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2
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Go
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wid
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as
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ar
n
e
r
ed
o
v
e
r
o
n
e
m
illi
o
n
u
s
er
s
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
.
6
m
illi
o
n
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
in
Ku
wait'
s
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
,
Ku
wait’
s
r
an
k
in
g
in
th
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
d
e
x
(
E
GDI
)
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
n
o
tab
le
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
4
6
th
to
6
1
st
p
o
s
itio
n
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
t
o
th
is
d
ec
lin
e
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
lo
wer
r
ea
d
in
ess
lev
el
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
in
itiativ
es
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
S
ah
el
ap
p
'
s
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
a
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
d
o
wn
war
d
s
h
if
t in
r
an
k
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
Sah
el
ap
p
an
d
ass
es
s
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els
am
o
n
g
Ku
waiti
citizen
s
an
d
r
esid
en
ts
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
an
ad
ap
ted
elec
tr
o
n
ic
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
q
u
ality
(
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
)
m
o
d
el,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
,
to
an
aly
ze
cr
itical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
in
clu
d
in
g
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
ely
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
f
a
cto
r
s
af
f
ec
t u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
an
t
itativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
tar
g
etin
g
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
6
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
v
er
a
f
o
u
r
-
wee
k
p
er
io
d
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
wid
e
a
r
r
a
y
o
f
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
Sah
el
ap
p
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
v
alu
ab
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
r
e
f
i
n
in
g
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
Ku
wait'
s
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
a
r
ag
r
a
p
h
s
p
r
esen
t
a
d
etailed
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
o
n
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
co
n
tex
ts
,
co
n
tex
tu
alizin
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
with
in
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
c
h
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
ab
les
a
d
ee
p
er
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
Sah
el
ap
p
'
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
in
Ku
wait’
s
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
ig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
E
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices,
wh
ich
lev
er
ag
e
I
C
T
,
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
citizen
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
[
1
]
a
n
d
[
1
7
]
,
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
ices
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
p
u
b
lic
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
s
er
v
i
ce
s
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
t.
Hig
h
-
q
u
ality
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
citizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
tr
u
s
t
an
d
lo
y
alty
in
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
-
s
er
v
ices
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
User
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
with
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices
is
ty
p
ically
ev
alu
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
(
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
d
esig
n
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
)
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
(
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
)
,
an
d
s
e
r
v
ice
q
u
ality
(
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
tech
n
ical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
,
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
alit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
s
e
cu
r
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
s
er
tr
u
s
t
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
r
eso
lv
e
u
s
er
is
s
u
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
ts
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
ate
o
v
er
all
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
Sah
el
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
ap
p
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
,
s
er
v
ice
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
u
s
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
User
in
te
r
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
as
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Pri
o
r
itizin
g
u
s
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
d
esig
n
en
h
an
ce
s
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
n
av
ig
atio
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Ser
v
ice
av
aila
b
ilit
y
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
im
p
ac
ts
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
r
eliab
le
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ar
e
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
th
u
s
en
h
a
n
cin
g
tr
u
s
t
an
d
u
s
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ar
e
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
;
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
clea
r
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
o
licies
ca
n
h
elp
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
b
u
ild
g
r
ea
ter
tr
u
s
t
[
3
4
]
.
A
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
elib
er
ate
d
esig
n
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
c
an
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
Sah
el
a
p
p
,
alig
n
in
g
it
with
ev
o
lv
in
g
u
s
er
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
les
o
f
tr
u
s
t
[
3
7
]
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
in
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
citizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
web
s
ite
u
s
ag
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
s
with
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
e
-
s
er
v
ices
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
6
9
0
-
5
6
9
8
5692
T
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
d
ata
h
a
n
d
lin
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
is
cr
u
ci
al
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
tr
u
s
t
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
citizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
in
itiativ
e
s
u
cc
es
s
[
4
1
]
.
Sy
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
n
o
tab
l
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
er
v
ice
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
,
an
d
citizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
h
ig
h
er
-
q
u
ality
s
y
s
tem
s
lead
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
W
h
ile
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
ex
is
ts
o
n
g
en
er
al
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
Sah
el
ap
p
with
in
th
e
Ku
wait
i
co
n
tex
t
r
em
ain
lim
ited
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
citizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
u
s
in
g
th
e
ad
ap
te
d
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
[
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
citizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
m
o
d
el
ad
o
p
te
d
f
r
o
m
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
o
f
Ku
wait’
s
“Sah
el”
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
d
o
p
ts
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
em
p
ir
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
s
in
g
a
v
alid
ated
a
n
d
ad
ap
ted
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
e
-
G
o
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
to
ass
ess
s
ix
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
(
ef
f
icien
cy
,
t
r
u
s
t,
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
citizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
m
f
o
r
t,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
)
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
u
r
v
e
y
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
a
lar
g
e
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
6
4
u
s
er
s
.
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
es
(
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
,
t
-
test
s
,
an
d
ANOV
A)
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
a
s
o
lid
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
(
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
e
l)
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
itizen
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
m
o
d
el
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
[
1
4
]
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
ate
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
Ku
wait's
"Sah
el"
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
an
ad
ap
te
d
e
-
G
o
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
[
1
4
]
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
s
ix
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
citizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
m
f
o
r
t,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
E
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
u
s
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
cr
itical
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
was
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
a
r
en
t
v
alid
it
y
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
A
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
i
n
itial
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e,
an
d
it
was
am
en
d
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
.
On
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
itiz
en
s
’
e
lectro
n
ic
s
a
tis
fa
ctio
n
fa
cto
r
s
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
g
o
ve
r
n
men
t
s
ervices:
an
…
(
A
b
d
u
lla
h
A
ls
h
eh
a
b
)
5693
s
tatem
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
itizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
two
s
tatem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
o
m
f
o
r
t
d
elete
d
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
s
tatem
en
ts
wer
e
r
ep
h
r
ased
lin
g
u
is
tically
,
s
o
th
e
f
in
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
(
2
7
)
s
tatem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
f
th
e
a
r
b
itra
to
r
s
en
s
u
r
es
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e'
s
co
n
ten
t.
Fu
r
th
er
,
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
e
ac
h
s
tatem
en
t
an
d
th
e
to
tal
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
to
tal
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
also
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
SP
SS
af
ter
ap
p
ly
in
g
it
to
a
p
ilo
t
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
in
g
(
8
0
)
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
b
asic
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t
an
d
th
e
to
tal
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
(
0
.
5
1
0
-
0
.
8
2
9
)
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
t th
e
lev
el
o
f
(
0
.
0
1
)
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
a
nd
da
t
a
co
lle
ct
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
elec
tr
o
n
ically
(
Go
o
g
le
Do
cs)
o
v
er
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
’
s
p
an
u
s
in
g
“Wh
atsAp
p
”
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
6
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
cit
izen
s
an
d
r
esid
en
ts
o
f
K
u
wait.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
av
ailab
le
in
b
o
th
Ar
ab
ic
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
es
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
n
o
n
-
Ar
a
b
ic
s
p
ea
k
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
was
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ically
v
ar
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e,
g
en
d
e
r
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
n
atio
n
ality
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
"Sah
el"
a
p
p
u
s
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
d
ata
s
et
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
al
u
s
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
ab
le
1.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
N
u
mb
e
r
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
7
1
.
6
2
%
7
6
2
M
a
l
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
2
8
.
3
8
%
3
0
2
F
e
mal
e
6
6
.
7
3
%
7
1
0
K
u
w
a
i
t
i
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
3
3
.
2
7
%
3
5
4
N
o
n
-
K
u
w
a
i
t
i
1
4
.
4
7
%
1
5
4
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
o
r
l
e
ss
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
2
5
.
0
0
%
2
6
6
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
5
0
.
9
4
%
5
4
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
9
.
5
9
%
1
0
2
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
u
d
i
e
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
2
4
.
2
5
%
2
5
8
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
3
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
A
g
e
5
0
.
1
9
%
5
3
4
30
-
5
0
y
e
a
r
s
2
5
.
5
6
%
2
7
2
5
0
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
3
1
.
0
2
%
3
3
0
O
n
c
e
a
mo
n
t
h
Th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
i
m
e
s "S
a
h
e
l
"
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
u
se
d
2
9
.
5
0
%
3
1
4
O
n
c
e
a
w
e
e
k
2
9
.
1
4
%
3
1
0
2
-
7
t
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M
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h
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n
7
t
i
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2
.
3
.
Su
rv
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v
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n
T
h
e
q
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esti
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n
air
e'
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r
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co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
with
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r
o
n
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ac
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0
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8
3
to
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in
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ig
h
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ter
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C
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n
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u
p
p
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ted
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ig
n
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ican
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co
r
r
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n
co
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ic
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ts
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r
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s
s
d
im
en
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s
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v
ali
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atin
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e
m
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s
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licab
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ity
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o
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g
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Data
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o
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lev
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RE
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Ku
wait
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im
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lar
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tex
ts
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3
.
1
.
O
v
er
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ll
us
er
s
a
t
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f
a
ct
io
n
T
h
e
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aly
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is
o
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er
s
atis
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ctio
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in
T
ab
le
2
with
th
e
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el"
ap
p
licatio
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r
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all
m
o
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ate
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atis
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tio
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(
M
=
3
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8
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SD
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7
7
)
,
r
ef
le
ctin
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b
o
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tr
en
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d
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ir
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p
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T
h
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r
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lts
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n
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ten
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with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
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ies
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s
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ilar
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ts
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wh
ich
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f
ten
r
ep
o
r
t
m
o
d
er
ate
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
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in
em
er
g
in
g
e
-
g
o
v
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m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
All
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b
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h
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h
av
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ee
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ld
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
tex
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2
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ra
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pa
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k
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s
t
re
ng
t
hs
Am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ix
s
er
v
ice
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
(
M
=
3
.
7
1
)
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d
c
o
m
f
o
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t
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3
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e
m
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ig
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s
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g
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esti
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a
p
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s
ab
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to
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
its
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
in
ter
f
ac
e
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
i
o
r
r
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r
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
as
cr
itical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
u
s
er
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
ap
p
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
is
ib
ilit
y
in
to
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
co
n
v
en
ien
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
er
v
i
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
"Sah
el"
ap
p
’
s
d
esig
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
As
[
2
5
]
an
d
[
2
8
]
e
m
p
h
asize,
u
s
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
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cy
ar
e
p
iv
o
tal
in
b
u
ild
in
g
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
r
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u
r
r
e
n
t u
s
e
o
f
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
3
.
3
.
T
rus
t
a
s
a
cr
it
ica
l w
ea
kn
ess
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
T
r
u
s
t
s
co
r
ed
th
e
l
o
west
in
T
ab
le
3
o
f
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
M
=
2
.
3
2
,
SD
=
0
.
9
4
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
a
ta
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
On
ly
3
2
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
ap
p
’
s
d
ata
-
h
a
n
d
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ec
h
o
s
im
ilar
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
e
p
o
r
ted
i
n
r
eg
io
n
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
at
with
o
u
t
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
d
ata
p
o
licies,
u
s
er
s
m
ay
h
esit
ate
to
f
u
lly
em
b
r
ac
e
d
ig
ital
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
iv
en
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
th
at
tr
u
s
t
p
lay
s
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
in
itial
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
tr
u
s
t
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ec
u
r
it
y
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
m
an
y
em
er
g
i
n
g
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
"Sah
el".
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
an
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
3
.
7
1
0
.
7
2
C
o
mf
o
r
t
3
.
6
9
0
.
7
0
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
3
.
6
8
0
.
7
4
C
i
t
i
z
e
n
su
p
p
o
r
t
3
.
4
7
0
.
7
2
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
.
4
6
0
.
7
3
Tr
u
st
2
.
3
2
0
.
9
4
3
.
4
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
t
ec
hn
ica
l su
pp
o
rt
:
a
re
a
s
f
o
r
im
pro
v
e
m
ent
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
ec
e
iv
ed
a
m
o
d
er
ate
r
atin
g
(
M=
3
.
4
6
)
,
with
u
s
er
s
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
d
ata
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
en
titi
es.
Dela
y
s
in
u
p
d
atin
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wer
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
co
n
ce
r
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
wh
ich
n
o
te
th
at
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
ac
k
en
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ten
u
n
d
er
m
i
n
es u
s
er
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t ser
v
ices.
Similar
ly
,
citizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
also
s
co
r
ed
m
o
d
er
ately
(
M
=
3
.
4
7
)
,
with
u
s
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
d
ef
ic
ien
cies
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tech
n
ical
ass
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
cr
itical,
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
l
u
en
c
es
u
s
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
r
e
s
o
lv
e
is
s
u
es
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
en
h
an
c
in
g
2
4
/
7
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
ac
k
en
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
3
.
5
.
E
f
f
iciency
a
nd
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
e
f
f
ec
t
s
T
h
e
E
f
f
icien
cy
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
c
o
r
ed
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
(
M
=
3
.
6
8
)
,
with
u
s
er
s
p
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
ap
p
’
s
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
d
esig
n
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
tr
en
d
s
,
with
u
s
er
s
o
f
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
il
e
th
e
ap
p
is
g
en
er
ally
ac
ce
s
s
ib
l
e,
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
u
s
er
s
m
ay
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ep
th
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
d
i
v
id
es
in
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
[
2
9
]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
itiz
en
s
’
e
lectro
n
ic
s
a
tis
fa
ctio
n
fa
cto
r
s
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
g
o
ve
r
n
men
t
s
ervices:
an
…
(
A
b
d
u
lla
h
A
ls
h
eh
a
b
)
5695
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
d
esig
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
aim
to
b
alan
ce
s
i
m
p
licity
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
t
o
s
er
v
e
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
u
s
er
b
ase
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
3
.
6
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
a
nd
r
ec
o
mm
enda
t
io
ns
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
im
p
licatio
n
s
:
a.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
t
r
u
s
t:
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
co
ls
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
o
licies
is
ess
en
tial
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
u
s
er
s
’
tr
u
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
—
a
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
wea
k
n
ess
a
cr
o
s
s
b
o
th
r
eg
io
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
a
l
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
b.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
:
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
b
ac
k
en
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
will e
n
h
a
n
ce
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
u
s
er
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
with
o
u
td
ate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
c.
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
:
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
an
d
h
u
m
an
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
2
4
/7
tech
n
ical
ass
i
s
tan
ce
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
er
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
b
r
o
ad
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
d.
B
alan
cin
g
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
e
atu
r
es
:
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
iv
e
r
g
en
t
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
a
f
lex
ib
le
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
b
o
th
in
tu
itiv
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
u
s
er
s
an
d
a
d
v
an
c
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
t u
s
e
r
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
at
wh
ile
Ku
wait’
s
"Sah
el"
ap
p
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
well
in
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
co
m
f
o
r
t,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
it
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
al
len
g
es
r
elate
d
to
tr
u
s
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
tec
h
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
f
u
lly
m
ee
t
u
s
er
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
t
h
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
f
ield
o
f
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
o
f
f
er
clea
r
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
Ku
wait
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
ettin
g
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
“Sah
el”
ap
p
licatio
n
in
t
h
e
State
o
f
Ku
wait,
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
2
7
item
s
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ally
to
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
6
4
u
s
er
s
o
v
e
r
a
f
o
u
r
-
wee
k
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
o
v
er
all
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
m
o
d
er
ate.
T
h
is
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
ty
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
'
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
at
all
tim
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
ev
alu
ated
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
r
ec
ei
v
ed
a
h
ig
h
r
atin
g
,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
d
esig
n
,
an
d
a
f
ast
s
ea
r
ch
en
g
i
n
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
t
r
u
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
lo
w
s
co
r
e,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ity
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
u
p
d
ates
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
m
itig
ate
r
is
k
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ac
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
was
r
ated
m
o
d
e
r
ate,
la
r
g
ely
d
u
e
to
ef
f
icien
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
b
u
t
h
in
d
er
ed
b
y
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
am
o
n
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
ag
en
cies.
T
h
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
is
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
co
m
p
atib
le
with
m
u
ltip
le
d
ev
i
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
it
s
wid
e
u
s
er
b
ase.
C
itizen
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
also
r
ate
d
m
o
d
er
ate;
wh
ile
u
s
er
s
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
t
h
e
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
its
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
th
er
e
was
a
n
o
tab
le
d
ef
icien
cy
in
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
C
o
m
f
o
r
t
was
h
ig
h
ly
r
ated
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
y
et
it
f
ails
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
co
s
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
a
ly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
u
s
er
s
with
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
-
lev
el
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
with
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
i
n
g
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
Fre
q
u
en
t
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
u
s
er
f
am
iliar
ity
a
n
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
s
ev
er
al
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
.
I
t
s
tan
d
s
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
Ku
wait’
s
“Sah
el”
ap
p
licatio
n
,
t
h
er
eb
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
n
o
tab
le
g
ap
in
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
al
e
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
lite
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
ap
ts
a
n
d
v
alid
ates
th
e
e
-
Go
v
Qu
al
m
o
d
el
with
in
th
e
K
u
waiti
s
o
cio
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
id
en
ti
f
ies
t
r
u
s
t
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d
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k
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in
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m
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Fin
ally
,
it
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f
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p
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ac
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.
Ad
d
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ally
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if
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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in
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f
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th
is
r
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ca
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also
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m
b
r
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ad
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d
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
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s
tr
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with
in
th
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Gu
lf
C
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p
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C
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u
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cil
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GC
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)
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co
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t
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tin
g
to
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ed
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l
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-
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n
m
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r
an
k
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g
s
.
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,
lo
n
g
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in
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s
tu
d
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s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ex
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in
e
h
o
w
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tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
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v
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en
ts
in
d
ata
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,
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
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an
d
tech
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s
u
p
p
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t
in
f
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s
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v
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tim
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th
er
eb
y
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id
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t
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s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
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ACK
NO
WL
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DG
M
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N
T
S
Sp
ec
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th
an
k
s
to
Dr
.
T
h
alay
a
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f
o
r
h
is
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
t to
th
is
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esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
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NF
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M
A
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N
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h
is
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esear
ch
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f
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u
p
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Pu
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A
u
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ity
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f
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p
lied
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u
ca
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a
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d
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ain
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g
(
PAAE
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)
in
Ku
wait
u
n
d
e
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ject
n
o
.
B
E
-
23
-
16.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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)
to
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ec
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g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ab
d
u
llah
Als
h
eh
ab
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ali A
lf
ay
ly
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
Naser
Alaz
em
i
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
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M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
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y
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:
So
f
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w
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Va
l
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d
a
t
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Fo
:
Fo
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mal
a
n
a
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i
s
I
:
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n
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t
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g
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t
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e
so
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s
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:
D
a
t
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u
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t
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t
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g
-
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n
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ST
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M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Der
iv
ed
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
AB
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
Z
h
a
o
,
S
.
N
a
i
d
u
,
a
n
d
J
.
W
a
l
l
i
s,
“
A
n
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
A
r
a
b
Em
i
r
a
t
e
s:
a
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Po
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
1
–
1
0
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
3
3
/
I
P
-
1
8
0
0
8
7
.
[
2
]
M
.
N
o
o
r
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
e
-
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
n
u
ser
sa
t
i
sf
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c
t
i
o
n
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n
d
l
o
y
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l
t
y
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n
a
c
c
e
ssi
n
g
e
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
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