectio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
m
aize
cr
o
p
g
r
o
w
th
[
2
9
]
.
Ma
ize
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
an
ess
en
tial
s
tap
le
f
o
o
d
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
Su
b
-
Sah
ar
an
Af
r
ica
[
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
An
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
m
ai
ze
m
ay
f
u
r
th
er
th
r
ea
ten
an
d
p
u
t
Af
r
ica’
s
f
astes
t
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
a
b
s
o
lu
t
e
p
ar
aly
s
is
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
em
p
lo
y
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
UAVs
b
y
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
th
e
UAV
a
n
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
lack
ed
in
-
d
ep
th
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
n
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
’
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
am
o
n
g
s
m
allh
o
ld
e
r
f
ar
m
er
s
o
n
UAVs
u
s
ag
e
i
n
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
On
ly
r
ec
en
tly
[
2
8
]
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
y
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
elatio
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
a
in
ts
o
n
UAV
u
s
ag
e
a
m
o
n
g
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
ad
d
to
p
au
city
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
UAV
u
til
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
em
er
g
in
g
o
r
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
th
at
s
m
all
-
h
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
p
lay
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
v
er
ty
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Su
b
-
Sah
ar
an
Af
r
ica
[
3
8
]
.
2.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
O
F
B
I
B
L
I
O
M
E
T
R
I
C
ANA
L
YS
I
S
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
m
ath
e
m
atics
with
s
tatis
t
ics
an
d
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
y
to
q
u
an
titativ
ely
an
aly
ze
lar
g
e
v
o
lu
m
es
o
f
d
ata
in
a
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
s
cien
tific
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
3
9
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esear
ch
er
s
with
two
k
ey
m
ain
tech
n
i
q
u
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
[
3
9
]
,
s
cien
ce
m
ap
p
in
g
[
4
0
]
an
d
an
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
a
ly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
allo
w
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ar
ticles,
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
j
o
u
r
n
als
in
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
ib
l
io
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
allo
ws
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
to
b
r
o
a
d
en
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
r
esear
ch
f
ield
an
d
to
g
r
as
p
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
f
r
o
m
q
u
an
titativ
e
len
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
4
0
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
an
em
er
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
th
a
t
r
ev
ea
ls
r
esear
ch
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
,
tr
e
n
d
s
,
an
d
h
o
t
to
p
ics,
allo
win
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
er
iv
e
n
o
v
el
id
e
as
o
r
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
[
3
9
]
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
en
ab
les
an
d
em
p
o
wer
s
s
ch
o
lar
s
in
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ield
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
n
o
v
el
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
aim
ed
at
s
o
cial
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t a
n
d
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
r
ev
ie
w
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
a
m
o
n
g
s
m
allh
o
l
d
er
f
a
r
m
er
s
u
s
e
o
f
UAVs
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
p
r
ac
tices
em
p
lo
y
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
cu
s
s
es
o
n
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
R
Qs)
b
elo
w.
R
Q1
:
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
n
UAV
u
s
e
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
-
r
elate
d
jo
u
r
n
als,
co
u
n
tr
ies,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
?
R
Q2
: Wh
ich
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
o
n
UAV
u
s
ag
e
in
a
g
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e
h
av
e
h
ad
a
n
im
p
ac
t
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
2
3
?
R
Q3
: Wh
at
is
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
y
e
ar
ly
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
UAVs in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
co
n
tex
t?
R
Q4
: Wh
at
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t tr
en
d
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
UAVs in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
in
g
?
R
Q5
: Wh
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
o
m
in
en
t k
ey
wo
r
d
s
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
UAV
an
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic?
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
with
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
,
th
en
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
n
UAVs
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
d
elin
ea
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
e
ctio
n
5
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
tab
led
in
s
ec
tio
n
6
an
d
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
with
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
p
r
esen
ted
last
.
3.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
I
n
[
3
8
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
r
ev
iew
a
n
d
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
o
n
UAVs
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
f
ir
s
t
o
n
b
en
e
f
its
an
d
th
en
o
n
ci
tatio
n
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
k
ey
wo
r
d
was
“
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
i
al
v
eh
icles
”
with
1
6
2
8
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
2
1
f
o
l
lo
wed
b
y
“
r
em
o
t
e
s
en
s
in
g
”
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
with
4
8
9
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
e
d
u
c
ed
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
au
th
o
r
r
an
k
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
e
was
L
o
p
ez
-
G
r
an
d
as
F.,
w
ith
1
9
6
3
citatio
n
s
an
d
d
e
C
astro
A.
I
.
,
was
n
u
m
b
e
r
1
0
with
1
0
3
6
citatio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
7
4
6
-
5
7
5
8
5748
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
[
4
2
]
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
d
u
e
to
in
-
d
ep
t
h
,
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
le
r
esu
lts
o
n
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
UAVs
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
an
aly
s
is
th
at
ex
clu
d
es
o
f
f
-
to
p
ic
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
f
u
s
ed
citatio
n
an
aly
s
i
s
b
y
d
r
awin
g
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
elate
d
co
n
s
t
r
u
cts,
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
e
d
(
“
d
r
o
n
e
”
OR
“
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icle
”
)
AND
(
“
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
”
OR
“
f
ar
m
er
”
)
in
Sep
tem
b
e
r
2021
[
3
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
[
3
5
]
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
UAVs
an
d
Ar
tific
ial
I
n
tellig
en
ce
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
f
ar
m
in
g
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
o
r
in
f
lu
en
tial
jo
u
r
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
1
9
9
8
citatio
n
s
o
v
e
r
eig
h
ty
-
f
iv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
“
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
a
n
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
s
in
jo
u
r
n
al
r
an
k
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
least
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
jo
u
r
n
als
h
ad
o
n
l
y
1
6
citatio
n
s
an
d
f
iv
e
ar
ticles
r
a
n
k
ed
1
0
th
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
to
p
ten
jo
u
r
n
als
in
th
e
“
E
lec
tr
o
n
ics
”
p
u
b
licatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
“
Sen
s
o
r
s
”
an
d
“
Dr
o
n
es
”
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
an
k
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
with
1
9
a
n
d
1
7
ar
ticles,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
an
al
y
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
al
d
atab
ases
Sco
p
u
s
[
3
5
]
p
lu
s
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
in
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
an
d
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
co
n
s
titu
ted
(
“
cr
o
p
s
”
o
r
“
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
”
)
AND
(
“
d
r
o
n
e
o
r
UAV
”
)
AND
(
“
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
”
OR
“
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
”
)
wh
ile
lim
ited
to
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
W
eb
o
f
S
cien
ce
d
atab
ase
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
9
5
3
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
[
3
5
]
with
9
8
4
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
2
tim
elin
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
lis
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
,
n
o
tes,
ed
ito
r
ials
,
an
d
1
9
3
7
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
two
d
atab
ases
was
r
etr
iev
ed
,
an
d
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
2
3
4
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
d
in
g
an
d
its
ass
o
cia
ted
an
aly
s
is
s
eg
m
en
ted
b
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
d
ates
f
r
o
m
2013
-
2
0
1
7
an
d
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
2
with
a
f
iv
e
-
y
ea
r
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
d
atasets
s
h
o
wed
co
m
p
ellin
g
r
esu
lts
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
im
m
ed
iate
r
esu
lts
in
d
icat
e
th
at
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
2
0
2
2
,
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
AI
-
en
a
b
led
d
r
o
n
es
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
ar
ticle
in
2
0
1
3
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
0
2
2
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
ix
ty
-
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
2
8
]
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
e
v
iew
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
er
s
o
n
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
UAV
in
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
tr
ac
ed
th
at
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
UAV
u
s
ag
e
in
cr
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
ed
in
2
0
1
6
i
n
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
f
ar
m
s
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
in
ce
th
en
with
a
3
1
%
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
tated
th
at
in
2
0
1
8
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
at
3
0
.
8
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
0
2
0
with
3
6
.
0
0
%
in
cr
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
m
all
h
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
th
e
E
ls
ev
ier
Sco
p
u
s
[
2
8
]
p
l
u
s
“
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
OS)
”
d
ataset
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
n
Dec
em
b
er
6
,
2
0
2
2
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
cr
iter
ia
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
titu
ted
(
“
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
”
OR
“
s
m
allh
o
ld
er
f
ar
m
”
)
AND
(
“
UAV
O
R
“
Dr
o
n
e
”
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
x
clu
d
ed
n
o
tes,
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
ar
ticles
an
d
o
n
ly
i
n
clu
d
ed
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
als
with
o
u
t
y
ea
r
f
ilter
lim
its
.
T
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
s
h
o
wed
3
6
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles
a
n
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
y
ield
ed
3
1
jo
u
r
n
als
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
6
7
j
o
u
r
n
als
wer
e
ad
d
e
d
to
t
h
e
R
-
Stu
d
io
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
-
R
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
u
s
ed
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
[
4
2
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
r
o
n
es
in
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
(
PA)
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
d
u
ce
d
th
at
p
r
ec
is
io
n
v
iticu
ltu
r
e
(
P
V)
is
u
n
d
er
lin
ed
b
y
PA,
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
is
d
u
e
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
e
n
ef
its
an
d
th
e
least
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
UAVs
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
at
tr
ib
u
tes
its
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
PV
g
ap
as
b
ein
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
f
its
k
in
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
ae
r
ia
l
r
o
b
o
tic
cr
o
p
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
allo
w
f
o
r
less
s
o
il
co
m
p
ac
tio
n
an
d
th
o
s
e
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
ar
e
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
i
n
ar
ea
s
s
h
o
win
g
in
f
estatio
n
lead
in
g
to
co
s
t
-
s
av
in
g
s
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
eiter
ated
th
at
d
r
o
n
e
-
b
ased
im
ag
in
g
r
ar
el
y
d
is
tu
r
b
s
well
-
wate
r
ed
cr
o
p
s
,
r
a
th
er
th
e
im
ag
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
f
ar
m
er
s
in
th
e
cr
o
p
g
r
o
wth
p
h
ases
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
an
d
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
d
r
o
n
es
b
y
u
s
in
g
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
,
th
e
Un
ites
States
is
at
th
e
f
o
r
ef
r
o
n
t,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
C
h
in
a,
an
d
I
taly
co
m
in
g
i
n
at
th
ir
d
p
la
ce
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
tr
ac
ed
8
0
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
ar
e
en
g
a
g
ed
i
n
UAV
-
PA
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
with
th
e
USA
lead
in
g
with
2
3
8
p
ap
er
s
.
C
h
in
a
tr
ails
th
e
Un
ites
States
with
2
0
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
I
taly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
n
o
less
th
an
1
2
0
ar
ticles
[
4
2
]
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
au
th
o
r
s
,
L
o
p
ez
Gr
an
ad
o
s
lead
s
in
UAV
-
PA
r
esear
ch
f
o
ci
with
1
5
2
5
citatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cited
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
with
3
7
1
citatio
n
s
was
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
4
in
t
h
e
jo
u
r
n
al
“
R
em
o
te
Sen
s
in
g
”
b
y
B
en
d
ig
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
r
o
n
e
“
R
GB
im
ag
in
g
i
n
cr
o
p
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
d
el
s
”
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
“
R
em
o
te
Sen
s
in
g
”
jo
u
r
n
al
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
UAV
-
PA
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
a
n
k
ed
as
n
u
m
b
er
o
n
e
with
h
u
n
d
r
ed
a
n
d
elev
e
n
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
an
d
its
h
-
I
n
d
ex
was
at
1
2
4
.
I
n
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
in
UAV
-
PV
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
co
n
tr
asted
s
h
o
wed
th
at
I
taly
lead
s
f
o
ll
o
wed
in
s
ec
o
n
d
p
lace
b
y
th
e
USA
an
d
Sp
ain
at
th
ir
d
p
lace
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
ited
au
th
o
r
o
n
UAV
-
PV
is
th
u
s
Dr
.
Aless
an
d
r
o
Ma
tese w
ith
7
7
7
citatio
n
s
[
4
2
]
.
4.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
elec
ted
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
d
u
e
to
in
-
d
ep
th
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
,
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
UAV
u
s
ag
e
in
f
ar
m
i
n
g
an
d
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
will
q
u
an
tif
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
s
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
y
n
am
ics,
an
d
citatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
elu
cid
ate
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
em
e
r
g
en
t
t
h
em
es
with
in
th
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u
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I
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C
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p
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I
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N:
2088
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tially
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ce
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0
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3
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ata
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elate
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cr
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p
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r
o
wth
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
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in
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s
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w
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tan
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ticu
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icatio
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in
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ay
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ely
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at
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lin
k
ed
with
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o
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en
s
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r
s
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m
ar
t
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r
ig
atio
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,
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ig
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ata
[
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9
]
,
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tific
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in
tellig
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f
u
s
ed
with
d
ee
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lear
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ilit
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u
s
tain
ab
le
ag
r
icu
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e
p
r
ac
tices
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[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
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,
[
4
7
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.
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h
e
f
in
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icate
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at
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ay
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n
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er
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[
3
5
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[
4
3
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,
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4
4
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[
4
6
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.
6.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
[
4
3
]
c
o
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r
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b
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ated
th
e
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lt
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f
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u
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ies
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s
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ies
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lts
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ev
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l
v
eg
etatio
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in
d
ices
[
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]
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tli
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s
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itio
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(
SAVI
)
c
an
n
o
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u
s
ed
with
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k
in
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to
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d
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cr
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wth
[
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]
.
T
h
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tu
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ies in
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icate
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at
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u
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th
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n
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id
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e
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a
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s
e
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n
[
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7
]
a
n
d
p
lan
t
d
is
ea
s
es
d
etec
t
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n
[
3
5
]
.
Sen
tin
el
-
2
s
atellite
[
2
8
]
r
e
m
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.