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I
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25
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1
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9
5120
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a
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
h
elp
s
m
itig
ate
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
.
B
y
em
u
latin
g
th
e
i
n
er
tia
an
d
d
am
p
in
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
in
v
er
ter
s
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
er
tial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
VSG
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
at
is
v
alid
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
[
3
]
.
W
ith
th
e
lim
ited
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
wav
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
W
E
C
s
)
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
4
]
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
W
E
C
s
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
e
v
alu
ate
o
p
tim
a
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
m
a
x
im
ize
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
W
E
C
S
to
th
e
g
r
id
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
cir
cu
its
th
at
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
with
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
ca
n
s
en
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
tak
e
–
o
f
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
h
er
en
t
in
PML
G.
B
o
th
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
W
E
C
S
v
ar
y
an
d
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
t
h
at
ad
ap
ts
b
o
th
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
i
n
clu
d
e
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
r
ec
tifie
r
,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
t
er
an
d
a
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
.
T
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
e
g
u
latio
n
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
[
5
]
.
Activ
e
r
ec
tifie
r
d
esig
n
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
W
E
C
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ield
-
o
r
ien
te
d
co
n
tr
o
l
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ato
r
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
its
elf
[
6
]
.
Po
wer
tak
e
-
o
f
f
(
PTO)
wh
ich
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
t
o
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
th
e
W
E
C
s
,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
r
ec
tifie
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
all
h
a
v
e
d
y
n
am
i
cs
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
its
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
Fro
m
wav
e
to
g
r
i
d
,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
its
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
wav
e
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
g
en
er
ato
r
(
L
PMG)
,
a
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
to
en
h
a
n
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
a
s
h
o
r
t tim
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
u
ltra
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
a
s
tead
y
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
W
E
C
s
u
s
in
g
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
-
b
ased
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
wav
e
en
er
g
y
is
a
b
u
n
d
an
t
in
n
atu
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
ak
e
it less
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
ar
k
et
[
8
]
.
Asp
ec
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
f
o
r
th
e
W
E
C
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
an
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
W
E
C
s
d
ev
ices
ar
e
elab
o
r
ate
d
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
W
E
C
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
t
ea
m
ed
u
p
with
o
th
er
R
E
S
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
clu
d
in
g
PV,
f
u
el
ce
ll
to
g
et
a
s
tab
le
p
o
we
r
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
.
A
s
etu
p
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
es
lin
ea
r
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
at
o
r
(
L
P
MSG)
an
d
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
ca
lled
as
Ar
ch
im
ed
es
wav
e
s
w
in
g
(
AW
S)
d
ev
ice
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
0
]
f
o
r
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
W
E
C
s
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
g
o
l
d
en
jac
k
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GJOA)
is
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
PI
g
ain
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
wav
e
an
d
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
.
GJOA
o
b
tain
ed
b
etter
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
an
d
C
u
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
b
atter
ies
m
ak
es
it
a
b
etter
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
R
E
S
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
,
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
W
E
C
is
co
m
b
in
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
lo
ad
(
C
PL)
wh
ich
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
i
r
ec
t
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
i
ctiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(I
-
DM
PC
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
er
r
o
r
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
eg
u
lar
an
d
ir
r
eg
u
lar
wav
es
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
DM
PC
th
e
I
-
DM
PC
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
-
ax
i
s
an
d
q
-
ax
is
er
r
o
r
s
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
h
y
b
r
id
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
win
d
an
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
co
m
b
in
e
n
atu
r
ally
d
u
e
to
g
eo
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
.
L
o
ca
tin
g
b
o
t
h
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
a
lay
o
u
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
in
v
o
lv
in
g
wav
e
wak
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
lay
o
u
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
wav
e
win
d
f
a
r
m
lo
ca
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
1
9
7
9
till
2
0
1
5
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
elec
ted
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
win
d
an
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
e
r
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
c
r
itical
lo
ad
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
ess
en
tial
cr
ite
r
ia.
W
h
ile
m
u
ltip
le
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
(
MI
C
s
)
ar
e
in
u
s
e,
a
co
m
m
o
n
lim
it
atio
n
is
th
eir
tim
e
-
s
h
ar
in
g
s
ch
em
e,
u
tili
zin
g
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
ile
leav
in
g
o
th
er
s
id
le.
A
d
u
al
in
p
u
t
s
in
g
le
o
u
tp
u
t
(
DI
SO)
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
-
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
an
d
in
p
u
t e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
3
]
.
A
2
4
0
W
DI
SO
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
wav
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
v
ar
iety
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
p
o
s
es
a
c
h
allen
g
in
g
t
ask
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
co
n
s
o
lid
ates
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
ix
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
W
E
C
S
s
,
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
ex
am
in
e
d
in
p
ast
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
Ar
ch
im
ed
es
wav
e
s
win
g
(
AW
S),
wav
e
d
r
ag
o
n
(
W
D)
,
p
elam
is
wav
e
p
o
wer
(
PW
P),
Aq
u
ab
o
u
y
(
AB
)
,
Oy
s
ter
,
an
d
th
e
o
s
cillatin
g
wate
r
co
lu
m
n
(
OW
C
)
.
Hig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
is
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
:
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
i
ve
…
(
Ma
n
o
h
a
r
B
S
)
5121
s
u
itab
le
W
E
C
S
in
s
ta
llatio
n
in
E
g
y
p
t
with
m
ath
em
atica
l
an
a
ly
s
is
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
at
io
n
u
n
it
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
win
d
a
n
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
ch
ec
k
e
d
f
o
r
its
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
s
etu
p
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Stead
y
-
s
tate
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
etu
p
o
f
L
PMG
-
b
ased
W
E
C
S
an
d
d
o
u
b
ly
-
f
e
d
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
e
r
ato
r
(
DFI
G)
-
b
ased
win
d
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
as
s
h
o
wn
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
i
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
[
1
6
]
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
th
e
win
d
–
wav
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
ass
is
ted
b
y
t
h
e
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
d
r
o
o
p
g
ain
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
(
Q
-
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
7
]
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
A
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
–
wav
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
HOW
-
W
E
C
S)
u
s
in
g
DFI
G
an
d
d
i
r
ec
t
d
r
iv
e
L
PMG
(
DDL
PMG)
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
th
at
d
is
tu
r
b
th
e
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
is
k
ep
t
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
y
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
en
e
r
ato
r
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
lies
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
t
o
f
u
el
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
l
in
k
wh
ich
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
to
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
g
en
er
a
tio
n
u
n
it
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
PV,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
g
en
er
ato
r
s
with
b
atter
ies
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
wh
ile
h
y
b
r
id
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
h
av
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
L
o
ad
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
i
n
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
-
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
(
FF
OPI
D)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
0
]
wit
h
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
cr
iter
ia
o
f
in
teg
r
al
o
f
tim
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
I
T
SE)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
ed
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
lo
ad
s
,
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
win
d
f
ar
m
s
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
1
]
.
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
-
d
er
iv
ativ
e
(
PID
)
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
a
n
ag
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
PID
g
ain
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
clu
d
in
g
PS
O
an
d
f
ir
e
f
ly
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
FA)
with
th
e
in
teg
r
al
o
f
tim
e
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
(
I
T
AE
)
as
its
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
-
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
PV
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
lies
DC
to
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
DC
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
e
r
ter
[
2
2
]
.
Sp
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SVPW
M)
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
s
witch
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
g
r
id
-
tied
lo
ad
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
win
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
E
C
s
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
au
g
m
e
n
ted
s
wep
t
ar
ea
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
to
th
e
g
r
id
is
ev
id
en
t
in
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
f
o
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
W
av
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
,
Fu
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
So
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ar
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
lin
k
e
d
to
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
m
ar
t
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
h
e
r
en
t
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
wav
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
u
s
e
o
f
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
ten
d
s
t
o
in
d
u
ce
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
is
c
o
n
ce
r
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
e
x
p
lo
r
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
h
as
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
d
ea
lt
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
in
te
g
r
ated
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
ic
h
wo
u
l
d
co
m
b
in
e
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
ca
n
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
DC
lin
k
.
A
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
c
e
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
PV,
f
u
el
ce
ll
an
d
wav
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
at
th
e
DC
li
n
k
.
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
is
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
ile
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
is
m
an
ag
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
(
VSC
)
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
d
ec
o
u
p
led
co
n
tr
o
ller
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
an
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
an
n
e
r
is
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
is
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
r
id
.
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
es
b
o
t
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
h
ig
h
ly
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
MA
T
L
A
B
Sim
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
an
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
tab
u
lated
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
all
th
e
R
E
S
ar
e
at
th
e
D
C
lin
k
th
e
p
o
wer
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
b
e
av
ailab
le
as
th
e
D
C
s
o
u
r
ce
.
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
u
s
es
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
wav
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
u
s
es
r
ec
tifie
r
alo
n
g
with
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
c
o
n
n
ec
t
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
ly
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
,
it
is
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
.
DC
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ile
ANFI
S
is
u
s
ed
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
its
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
lear
n
t
b
y
th
e
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
i
s
em
u
lated
with
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
a
m
ically
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
.
Sin
c
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
wav
e
g
en
er
ato
r
is
co
m
p
lex
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ANFI
S
to
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
i
s
an
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
as sh
o
w
n
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
1
9
-
5
1
2
9
5122
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
3.
DQ
CO
NT
RO
L
S
YNCH
RO
NIZ
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
m
ea
n
t
to
d
ec
o
u
p
le
b
o
th
th
e
r
e
al
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
o
r
b
etter
co
n
tr
o
l
i
n
th
e
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
R
E
S
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
VSC
wh
ich
ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
is
th
e
p
r
im
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
wh
o
le
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
aso
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
ak
es
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
e
r
y
ea
s
ier
s
in
ce
th
e
d
ec
o
u
p
led
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
ep
ar
ately
co
n
tr
o
l
b
o
th
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Dec
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
r
e
al
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
p
ar
k
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
as (
1
)
.
[
0
]
=
2
3
[
c
os
(
)
c
os
(
−
2
3
)
c
os
(
+
2
3
)
−
(
)
−
s
in
(
−
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
+
2
3
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
]
[
]
(
1
)
All
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
b
elo
n
g
s
to
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
is
g
en
e
r
ated
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
at
r
ef
er
en
ce
is
co
n
v
e
r
ted
to
v
o
ltag
es
th
at
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
PW
M
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
VSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
ax
is
v
o
ltag
e
also
k
n
o
w
n
as in
v
er
s
e
p
a
r
k
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
[
]
=
2
3
[
c
os
(
)
−
s
in
(
)
1
c
os
(
−
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
−
2
3
)
1
c
os
(
+
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
+
2
3
)
1
]
[
0
]
(
2
)
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ax
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
q
u
a
d
r
atu
r
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
g
en
er
ate
d
as
p
er
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
as
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
t
u
al
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
n
e
ed
s
to
b
e
eq
u
al.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
g
en
er
ates
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
i
r
ec
t
ax
is
cu
r
r
en
t
as
g
iv
en
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sin
ce
th
e
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
q
u
a
d
r
atu
r
e
ax
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
k
e
p
t
at
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
iv
en
to
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
u
s
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
d
ir
ec
t a
x
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
in
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
i
n
teg
r
ates
b
o
t
h
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
t
r
o
l
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
(
PLL
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
ese
elem
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
h
o
lis
tic
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
o
h
esiv
e
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
an
ag
in
g
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
p
ar
am
eter
s
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
:
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
i
ve
…
(
Ma
n
o
h
a
r
B
S
)
5123
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DC
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
Utilizin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
t
eg
r
al
(
PI)
r
e
g
u
lato
r
,
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
q
u
ad
r
at
u
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
(
)
in
to
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
DQ0
th
eo
r
y
,
is
d
ep
icted
b
el
o
w:
=
+
−
+
/
(
/
)
(
3
)
=
+
−
+
/
(
/
)
(
4
)
Her
e,
an
d
:
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
ir
ec
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
:
co
n
tr
o
ller
q
u
ad
r
atic
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
R
:
g
r
id
r
esis
tan
ce
L
:
g
r
id
in
d
u
ctan
ce
:
An
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
is
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
t
o
(
2
)
,
r
es
u
l
ti
n
g
i
n
its
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
b
a
ck
t
o
.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
ed
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
p
u
ls
e
wi
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
e
x
er
t
ed
b
y
t
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
o
f
v
o
l
tag
e
at
t
h
e
PC
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
r
atin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
is
in
teg
r
at
ed
in
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
wav
e
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
ato
r
is
lin
k
ed
to
a
VSC
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
ith
MPPT.
B
o
th
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
th
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
an
in
v
e
r
ter
,
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
an
o
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f
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ateg
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u
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er
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o
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ce
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is
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n
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ailab
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e
s
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er
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it
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s
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ea
m
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ly
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p
p
ly
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r
eq
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ir
ed
p
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wer
.
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h
e
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
a
DQ
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
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en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
s
tab
le
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o
wer
.
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ly
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ANFI
S
tech
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o
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g
y
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em
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l
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n
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n
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ad
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ilit
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ated
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e
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ated
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n
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ted
Fig
u
r
e
4
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s
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ates
th
e
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o
wer
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en
e
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PV
s
o
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r
ce
.
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ly
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u
r
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g
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ig
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ates
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o
n
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e
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ir
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iatio
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n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
f
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el
ce
ll
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d
ep
icted
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t
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o
m
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id
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th
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ly
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en
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e
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th
e
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e
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
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th
e
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t f
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o
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e
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W
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I
d
q
ref
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meas
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S
V
d
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dc
ref
V
dc
meas
PI
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d
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I
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I
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&
C
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p
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I
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N:
2088
-
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f
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Fig
u
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e
7
.
Gr
id
s
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l a
n
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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id
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o
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a
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r
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e
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t r
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e
T
h
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all
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e
r
f
o
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m
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ce
o
f
th
e
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y
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tem
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as
s
es
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ed
with
th
e
ANFI
S
-
b
ased
DQ
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
h
y
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r
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p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
s
ea
m
less
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
r
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le
an
d
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
g
r
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d
.
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tab
ly
,
b
o
th
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
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s
(
FLC)
an
d
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FIS
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th
e
s
am
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f
u
zz
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r
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les,
em
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v
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
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1
1
9
-
5
1
2
9
5126
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
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ac
h
es.
B
o
th
f
u
zz
y
a
n
d
ANFI
S
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
is
as
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
th
e
Su
g
e
n
o
ty
p
e
is
th
e
o
n
ly
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
th
e
FLC
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
v
ar
ia
b
les
will
b
e
eq
u
al
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
u
les
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
FLC.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
r
ee
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
(
M
F1
,
MF2
,
MF3
)
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
two
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
h
ig
h
.
An
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t w
ill b
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t sin
ce
it is
th
e
Su
g
en
o
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Gr
id
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
z
o
o
m
e
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
R
ef
er
en
ce
v
er
s
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
T
ab
le
2
.
Fu
zz
y
r
u
les f
o
r
b
o
t
h
FLC an
d
ANFI
S
I
n
p
u
t
1
I
n
p
u
t
2
O
u
t
p
u
t
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
2
M
F
2
M
F
1
M
F
3
M
F
3
M
F
2
M
F
1
M
F
4
M
F
2
M
F
2
M
F
5
M
F
2
M
F
3
M
F
6
M
F
3
M
F
1
M
F
7
M
F
3
M
F
2
M
F
8
M
F
3
M
F
3
M
F
9
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
1
M
F
2
M
F
2
M
F
1
M
F
3
M
F
3
M
F
2
M
F
1
M
F
4
M
F
2
M
F
2
M
F
5
M
F
2
M
F
3
M
F
6
M
F
3
M
F
1
M
F
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
tellig
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ma
r
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r
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en
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ve
…
(
Ma
n
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h
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r
B
S
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5127
Sin
ce
ANFI
S
em
p
lo
y
s
a
Su
g
en
o
-
ty
p
e
i
n
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
FLC
wa
s
also
d
esig
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
T
h
is
led
to
a
s
etu
p
wh
er
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
m
atch
es
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
u
les,
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
en
h
an
cin
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Vo
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
DC
l
in
k
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
in
ce
it
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
less
th
an
5
%
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
5
0
0
is
f
ix
e
d
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
an
d
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
r
in
g
s
it
to
ar
o
u
n
d
5
3
5
V
wh
ich
is
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
3
.
5
%.
T
h
e
r
e
g
u
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