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se
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late
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p
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a
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trac
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p
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issu
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ffe
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re
s,
a
n
d
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y
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tt
a
c
k
s.
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a
c
k
in
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ia
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o
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,
a
n
d
e
sp
e
c
ially
th
ird
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p
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o
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se
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g
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tes
t
risk
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n
d
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u
se
rs.
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e
ir
wid
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sp
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a
d
u
se
fo
r
c
ro
ss
-
site
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k
in
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siv
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rp
r
in
ti
n
g
o
ften
o
c
c
u
rre
d
wit
h
o
u
t
u
se
rs’
a
wa
re
n
e
ss
o
r
e
x
p
li
c
i
t
c
o
n
se
n
t.
Th
e
se
in
sig
h
ts
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g
g
e
st
t
h
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n
e
e
d
f
o
r
stricte
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p
ri
v
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c
y
law
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tt
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p
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ti
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c
o
o
k
ies
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n
d
im
p
ro
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a
wa
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te co
n
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e
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i
n
g
risk
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Awa
r
en
ess
C
o
o
k
ies
E
x
p
lo
itatio
n
On
lin
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
Priv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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e
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
No
r
s
ar
em
ah
Salleh
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
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lliy
y
ah
o
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n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
lam
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
lay
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ia
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ak
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tr
ee
t
,
5
3
1
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Ku
ala
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m
p
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r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: n
o
r
s
ar
em
ah
@
iiu
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
e
t
u
s
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
aily
life
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
ce
r
n
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
er
a.
W
eb
s
ites
u
s
e
co
o
k
ies
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
u
s
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
co
llect
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
an
d
tr
ac
k
th
em
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
an
al
y
tics
an
d
o
th
er
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
]
.
C
o
o
k
ies
ar
e
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
also
a
s
u
b
ject
o
f
h
ea
ted
d
eb
ate
c
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
ei
r
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
u
s
er
p
r
i
v
ac
y
.
O
n
lin
e
co
o
k
ies,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ie
s
,
h
av
e
r
aised
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
v
e
r
wh
at
d
ata
th
ey
co
llect
a
n
d
h
o
w
th
is
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
a
lo
w
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
iv
ac
y
th
r
ea
ts
th
at
m
ay
b
e
p
o
s
ed
b
y
c
o
o
k
ies.
T
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
v
asiv
e
o
f
u
s
er
s
'
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
m
ak
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
tr
ac
k
u
s
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ites
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
llectin
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
with
o
u
t
u
s
er
s
’
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
s
en
t.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
c
o
o
k
ie
-
r
elate
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
t
h
r
ea
ts
h
av
e
b
e
en
r
esear
ch
ed
i
n
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies (
e.
g
.
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
)
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
u
s
er
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
e
n
ess
an
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
iv
a
cy
r
is
k
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
co
o
k
ies
an
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
r
elate
d
to
co
o
k
ies,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
W
e
h
av
e
u
s
ed
a
m
i
x
ed
-
m
et
h
o
d
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
ap
p
in
g
s
tu
d
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
co
o
kies v
u
ln
era
b
ilit
ies:
a
w
a
r
en
ess
,
p
r
iva
cy
r
i
s
ks
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
(
N
o
r
A
n
is
a
h
A
mir
Ha
mza
h
)
5793
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
r
aisi
n
g
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
o
k
ie
r
is
k
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
id
en
tif
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
s
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
ac
tices.
I
t
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
co
o
k
ies
p
o
s
e
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
wh
er
e
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
,
an
d
g
u
id
in
g
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
an
d
web
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
co
o
k
i
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
u
s
er
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
web
tr
ac
k
in
g
[
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
v
ir
u
s
-
f
r
ee
,
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
e
th
em
as
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
llectin
g
an
d
s
to
r
in
g
d
ata,
w
h
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
r
o
b
le
m
atic
s
in
ce
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
g
lo
b
ally
s
h
ar
ed
with
o
u
t
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
allo
win
g
th
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
to
b
u
ild
u
s
er
s
'
p
r
o
f
iles
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ity
[
5
]
.
T
ak
ata
et
a
l.
[
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
at
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
k
ey
to
s
ev
er
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
,
s
u
ch
as
k
ee
p
i
n
g
a
u
s
er
lo
g
g
ed
in
,
m
em
o
r
izin
g
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
,
an
d
g
ath
er
in
g
an
aly
tics
d
ata.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
co
o
k
ies,
m
ain
ly
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies,
r
aised
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
s
u
es
s
in
ce
ad
v
e
r
tis
er
s
an
d
an
aly
tics
f
ir
m
s
ty
p
ically
u
s
ed
th
em
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
o
n
ito
r
u
s
er
s
'
ac
tiv
ities
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
s
ites
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
f
air
ly
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
o
f
iles
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
er
th
at
o
f
te
n
d
r
ew
n
o
ex
p
lic
it
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
o
f
ten
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
v
er
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
m
is
u
s
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
aly
ze
d
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
e
u
s
er
s
an
d
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ma
y
er
an
d
Mitch
ell
[
6
]
,
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies
h
elp
in
v
ad
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
y
leak
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
ca
tio
n
,
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
is
to
r
y
,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
p
atter
n
s
.
T
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
lik
e
lin
k
d
ec
o
r
atio
n
an
d
C
an
o
n
ical
Nam
e
(
C
NAM
E
)
clo
ak
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
b
y
p
ass
b
r
o
wser
-
im
p
o
s
ed
r
estrictio
n
s
o
n
co
o
k
ie
u
s
ag
e,
as
n
o
ted
b
y
T
ak
ata
et
a
l.
[
4
]
T
h
ese
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es in
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
r
is
k
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
co
o
k
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Sh
u
f
o
r
d
et
a
l.
[
7
]
em
p
h
asized
h
o
w
u
s
er
d
ata
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ac
cid
en
tally
ex
p
o
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
UR
L
leak
s
an
d
em
b
ed
d
ed
c
o
n
ten
t,
wh
ich
h
eig
h
ten
s
wo
r
r
ies
ab
o
u
t
p
r
iv
ac
y
v
io
latio
n
s
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
co
o
k
ies.
B
h
atr
aju
et
a
l.
[
8
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
v
a
r
io
u
s
c
o
o
k
ie
-
b
a
s
ed
attac
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ite
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
g
e
r
y
(
C
SR
F),
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ite
s
cr
ip
tin
g
(
XSS),
an
d
co
o
k
ie
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
d
th
e
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
o
n
lin
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
b
y
Pan
telic
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
o
k
ie
u
s
ag
e
an
d
r
e
g
u
latio
n
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
d
u
al
r
o
le
t
h
at
co
o
k
ies
p
la
y
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
web
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
th
r
ea
t
s
.
W
h
ile
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
ex
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
t
h
i
r
d
-
p
a
r
t
y
c
o
o
k
i
es,
t
h
eir
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
iti
es,
a
n
d
ass
o
ci
ate
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
r
is
k
s
,
n
o
n
e
h
a
v
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
l
ly
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
a
s
y
s
t
em
ati
c
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
y
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
el
y
ass
ess
t
h
e
p
r
i
v
a
cy
r
is
k
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
c
o
o
k
ie
s
.
O
u
r
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
il
ls
t
h
is
g
a
p
b
y
s
y
s
t
em
ati
ca
l
ly
an
al
y
zi
n
g
a
n
d
c
ate
g
o
r
iz
in
g
p
r
i
v
a
cy
r
is
k
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
o
f
c
o
o
k
ie
u
s
a
g
e
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
b
y
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
m
ap
to
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
co
o
k
ie
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
ies
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
aim
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
a
war
en
ess
o
f
co
o
k
ies
an
d
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
ap
p
in
g
s
tu
d
y
(
SMS)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
b
y
co
o
k
ies
an
d
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
co
o
k
ies
'
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
SM
S
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
it
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
r
ev
iewin
g
b
r
o
ad
r
ese
ar
ch
ar
ea
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
o
f
tr
en
d
s
,
g
ap
s
,
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
will
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
a
n
d
th
e
SMS.
2
.
1
.
Su
rv
ey
Su
r
v
ey
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
with
in
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
1
2
]
.
C
r
eswell
[
1
1
]
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
s
u
r
v
ey
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
m
ain
ly
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
es
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
,
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
r
attitu
d
es
o
f
a
d
ef
in
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
o
k
ie
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
lam
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
I
I
UM
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
aim
s
to
an
s
wer
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
:
R
Q1
:
T
o
w
h
a
t
ex
t
e
n
t
a
r
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
p
o
t
en
ti
a
l
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
r
is
ks w
h
e
n
a
ll
o
w
in
g
c
o
o
ki
es
o
n
o
n
li
n
e
w
e
b
s
i
tes
?
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
wer
e
tak
e
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
:
a.
Def
in
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es:
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
aim
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ab
o
u
t
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
r
elate
d
to
co
o
k
ies an
d
th
eir
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t p
r
ac
tices.
b.
I
d
en
tify
p
o
p
u
latio
n
: We u
s
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l sam
p
lin
g
tar
g
etin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ac
u
lty
at
I
I
UM
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
7
9
2
-
5
8
0
3
5794
c.
Dev
elo
p
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e:
A
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
th
at
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
a
war
en
ess
o
f
co
o
k
ies,
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
an
d
co
o
k
ie
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices wa
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
a
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
.
d.
I
d
en
tify
k
e
y
v
ar
ia
b
les:
T
h
e
k
ey
v
ar
iab
le
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
p
o
s
ed
b
y
co
o
k
ies
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
e.
Su
r
v
ey
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
: T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
ia
g
r
o
u
p
W
h
atsAp
p
,
I
n
s
tag
r
am
,
an
d
T
e
leg
r
am
.
f.
Plan
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
:
W
e
co
n
d
u
cted
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
to
i
d
en
tify
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
attitu
d
es o
n
c
o
o
k
ies.
g.
Ad
d
r
ess
eth
ical
is
s
u
es:
W
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t,
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
an
d
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
ey
co
m
p
lete
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
h.
Su
r
v
ey
an
al
y
s
is
: A
n
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
to
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
co
o
k
ie
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
ic
m
a
pp
ing
s
t
ud
y
B
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
ig
h
t
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
an
SMS
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
co
o
k
ie
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies,
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
W
e
f
o
llo
we
d
g
u
i
d
elin
es
b
y
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
SMS
wer
e
to
class
if
y
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies,
id
en
tify
tr
en
d
s
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
g
a
p
s
.
T
h
e
SMS
aim
s
to
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
r
es
ea
r
c
h
q
u
es
ti
o
n
s
:
R
Q2
:
Wh
a
t
d
o
w
e
k
n
o
w
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
r
is
ks
to
u
s
er
p
r
iv
a
c
y
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
o
n
li
n
e
co
o
k
ies
?
R
Q3
:
Wh
a
t
e
x
p
l
o
it
a
ti
o
n
te
ch
n
i
q
u
es r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
c
o
o
ki
e
vu
ln
era
b
il
ities
a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
ifie
d
i
n
th
e
lit
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
?
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
y
was
e
x
e
c
u
te
d
i
n
t
h
r
ee
k
e
y
p
h
ases
:
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
,
ex
e
cu
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
p
h
as
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
q
u
est
io
n
s
,
a
r
e
v
iew
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
a
n
d
d
ef
in
in
g
t
h
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
/
e
x
cl
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
ite
r
i
a.
I
n
t
h
e
e
x
e
cu
ti
o
n
p
h
ase
,
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
wer
e
ap
p
lie
d
to
s
elec
t
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies,
d
at
a
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
a
class
if
icatio
n
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
ies in
clu
d
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
atic
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
co
o
kies v
u
ln
era
b
ilit
ies:
a
w
a
r
en
ess
,
p
r
iva
cy
r
i
s
ks
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
(
N
o
r
A
n
is
a
h
A
mir
Ha
mza
h
)
5795
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
1
-
pla
nn
ing
T
h
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
p
p
in
g
s
tu
d
y
was
estab
lis
h
ed
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
co
o
k
ie
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies,
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
g
u
id
e
th
e
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
was
(
“Co
o
k
ies”
A
ND
“Pr
iv
ac
y
”
AND
“Ri
s
k
s
”)
.
T
h
is
s
tr
in
g
was c
ar
e
f
u
lly
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
ateg
y
:
a.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
“Co
o
k
ies”:
I
t w
ill f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
ain
s
u
b
ject,
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
th
eir
ty
p
es a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
b.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
“Pr
iv
ac
y
”:
I
t w
ill ad
d
r
ess
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
u
s
er
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
c.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
“Ri
s
k
s
”:
I
t
wi
ll
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
p
o
te
n
tial
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
co
o
k
ies.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
to
p
ic,
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
h
at
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
licitly
d
is
cu
s
s
co
o
k
ie
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies
o
r
r
is
k
s
to
u
s
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
an
d
class
if
y
d
ata
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
.
T
h
is
in
cl
u
d
ed
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
ca
teg
o
r
ies
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
s
,
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
v
en
u
es,
an
d
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t to
p
ics.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
I
C
0
1
–
Th
e
t
i
t
l
e
a
n
d
/
o
r
a
b
st
r
a
c
t
a
n
d
/
o
r
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
d
o
(
e
s)
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
l
y
men
t
i
o
n
(
s)
c
o
o
k
i
e
s,
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
,
a
n
d
r
i
sk
s
t
o
u
sers
I
C
0
2
–
F
u
l
l
y
r
e
f
e
r
e
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
s,
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
I
C
0
3
–
F
u
l
l
-
t
e
x
t
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s a
c
c
e
ssi
b
l
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
I
I
U
M
l
i
b
r
a
r
y
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
s.
I
C
0
4
–
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
/
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s m
u
st
b
e
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
i
n
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
EC
0
1
–
P
a
p
e
r
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
e
d
c
o
o
k
i
e
s
b
u
t
n
o
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
o
r
r
i
s
k
.
EC
0
2
–
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
f
u
l
l
t
e
x
t
i
s
n
o
t
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
l
e
.
EC
0
3
–
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s a
r
e
n
o
t
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
sh
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
2
-
e
x
ec
utio
n
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
r
etr
iev
e
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
u
p
u
n
til
2
0
2
4
.
Selectio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia.
T
itles
,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ilter
th
e
ar
ticles.
Fu
r
th
er
r
ev
iew
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
ca
s
es.
Fin
ally
,
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ac
tiv
ity
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
ha
s
e
3
-
re
po
r
t
ing
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
h
ase,
e
x
tr
ac
ted
d
ata
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
i
n
to
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
ap
to
i
d
en
tify
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
k
ey
in
s
ig
h
ts
r
elate
d
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
wer
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
to
ad
d
r
ess
R
Q2
an
d
R
Q3
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
p
r
i
v
ac
y
r
is
k
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
r
elate
d
to
co
o
k
ie
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
ies.
T
o
cr
ea
te
a
m
ap
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
co
o
k
ie
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies,
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
an
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
we
u
s
ed
to
p
ic
-
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
(
g
en
er
ic)
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
t
o
p
ic
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
class
if
icatio
n
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
e
r
al
class
if
icatio
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
o
r
g
an
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fo
r
to
p
ic
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
class
if
icatio
n
,
w
e
s
e
lec
te
d
ca
t
eg
o
r
i
es
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
ai
n
t
h
e
m
es
o
f
c
o
o
k
ie
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
il
iti
es.
T
h
es
e
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
tw
o
m
ai
n
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
:
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
is
k
s
a
n
d
th
e
e
x
p
lo
ita
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
s
t
u
d
ies
.
T
h
e
r
is
k
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
t
e
g
o
r
i
ze
d
b
ase
d
o
n
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
r
is
k
s
,
s
u
c
h
as u
s
er
t
r
a
ck
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
il
in
g
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
is
s
u
es
,
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
d
ata
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
i
n
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
m
iti
g
a
ti
o
n
m
e
asu
r
es,
a
n
d
d
ata
i
n
t
eg
r
i
ty
is
s
u
es
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
t
e
g
o
r
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
e
d
t
o
ex
p
l
o
it
c
o
o
k
i
e
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ili
ties
s
u
c
h
as
c
o
o
k
ie
tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
,
s
ess
i
o
n
h
ija
ck
in
g
a
n
d
n
a
v
i
g
at
io
n
al
p
h
is
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
cl
ass
i
f
ic
ati
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
a
n
d
s
y
n
t
h
esiz
in
g
t
h
e
l
ite
r
a
tu
r
e.
I
t
en
ab
le
d
u
s
t
o
m
a
p
o
u
t
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
i
n
a
m
et
h
o
d
i
ca
l
m
a
n
n
er
a
n
d
i
d
en
ti
f
y
s
t
u
d
y
g
a
p
s
r
el
ate
d
to
c
o
o
k
ies
,
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
t
h
r
e
a
ts
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
o
it
ati
o
n
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
s
ch
em
es
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
To
p
i
c
-
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
y
e
a
r
Ty
p
e
o
f
r
i
s
k
s
Ex
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Ans
wer
ing
re
s
ea
rc
h qu
estio
n 1
W
e
h
av
e
co
llected
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
a
to
tal
o
f
6
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
o
th
er
o
n
lin
e
ch
an
n
els.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
2
1
wer
e
m
ale,
an
d
3
9
wer
e
f
em
ale.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
6
1
.
6
7
%)
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
r
is
k
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
o
k
ies.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
3
5
%
ar
e
eith
er
u
n
s
u
r
e
o
r
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
wh
at
th
ese
r
is
k
s
ar
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
r
elativ
ely
p
o
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
v
a
cy
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
co
o
k
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
7
9
2
-
5
8
0
3
5796
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
6
8
.
3
3
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
c
o
o
k
ies
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
b
r
o
wser
,
2
5
%
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
r
e
w
h
at
th
ey
m
ea
n
,
a
n
d
6
.
6
7
%
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
at
all.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
an
o
v
er
all
d
ec
e
n
t
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
ev
er
y
s
tu
d
en
t
a
p
p
ea
r
s
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
o
lid
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
co
o
k
ies
ac
t
u
ally
wo
r
k
.
T
h
is
c
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
th
ey
f
ac
e
s
u
ch
is
s
u
es
wi
th
co
o
k
ies,
as
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
s
u
ally
u
s
e
o
n
lin
e
web
s
ites
(
8
3
.
3
3
%),
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
w
ith
co
o
k
ie
p
o
p
-
u
p
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
(
4
1
.
6
7
%
alwa
y
s
an
d
5
3
.
3
3
%
s
o
m
etim
es)
ac
ce
p
t
th
e
co
o
k
ie
p
o
p
-
u
p
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
%)
n
e
v
er
ac
ce
p
ts
co
o
k
ies,
in
d
icatin
g
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
d
ata
b
y
p
ass
o
r
ig
n
o
r
in
g
p
r
i
v
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
(
4
3
.
3
3
%)
s
ee
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
a
cc
ep
tin
g
co
o
k
ies
as
tr
ac
k
in
g
t
h
eir
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ity
,
co
llectin
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
s
h
o
win
g
tar
g
eted
ad
s
,
wh
ile
s
m
aller
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
ee
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
as
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
eir
ac
tiv
ity
o
r
o
n
ly
co
llecti
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
,
th
eir
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
ac
tio
n
s
d
if
f
er
as
o
n
l
y
4
0
%
ar
e
m
o
d
er
at
ely
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
s
u
es,
2
0
%
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
,
an
d
a
v
er
y
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
(
1
3
.
3
3
%)
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
9
5
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
s
e
th
ir
d
-
p
a
r
t
y
co
o
k
ie
d
etec
to
r
s
o
r
b
lo
ck
er
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
tak
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l o
f
th
eir
o
wn
o
n
lin
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
I
t w
as a
ls
o
co
m
m
o
n
am
o
n
g
th
em
to
u
s
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
e
clea
r
in
g
o
u
t
c
o
o
k
ies
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
r
e
g
u
lar
ly
,
d
is
ab
lin
g
t
h
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
co
o
k
ies
an
d
av
o
id
i
n
g
u
n
clea
r
lin
k
s
o
r
ad
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
er
e
i
s
a
r
el
ativ
ely
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
e
s
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
th
ey
f
ac
e
with
co
o
k
ies,
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
etter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
co
o
k
ie
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
o
u
t
f
u
lly
g
r
asp
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
till
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
p
t c
o
o
k
ies,
in
d
icati
n
g
an
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
p
h
er
es wh
en
it c
o
m
es to
m
an
ag
in
g
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
3
.
2
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ics da
t
a
f
ro
m
SM
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
to
tal
o
f
7
5
s
tu
d
ie
s
wer
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
d
atab
ases
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
ed
b
y
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
l
am
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
I
I
UM
)
lib
r
ar
y
.
Ou
t
o
f
7
5
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
6
1
wer
e
r
etr
iev
e
d
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
1
4
f
r
o
m
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e.
Up
o
n
f
ilter
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
we
in
clu
d
ed
2
7
s
tu
d
ies,
in
wh
ic
h
8
1
% we
r
e
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
a
n
d
1
9
% f
r
o
m
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e
.
T
h
e
b
a
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
i
es
o
v
e
r
a
s
p
e
ci
f
i
ed
p
er
io
d
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
p
ea
k
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
r
e
v
ea
ls
a
s
h
ar
p
i
n
c
r
e
ase
i
n
p
u
b
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
is
y
e
ar
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
s
i
x
(
6
)
p
a
p
e
r
s
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tw
o
(
2
)
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
ce
d
i
n
g
y
ea
r
(
2
0
2
1
)
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
(
4
)
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
y
e
ar
(
2
0
2
3
)
.
T
h
e
t
r
e
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
s
u
s
tai
n
e
d
le
v
el
o
f
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
i
n
t
er
est
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
je
ct
i
n
t
h
e
l
ast
s
e
v
e
r
al
y
e
ar
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Sear
ch
r
esu
lts
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
R
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
d
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
61
39
22
IEE
E
X
p
l
o
re
14
9
5
TO
TA
L
75
48
27
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
er
y
ea
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
co
o
kies v
u
ln
era
b
ilit
ies:
a
w
a
r
en
ess
,
p
r
iva
cy
r
i
s
ks
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
ita
tio
n
(
N
o
r
A
n
is
a
h
A
mir
Ha
mza
h
)
5797
3
.
3
.
Ans
wer
ing
re
s
ea
rc
h q
u
estio
n 2
T
o
an
s
wer
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
,
we
r
ev
iewe
d
f
r
o
m
a
m
ap
p
in
g
s
tu
d
y
a
to
tal
o
f
2
7
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
n
lin
e
co
o
k
ies.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
s
id
en
tifie
d
v
ar
io
u
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
ea
ts
,
r
aisi
n
g
awa
r
en
ess
in
th
is
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
Ke
y
r
is
k
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
i
n
clu
d
e
u
s
er
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
tar
g
eted
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
en
t
is
s
u
es,
p
o
o
r
m
itig
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
cy
b
er
attac
k
s
,
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
is
s
u
es,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
o
licy
f
ailu
r
es.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
r
is
k
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
u
s
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
o
k
ies.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
lis
t o
f
th
e
ty
p
es o
f
r
is
k
s
av
ailab
le
in
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies an
d
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
y
p
es o
f
r
is
k
Ty
p
e
o
f
r
i
s
k
P
a
p
e
r
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
To
t
a
l
U
ser t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
i
n
g
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
9
]
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
9
]
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
3
]
24
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
e
x
p
o
su
r
e
[
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
[
3
4
]
11
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
n
t
i
ss
u
e
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
10
Ta
r
g
e
t
e
d
a
d
v
e
r
t
i
s
i
n
g
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
6
]
9
I
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
me
a
s
u
r
e
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
8
]
5
D
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
I
ssu
e
s
[
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
5
]
4
C
y
b
e
r
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
[
3
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
2
]
3
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
2
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
w
o
r
r
y
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
is
u
s
er
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
2
4
o
u
t
o
f
2
7
s
tu
d
ies
(
8
8
.
8
8
%).
All
o
f
th
e
2
4
ar
tic
les
in
T
ab
le
4
ex
p
licitly
em
p
h
asized
th
at
co
o
k
ies
o
r
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
u
n
iq
u
e
i
d
en
tifie
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
i
r
d
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies,
ar
e
v
ital
in
e
n
ab
lin
g
web
s
ites
to
tr
ac
k
u
s
er
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ite
tr
ac
k
in
g
with
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
we
b
s
ites
.
T
h
is
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
ess
en
tial
in
b
u
ild
in
g
d
etailed
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
ex
p
o
s
in
g
u
s
er
s
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
th
r
e
ats
an
d
r
aisi
n
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
u
s
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
t
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
ad
v
e
r
tis
er
s
an
d
web
s
ites
to
g
ath
er
an
d
ex
p
lo
it
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
with
o
u
t
u
s
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
co
n
s
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
i
v
ac
y
r
is
k
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
,
wh
ich
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
a
to
tal
o
f
1
1
s
tu
d
ies.
T
wo
ar
ticles
[
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
a
b
its
r
ev
ea
l
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
etails
lik
e
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
b
elief
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
2
]
s
tated
th
at
en
c
r
y
p
ted
tr
a
f
f
ic
allo
ws
attac
k
er
s
to
h
ijack
th
e
s
ess
io
n
co
o
k
ies
an
d
p
ass
wo
r
d
s
.
T
wo
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
8
]
n
o
ted
th
at
m
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
co
o
k
ies
ca
n
leak
u
s
er
d
ata.
C
o
o
k
ies
s
to
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
d
ata
s
u
ch
as
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
es
an
d
g
e
o
lo
c
atio
n
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
ited
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
4
]
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ata
to
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
tr
ac
k
e
r
s
an
d
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
[
3
1
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
ajo
r
ad
v
er
tis
er
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
v
e
r
9
0
%
o
f
u
s
er
'
s
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
is
to
r
ies,
r
en
d
er
in
g
u
s
er
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
v
io
latio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
s
ev
er
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
in
co
o
k
ie
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
Nex
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
en
t
is
s
u
es
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
th
ir
d
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ied
r
is
k
,
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
ten
(
1
0
)
s
tu
d
ies.
User
s
ty
p
ically
h
a
v
e
n
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
s
h
ad
o
wy
d
at
a
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
]
,
a
n
d
im
p
u
ls
iv
en
ess
o
r
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
ca
n
ex
p
o
s
e
th
em
to
p
r
i
v
ac
y
th
r
ea
ts
[
3
5
]
.
On
ly
2
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
web
s
ites
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
g
et
r
i
d
o
f
th
eir
d
ata
[
1
7
]
.
User
s
o
f
ten
in
c
o
r
r
e
ctly
ass
u
m
e
th
at
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
o
lic
ies
p
r
ev
en
t
s
h
ar
in
g
d
ata
with
th
ir
d
p
ar
ties
o
r
th
at
co
o
k
ies
ca
n
n
o
t
tr
ac
k
b
e
h
av
io
r
with
o
u
t
ask
in
g
f
o
r
e
x
p
licit
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
C
o
o
k
ie
b
a
n
n
er
s
u
s
u
ally
f
ail
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
d
ata
co
n
ti
n
u
es
to
b
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
co
o
k
ies
d
esp
ite
u
s
er
s
’
ch
o
ice
o
f
o
p
tin
g
o
u
t
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
E
v
e
n
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
d
is
ab
lin
g
o
r
f
ilter
in
g
co
o
k
ies
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
ev
en
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
m
o
s
t
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
s
en
t
with
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
t
-
in
c
o
n
s
en
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
u
n
in
ten
tio
n
a
l
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
ata
[
3
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
g
ap
in
ex
p
e
ctatio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
lack
o
f
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
o
w
c
o
o
k
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
o
p
e
n
p
r
ac
tices w
h
en
it c
o
m
es to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
m
o
s
t
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
is
tar
g
eted
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
a
to
tal
o
f
n
in
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
h
o
w
o
n
lin
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
ad
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
ar
ticle
[
2
]
ex
p
l
ain
ed
th
at
u
s
er
'
s
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
ab
its
ar
e
tr
ac
k
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
t
o
tar
g
et
u
s
er
s
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
s
,
r
aisi
n
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
3
6
]
n
o
ted
th
at
co
o
k
ies
tr
ac
k
u
s
er
s
’
ac
tiv
ities
to
h
elp
ad
v
er
tis
er
s
s
er
v
e
ta
r
g
eted
ad
s
.
R
etar
g
eted
ad
s
,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
ey
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
b
r
o
wsed
,
wer
e
also
m
en
tio
n
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
ce
r
n
[
1
8
]
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
0
]
,
cr
ea
te
d
etailed
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
p
r
o
f
iles
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
o
l
d
to
th
ir
d
p
a
r
ties
.
Ad
v
er
tis
in
g
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
u
s
er
s
'
o
n
lin
e
ac
tiv
ity
d
ata
an
d
cu
s
to
m
ize
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
ts
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
t
ar
g
eted
a
d
v
er
tis
in
g
p
r
ac
tices n
o
t o
n
l
y
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
u
s
er
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
u
t a
ls
o
s
u
s
tain
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
co
m
m
e
r
cial
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al
r
o
le
in
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
.
3
.
4
.
Ans
wer
ing
re
s
ea
rc
h qu
estio
n 3
T
o
an
s
wer
th
is
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
we
ex
a
m
in
ed
2
7
p
a
p
er
s
to
f
in
d
an
d
class
if
y
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
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es
o
f
co
o
k
ie
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
1
4
ar
ticles
th
at
eith
er
m
en
tio
n
ed
o
r
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
ese
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
A
c
o
o
k
ie
is
an
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
web
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
s
tatef
u
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
clien
ts
an
d
s
er
v
er
s
[
3
7
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
eir
m
is
u
s
e
o
r
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies
ca
n
lead
to
s
ev
er
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
[
5
]
.
Ou
r
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
i
d
en
tify
in
g
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
n
co
o
k
i
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ap
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
co
o
k
ie
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
s
ess
io
n
h
ijack
in
g
,
a
n
d
C
SR
F
attac
k
s
.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
lis
t
o
f
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
av
ailab
le
in
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
1
4
s
tu
d
ies
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
2
7
s
tu
d
ies
(
5
1
.
9
%),
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
1
3
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tu
d
i
es
(
4
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1
%)
d
i
d
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
m
en
tio
n
an
y
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
9
]
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
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.
Ou
t
o
f
1
4
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
tech
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iq
u
es
v
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ied
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
in
[
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
b
r
ief
l
y
m
en
tio
n
co
o
k
ies
in
th
e
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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xp
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ilit
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a
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u
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a
l
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f
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r
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[
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,
[
1
5
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,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
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,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
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,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
8
F
i
n
g
e
r
p
r
i
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t
i
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[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
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[
3
3
]
5
C
r
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r
e
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f
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C
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[
4
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,
[
8
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,
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
2
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4
S
e
ssi
o
n
H
i
j
a
c
k
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[
4
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[
3
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[
3
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3
H
TTP res
p
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l
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sh
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[
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8
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2
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z
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[
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M
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3
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i
g
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t
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o
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b
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p
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i
n
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[
2
2
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W
ith
th
e
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ig
h
est
co
u
n
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o
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a
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s
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eig
h
t
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tu
d
ies
(
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9
.
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%)
[
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
C
o
o
k
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T
r
ac
k
i
n
g
in
v
o
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in
g
eith
er
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
o
r
f
ir
s
t
-
p
ar
t
y
co
o
k
ies
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
er
e
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
u
s
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
web
s
ites
.
T
o
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
co
o
k
ie
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
,
we
m
u
s
t
f
ir
s
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
f
ir
s
t
-
p
ar
ty
a
n
d
t
h
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
co
o
k
ies.
First
-
p
ar
ty
co
o
k
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
wh
en
u
s
er
s
v
is
it
a
web
s
ite
f
o
r
task
s
s
u
ch
as
s
to
r
in
g
l
o
g
in
d
etails
o
r
item
s
in
th
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
ca
r
t.
T
h
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
co
o
k
ies,
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
a
r
e
s
et
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
d
o
m
ain
s
(
e
.
g
.
ad
v
er
tis
er
s
)
to
t
r
ac
k
u
s
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
web
s
ites
to
b
u
ild
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
ad
v
e
r
tis
in
g
[
3
1
]
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
Nik
i
f
o
r
ak
is
et
a
l.
[
2
]
,
ad
v
er
tis
er
s
an
d
an
aly
tics
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ca
n
tr
a
ck
u
s
er
s
’
v
is
its
to
web
s
ite
to
i
d
en
tify
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
u
s
er
s
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ess
io
n
.
C
o
o
k
ie
tr
ac
k
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wh
en
a
th
ir
d
p
ar
ty
s
ets
a
co
o
k
ie
with
a
u
n
iq
u
e
I
D
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
's
b
r
o
wser
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
ac
tiv
ity
ev
er
y
tim
e
th
at
t
h
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
ev
en
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
web
s
ites
[
3
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
i
v
ac
y
to
o
ls
,
ad
b
lo
ck
e
r
s
,
an
d
a
n
ti
-
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
x
ten
s
io
n
s
(
e.
g
.
Priv
ac
y
B
ad
g
er
a
n
d
Ad
b
lo
ck
Plu
s
)
a
r
e
ab
le
to
b
l
o
ck
k
n
o
wn
tr
ac
k
in
g
d
o
m
ai
n
s
an
d
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
itig
a
te
co
o
k
ie
t
r
ac
k
in
g
an
d
co
o
k
ies
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
2
5
]
,
s
u
c
h
as
u
s
er
co
n
s
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
co
o
k
ie
co
n
s
en
t to
o
ls
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ee
t G
DPR
r
eq
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ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
tin
g
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
tateles
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izes a
n
d
tr
ac
k
s
u
s
er
s
with
o
u
t th
e
b
r
o
ws
er
'
s
s
to
r
ag
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
[
3
8
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
wh
en
a
u
s
er
v
is
its
a
web
p
ag
e
with
a
f
i
n
g
er
p
r
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n
tin
g
s
cr
ip
t,
v
ar
io
u
s
d
a
ta
p
o
in
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
b
r
o
w
s
er
an
d
d
e
v
ice
ca
n
b
e
co
llected
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
f
o
r
m
a
u
n
iq
u
e
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
th
e
u
s
er
ac
r
o
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
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6
,
Decem
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r
20
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5800
d
if
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er
en
t
web
s
ite
an
d
s
ess
io
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
W
eb
GL
f
i
n
g
er
p
r
in
tin
g
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eth
o
d
s
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o
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er
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t
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lo
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d
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ted
b
y
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
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k
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an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
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am
s
.
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h
ese
m
eth
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d
s
d
em
o
n
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tr
ate
h
o
w
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
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d
th
e
p
r
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ac
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ec
h
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is
m
s
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lace
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ee
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e
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ad
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cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
u
n
ter
ac
t th
e
m
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ir
d
,
C
SR
F
is
an
o
th
er
p
r
ev
alen
t
m
eth
o
d
wh
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
i
n
f
o
u
r
p
a
p
er
s
(
1
4
.
8
%).
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
attac
k
er
s
ex
p
lo
it
s
ess
io
n
co
o
k
ies
to
tr
ick
u
s
er
s
in
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
u
n
in
te
n
d
ed
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
au
th
en
ticated
web
s
ites
[
2
6
]
.
C
SR
F
ex
p
lo
it
s
s
es
s
io
n
co
o
k
ies
b
y
d
ec
eiv
i
n
g
u
s
er
s
in
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
u
n
i
n
ten
d
ed
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
au
th
en
ticated
web
s
ites
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
f
u
n
d
s
o
r
alter
in
g
ac
co
u
n
t
s
ettin
g
s
[
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
ak
ata
et
a
l.
[
4
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
h
o
w
C
SR
F
at
tack
s
m
an
ip
u
late
co
o
k
ies
to
ex
ec
u
te
u
n
au
t
h
o
r
ized
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ile
Kh
o
d
a
y
ar
i
an
d
Pelleg
r
in
o
[
2
6
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
HT
T
P
r
eq
u
ests
in
th
ese
attac
k
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
ti
-
C
SR
F
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Sam
eSite
attr
ib
u
te
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
itig
ate
th
ese
r
is
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
Sam
eSite
at
tr
ib
u
te
ca
n
lim
it
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
c
o
o
k
ies in
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ite
r
eq
u
ests
[
1
9
]
.
Nex
t,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
e
co
o
k
ies
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
Ses
s
io
n
h
ijack
in
g
h
ap
p
e
n
s
wh
en
att
ac
k
er
s
in
ter
ce
p
t
o
r
p
r
ed
ict
s
ess
io
n
co
o
k
ies
to
im
p
er
s
o
n
ate
u
s
er
s
an
d
g
ai
n
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
to
ac
co
u
n
ts
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
3
0
]
u
tili
ze
s
s
h
ar
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
tim
estam
p
s
to
tr
ac
k
an
d
r
ec
r
ea
te
u
s
er
s
'
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
is
to
r
y
(
e.
g
.
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
u
s
er
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
wh
e
n
ar
c
h
iv
ed
ar
ticles
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
)
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
lag
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
[
4
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
Secu
r
e
f
lag
will
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
s
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ec
u
r
e
SS
L
ch
an
n
el,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
o
k
ie
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
c
o
o
k
ie
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
is
m
en
tio
n
e
d
i
n
two
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
allo
ws
th
ir
d
-
p
a
r
ty
s
er
v
ices
to
s
h
ar
e
u
s
er
id
en
tifie
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
web
s
ite
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
b
u
ild
m
an
y
u
s
er
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
also
ca
lled
"c
o
o
k
ie
m
atch
in
g
"
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
is
v
ital
i
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
id
d
in
g
(
R
T
B
)
au
ctio
n
s
s
in
ce
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
(
SS
Ps
)
an
d
d
em
an
d
-
s
ite
p
latf
o
r
m
s
(
DSPs
)
s
h
a
r
e
u
s
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
is
h
ap
p
en
s
v
ia
HT
T
P
r
ed
ir
ec
ts
,
wh
er
e
th
e
SS
P
d
el
iv
er
its
co
o
k
ie
I
D
to
th
e
DSP,
wh
ich
will
co
n
n
ec
t
i
t
with
its
o
wn
co
o
k
ie
I
D
a
n
d
i
d
en
tify
u
s
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
Similar
ly
,
HT
T
P
R
esp
awn
in
g
an
d
Flas
h
C
o
o
k
ie
R
esp
awn
in
g
wer
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
two
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
v
o
lv
es
r
eg
en
er
atin
g
d
elete
d
co
o
k
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
HT
T
P
h
ea
d
er
s
o
r
f
lash
lo
ca
l
s
h
a
r
ed
o
b
jects
,
u
n
d
er
m
in
in
g
u
s
er
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
b
lo
ck
o
r
d
elete
co
o
k
ies.
As
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
[
3
3
]
,
HT
T
P
r
esp
awn
in
g
r
esto
r
es
tr
ac
k
in
g
c
o
o
k
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
co
n
tin
u
ed
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
u
s
er
ac
tiv
ity
ev
en
af
ter
co
o
k
ies ar
e
clea
r
e
d
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tially
,
a
n
o
th
er
s
ix
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
5
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
,
an
d
ea
c
h
h
as
o
n
e
(
1
)
s
tu
d
y
(
3
.
7
%)
th
at
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
es.
First,
XSS
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
in
jectio
n
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
s
cr
ip
ts
in
to
tr
u
s
ted
web
s
ites
to
s
teal
u
s
er
s
'
co
o
k
ies
o
r
o
th
er
d
ata
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
itig
ate
XSS,
C
h
en
et
a
l.
(
2
0
2
3
)
[
3
2
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
tu
r
n
in
g
o
n
th
e
HT
T
POn
l
y
f
lag
,
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
clien
t
-
s
id
e
s
c
r
ip
ts
lik
e
J
av
aScr
ip
t
f
r
o
m
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
co
o
k
ie.
C
NAM
E
clo
ak
in
g
f
o
r
c
o
o
k
ie
s
h
ar
in
g
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
wo
r
k
s
b
y
d
is
g
u
is
in
g
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
co
o
k
ies
as
f
ir
s
t
-
p
ar
ty
co
o
k
ies
to
p
ass
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ea
s
ily
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
Sam
e
Sit
e
attr
ib
u
te.
T
h
is
allo
ws
tr
ac
k
er
s
to
e
x
p
lo
it
an
d
ac
q
u
ir
e
u
s
er
s
’
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
o
u
t a
u
th
o
r
izat
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
C
OSI
,
wh
ich
le
ak
s
s
en
s
itiv
e
u
s
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
lo
g
in
s
tatu
s
an
d
ac
co
u
n
t
ty
p
e,
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
6
]
.
C
h
en
et
a
l.
(
2
0
2
3
)
r
ep
o
r
ted
tech
n
iq
u
e
k
n
o
wn
as
co
o
k
ie
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
an
d
tam
p
er
in
g
a
n
d
m
an
-
in
-
th
e
-
m
i
d
d
le
(
MI
T
M)
attac
k
s
[
3
2
]
.
M
I
T
M
attac
k
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
am
ag
e
a
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
will
wo
r
k
as
an
in
ter
ce
p
to
r
an
d
m
an
ip
u
lato
r
b
etwe
en
two
u
s
er
s
an
d
it
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
lo
its
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
ies
in
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
r
eso
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
AR
P)
[
3
9
]
.
L
astl
y
,
n
av
ig
atio
n
-
b
ased
p
h
is
h
in
g
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
a
p
p
en
s
wh
e
n
attac
k
er
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
tr
ick
u
s
er
s
in
to
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
web
s
ites
u
s
in
g
m
eta
tag
s
o
r
s
c
r
ip
ts
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
th
em
to
s
teal
co
o
k
ies
to
lau
n
ch
p
h
is
h
in
g
attac
k
s
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
ts
with
o
u
t
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
o
s
u
m
m
ar
ize,
co
o
k
ie
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
s
is
ts
a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
I
t
is
also
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
o
f
u
s
er
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
,
wh
ich
was
th
e
m
ain
co
n
ce
r
n
in
R
Q2
.
C
SR
F
an
d
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
tin
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
g
o
a
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
o
k
ie
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
,
wh
ile
co
o
k
ie
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
h
ijack
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
r
ev
ea
l ses
s
io
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
d
o
m
ain
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
laws.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
ess
en
tials
f
o
r
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
af
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
n
co
o
k
ies
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
p
ap
er
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
o
u
r
m
ap
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
y
.
E
ac
h
b
u
b
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
er
s
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
la
r
g
er
th
e
b
u
b
b
le
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
u
n
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
s
o
m
e
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
co
o
k
ie
tr
ac
k
in
g
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I
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lam
ic
Un
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s
ity
Ma
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s
ia.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
C
a
h
n
,
S
.
A
l
f
e
l
d
,
P
.
B
a
r
f
o
r
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
u
t
h
u
k
r
i
s
h
n
a
n
,
“
A
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
w
e
b
c
o
o
k
i
e
s,”
i
n
2
5
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Wo
rl
d
W
i
d
e
We
b
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
WW
W
2
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
8
9
1
–
9
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
2
8
7
2
4
2
7
.
2
8
8
2
9
9
1
.
[
2
]
N
.
N
i
k
i
f
o
r
a
k
i
s,
G
.
A
c
a
r
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
a
e
l
i
n
g
e
r
,
“
B
r
o
w
s
e
a
t
y
o
u
r
o
w
n
r
i
sk
,
”
I
EEE
S
p
e
c
t
ru
m
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
–
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
S
P
EC
.
2
0
1
4
.
6
8
6
6
4
3
5
.
[
3
]
R
.
K
h
a
n
d
e
l
w
a
l
,
A
.
N
a
y
a
k
,
H
.
H
a
r
k
o
u
s,
a
n
d
K
.
F
a
w
a
z
,
“
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
c
o
o
k
i
e
n
o
t
i
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
e
n
f
o
r
c
e
me
n
t
,
”
i
n
3
2
n
d
U
S
E
N
I
X
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
S
y
m
p
o
s
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u
m
,
U
S
EN
I
X
S
e
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ri
t
y
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0
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3
,
2
0
2
3
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
9
–
1
1
2
6
.
[
4
]
Y
.
Ta
k
a
t
a
,
D
.
I
t
o
,
H
.
K
u
ma
g
a
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
K
a
mi
z
o
n
o
,
“
R
i
sk
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
c
o
o
k
i
e
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
b
y
l
i
n
k
d
e
c
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
N
A
M
E
c
l
o
a
k
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
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n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
p
p
.
6
4
9
–
6
5
6
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
7
/
I
P
S
JJI
P
.
2
9
.
6
4
9
.
[
5
]
M
.
W
h
e
e
l
e
r
,
S
.
S
a
k
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
s
,
“
U
ser
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
r
o
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g
h
r
i
sk
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
o
k
i
e
s,”
a
rX
i
v
,
2
0
2
2
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.