I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
5
1
7
3
~
5
1
8
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
6
.
pp
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5173
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Im
pro
v
ing
t
ime
-
d
o
ma
in winner
-
tak
e
-
a
ll circui
t
for
neuro
mo
rphic co
mputing
sy
stems
So
n Ng
o
c
T
ruo
ng
,
T
u T
ie
n
Ng
o
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
H
C
M
C
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
,
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
1
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l 1
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
1
4
,
2
0
2
5
Wi
t
h
th
e
ra
p
i
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
i
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
ta
k
e
-
a
ll
(W
TA)
c
irc
u
it
s
h
a
v
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
d
a
s
e
ss
e
n
t
ia
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
a
wi
d
e
ra
n
g
e
o
f
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
c
is
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
Ne
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
i
n
s
p
i
re
d
b
y
t
h
e
b
i
o
l
o
g
ica
l
b
ra
i
n
,
u
t
i
li
z
e
WT
A
c
irc
u
it
s
a
s
se
lec
ti
v
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
t
h
a
t
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
a
n
d
re
tai
n
t
h
e
st
ro
n
g
e
st
si
g
n
a
l
w
h
il
e
su
p
p
r
e
ss
in
g
a
l
l
o
t
h
e
rs
.
In
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
,
we
p
re
se
n
t
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
WT
A
c
ircu
it
with
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
NO
T
AN
D
(NA
ND
)
g
a
te
a
n
d
d
e
la
y
c
ircu
it
fo
r
n
e
u
ro
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Th
e
c
ircu
it
is
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
u
sin
g
si
n
u
so
i
d
a
l
c
u
rre
n
t
i
n
p
u
ts
wit
h
v
a
ry
i
n
g
p
h
a
se
d
e
l
a
y
s,
wh
ich
su
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
n
g
p
re
c
ise
win
n
e
r
se
lec
ti
o
n
.
Wh
e
n
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
n
e
u
ro
m
o
r
p
h
ic
ima
g
e
re
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
tas
k
,
th
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
WT
A
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
n
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
0
.
2
%
i
n
p
re
c
isio
n
w
h
il
e
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
l
y
re
d
u
c
in
g
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
y
ield
i
n
g
a
lo
w
fig
u
re
o
f
m
e
rit
(F
o
M
)
o
f
0
.
0
3
µW/M
Hz
,
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
t
h
e
p
re
v
io
u
s
stu
d
y
with
F
o
M
o
f
0
.
2
5
µW
/M
Hz
.
Th
e
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
WT
A circ
u
it
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
m
isin
g
fo
r
larg
e
-
sc
a
le n
e
u
ro
m
o
rp
h
ic ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
etal
o
x
id
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
I
m
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
Me
m
r
is
to
r
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
Neu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
W
in
n
er
-
tak
e
-
all
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
So
n
Ng
o
c
T
r
u
o
n
g
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
HC
MC U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
1
Vo
Van
Ng
a
n
Stre
et,
T
h
u
Du
c
W
ar
d
,
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
s
o
n
tn
@
h
cm
u
te.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
en
tly
,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANNs)
h
av
e
ac
h
iev
ed
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
s
u
cc
ess
es
in
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
ANNs
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
u
g
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
task
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
th
ei
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
ed
g
e
d
ev
ices
[
4
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
im
p
lem
en
ti
n
g
b
io
l
o
g
ically
in
s
p
ir
e
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
n
h
a
r
d
war
e,
k
n
o
wn
as
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
ath
t
o
war
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
[
5
]
.
Neu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
b
r
ain
,
u
tili
ze
win
n
er
-
tak
e
-
all
(
W
T
A)
cir
cu
its
as
s
elec
tiv
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
th
at
id
en
tify
an
d
r
etain
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
s
t sig
n
al
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
all
o
th
er
s
.
W
T
A
ci
r
cu
it,
w
h
ic
h
is
wi
d
el
y
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
i
ts
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
i
d
en
t
if
y
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t)
am
o
n
g
m
u
lti
p
l
e
i
n
p
u
ts
,
m
im
ic
k
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
etit
io
n
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
in
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
b
r
ai
n
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
W
T
A
c
ir
cu
its
ar
e
u
ti
liz
ed
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
i
el
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
c
o
m
p
e
titi
v
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
[
9
]
.
W
T
A
ca
n
b
e
c
lass
i
f
i
ed
i
n
t
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
-
b
as
e
d
W
T
A,
b
i
n
a
r
y
t
r
ee
-
b
ase
d
W
T
A
,
an
d
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
W
T
A.
C
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
u
tili
ze
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
cir
cu
its
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
it
s
ty
p
ically
em
p
lo
y
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
g
en
er
atio
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
r
elies
o
n
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
elem
en
ts
th
at
co
m
p
ete
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
C
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
e
x
ce
l
in
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
s
p
ee
d
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
alo
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
d
er
a
te
p
o
wer
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5174
B
in
ar
y
tr
ee
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
u
s
e
a
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
er
e
in
p
u
ts
a
r
e
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
ely
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
p
air
s
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
tr
ee
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
E
ac
h
lev
el
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ee
elim
in
ates
wea
k
er
in
p
u
ts
u
n
til
th
e
lar
g
est
in
p
u
t
p
r
o
p
a
g
ates
to
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
e
n
s
u
r
es
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lar
g
e
in
p
u
t
s
ets.
B
in
ar
y
tr
ee
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
o
f
f
er
ex
ce
llen
t
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
co
m
p
etitiv
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
co
n
s
u
m
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
.
T
im
e
-
d
o
m
ain
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
ex
p
lo
it
d
elay
elem
en
ts
an
d
tim
e
-
en
co
d
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
win
n
er
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
p
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
tim
in
g
s
ig
n
als,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ar
r
iv
in
g
p
u
ls
e
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
in
p
u
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lev
er
a
g
es
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
ig
n
als,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
a
r
ea
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
-
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
cir
c
u
its
.
T
im
e
-
d
o
m
ain
-
b
ased
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
s
tan
d
o
u
t
in
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
tim
e
-
e
n
co
d
in
g
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
ar
ea
-
e
f
f
icien
t
b
u
t
m
a
y
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
p
r
ec
is
io
n
lim
itatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
d
elay
elem
en
ts
.
T
im
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
etal
o
x
id
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
C
MO
S)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
W
T
A
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
was
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
R
ah
im
in
ejad
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
T
A
co
n
s
u
m
es
less
p
o
wer
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
u
tili
ze
s
a
th
r
ee
-
in
p
u
t
NOT
AND
(
NAND
)
g
ate
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
,
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
ts
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
t
g
ates
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
o
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
t N
AND
g
ate.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
eir
d
etailed
cir
cu
it st
r
u
ctu
r
e
is
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
,
t
h
eir
r
e
p
o
r
ted
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
al
u
ab
le
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
p
r
esen
t
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
b
o
th
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
esig
n
s
.
B
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
lo
g
ic
an
d
r
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
d
elay
cir
cu
it
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
ac
h
iev
es
b
ette
r
tim
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
a
r
ea
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
we
co
m
p
ar
e
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
with
th
o
s
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
b
y
R
ah
im
in
ejad
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
aim
s
to
m
ee
t th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
is
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
Se
c
t
i
o
n
2
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
i
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
W
T
A
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
1
0
-
i
n
p
u
t
N
A
N
D
g
a
t
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
d
e
l
a
y
c
e
l
l
.
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3
p
r
es
e
n
ts
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
wi
t
h
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
,
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
an
d
f
i
g
u
r
e
o
f
m
e
r
i
t
(
F
o
M
)
.
Se
c
ti
o
n
4
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
d
i
r
e
c
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
as
it
en
ab
les
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
est
-
m
atch
in
g
in
p
u
t
p
atter
n
f
r
o
m
a
s
et
o
f
s
to
r
e
d
p
atter
n
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
am
o
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
cu
r
r
en
t
in
p
u
ts
in
a
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
co
n
tex
t.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
clu
d
es
two
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
i
)
a
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
elay
ce
ll
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
a
n
alo
g
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
in
to
tim
e
d
elay
,
an
d
ii
)
a
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
th
at
d
etec
ts
th
e
ea
r
lies
t
ar
r
iv
in
g
s
ig
n
al,
th
er
eb
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
win
n
er
.
I
t
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
d
ela
y
cir
cu
its
,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ates.
T
h
e
an
alo
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
f
ir
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
to
th
e
d
elay
tim
es b
y
th
e
d
elay
cir
cu
its
an
d
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t N
AND
g
ates
g
en
er
ate
th
e
win
n
er
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
d
esig
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
n
d
f
ab
r
icate
d
with
o
n
ly
t
h
r
ee
in
p
u
ts
,
r
ely
in
g
o
n
a
th
r
ee
-
i
n
p
u
t
N
AND
g
ate.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
p
u
ts
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
,
we
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
a
in
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
a
ten
-
o
u
tp
u
t
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
A
s
im
p
lifie
d
10
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
alo
n
g
with
a
n
o
v
el
d
elay
cir
cu
it
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
,
th
er
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
ar
ea
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
ch
em
a
tic
o
f
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
er
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
ela
y
cir
cu
its
an
d
th
e
1
0
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ates
ar
e
o
p
t
im
ized
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
an
d
ar
ea
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
b
lu
e
r
e
g
io
n
c
o
n
tain
s
cu
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
ela
y
ce
lls
th
at
co
n
v
er
t
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
in
to
tim
e
d
elay
s
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
r
e
d
r
eg
io
n
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ates
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
th
at
d
etec
t th
e
ea
r
lies
t sig
n
al
ar
r
iv
al
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
win
n
er
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
ts
in
th
e
NAND
g
ates
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
s
in
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
its
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
with
th
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
NAND
g
ate
m
u
s
t
also
in
cr
ea
s
e,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
a
h
i
g
h
er
f
a
n
-
in
.
Desig
n
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
NAND
g
at
es
with
a
lar
g
e
f
an
-
in
n
ec
ess
itates
ad
d
itio
n
al
C
M
OS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ts
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
cir
cu
it
ar
ea
,
an
d
d
elay
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
time
-
d
o
ma
in
w
in
n
er
-
ta
ke
-
a
ll c
ir
cu
it fo
r
n
eu
r
o
mo
r
p
h
ic
co
mp
u
tin
g
s
ystems
(
S
o
n
N
g
o
c
Tr
u
o
n
g
)
5175
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
ts
in
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
ex
ten
d
ed
to
ass
o
ciate
with
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
-
class
clas
s
if
icatio
n
.
T
o
s
im
p
lify
th
e
cir
cu
it,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
o
p
tim
ized
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
d
esig
n
th
at
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
p
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
a
p
u
ll
-
d
o
wn
n
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
as
illu
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
h
en
an
y
in
p
u
t
is
p
u
lled
d
o
wn
to
0
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
r
iv
en
t
o
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
all
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
n
o
p
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
b
e
p
u
lled
d
o
wn
to
0
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
NAND
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
1
0
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
u
tili
ze
s
f
ewe
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
s
tack
in
g
2
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ates in
a
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
T
A
cir
cu
it with
1
0
cu
r
r
en
t in
p
u
ts
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
NAND
g
ate
with
f
an
-
in
o
f
1
0
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
ts
in
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
e
x
ten
d
ed
to
ass
o
ciate
with
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
-
class
clas
s
if
icatio
n
.
T
o
s
im
p
lify
th
e
cir
cu
it,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
o
p
tim
ized
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
d
esig
n
th
at
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
p
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
a
p
u
ll
-
d
o
wn
n
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
as
illu
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
h
en
an
y
in
p
u
t
is
p
u
lled
d
o
wn
to
0
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
r
iv
en
t
o
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
all
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
n
o
p
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
b
e
p
u
lled
d
o
wn
to
0
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
NAND
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
1
0
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
u
tili
ze
s
f
ewe
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
s
tack
in
g
2
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ates in
a
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
c
u
it
o
p
er
ates
b
ased
o
n
a
d
elay
cir
cu
it
th
at
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
is
d
elay
,
in
c
o
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
1
0
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate,
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
win
n
er
o
u
tp
u
t,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
elay
c
ir
cu
it
is
a
cr
itical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5176
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
W
T
A,
as
it
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
e
in
to
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tim
e
d
elay
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
elay
cir
cu
it,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
ter
m
in
atio
n
elem
e
n
t
f
o
r
co
lu
m
n
s
in
a
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
cir
cu
it
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
in
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
e
ac
h
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
is
f
ed
in
to
a
d
e
d
icate
d
d
elay
cir
cu
it,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esu
lts
in
s
h
o
r
ter
d
elay
.
T
h
e
d
elay
ce
ll
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ir
r
o
r
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
clo
ck
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
i
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
in
v
e
r
ter
,
as
d
e
p
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
elay
g
en
er
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
r
elat
io
n
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
clo
ck
p
u
ls
e.
W
h
en
th
e
clo
ck
p
u
ls
e
is
ap
p
lied
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
n
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
r
e
g
u
lated
b
y
,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
As
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
d
elay
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
wh
er
ea
s
a
lo
we
r
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
elay
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
cir
c
u
it
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it,
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
elay
ce
lls
ar
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
in
s
er
ies,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ex
ten
d
s
t
h
e
d
elay
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
u
ls
e
wh
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
th
e
n
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
C
ascad
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
elay
ce
lls
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
ev
ice
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
n
s
ca
led
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
m
ay
ex
h
ib
it
m
is
m
atch
in
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
r
iv
e,
o
r
d
elay
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
u
e
to
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
W
h
en
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
d
elay
ce
ll
is
u
s
ed
,
t
h
e
s
e
m
is
m
atch
es
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
tim
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
clo
s
e
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
B
y
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
d
elay
s
tag
es,
th
e
to
tal
d
elay
b
ec
o
m
es
a
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
p
le
s
u
b
-
d
elay
s
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
a
v
er
ag
e
o
u
t
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
am
p
lify
t
h
e
ti
m
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
etin
g
i
n
p
u
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
d
etec
t sm
all
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
in
p
u
t stre
n
g
t
h
,
ev
e
n
if
th
e
c
h
ip
h
as sl
ig
h
t im
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
elay
ce
ll.
T
h
e
o
r
an
g
e
r
eg
i
o
n
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t m
ir
r
o
r
,
th
e
b
lu
e
r
eg
io
n
s
h
o
ws th
e
o
u
tp
u
t i
n
v
er
ter
,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
M2
an
d
M4
f
o
r
m
th
e
cl
o
ck
-
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
in
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dela
y
ci
r
cu
it with
m
an
y
d
elay
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
im
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
W
T
A
ci
r
c
u
i
t
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
1
0
p
a
r
al
lel
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
1
0
c
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
g
es
,
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
titi
o
n
am
o
n
g
m
u
lti
p
l
e
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
s
ig
n
a
ls
.
T
o
v
al
id
at
e
i
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
t
h
e
c
ir
c
u
i
t
is
s
i
m
u
la
te
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
C
ad
en
ce
S
p
e
cte
r
90
n
m
C
MO
S
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
t
im
in
g
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
u
n
cti
o
n
a
l
c
o
r
r
ec
t
n
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
all
i
n
p
u
ts
,
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
b
i
lit
y
o
f
th
e
ci
r
c
u
it
t
o
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
ly
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
i
g
n
al
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
time
-
d
o
ma
in
w
in
n
er
-
ta
ke
-
a
ll c
ir
cu
it fo
r
n
eu
r
o
mo
r
p
h
ic
co
mp
u
tin
g
s
ystems
(
S
o
n
N
g
o
c
Tr
u
o
n
g
)
5177
T
o
s
im
u
late
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
t
h
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
1
0
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ea
ch
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
with
a
d
is
tin
ct
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t.
T
h
is
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at,
at
an
y
g
iv
en
m
o
m
en
t,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
ch
es
its
p
ea
k
v
alu
e,
allo
win
g
clea
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
s
ig
n
al,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
p
u
ts
o
p
er
ate
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
MH
z,
wh
ile
th
e
g
lo
b
al
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
al
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
cir
cu
it lo
g
ic
r
u
n
s
at
1
0
MH
z.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
e
n
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t so
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
test
in
g
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
u
ls
es
o
f
th
e
1
0
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
1
0
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
wav
ef
o
r
m
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
clo
ck
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
0
MH
z.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
tim
e
i
n
ter
v
al
f
r
o
m
0
µs
to
3
µs,
th
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
1
,
s
h
o
w
n
as
th
e
b
lack
lin
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
g
en
er
ates
an
o
u
tp
u
t
p
u
ls
e
at
1
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
b
r
o
wn
s
ig
n
al,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
1
is
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
p
u
t.
Similar
ly
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
f
r
o
m
3
µs
to
4
µs,
2
attain
s
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e,
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
u
ls
e
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
at
2
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
ac
cu
r
ately
g
en
er
ates
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
u
ls
es
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t a
t e
ac
h
m
o
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
is
th
en
ap
p
lied
to
m
em
r
is
to
r
-
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
-
b
ased
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
f
o
r
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
i
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
ex
clu
s
iv
e
-
NOR
(
XNOR)
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
em
r
is
to
r
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
h
as
b
ee
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
im
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
ilar
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
ag
e
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
im
ag
es
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
illu
s
tr
ates
a
m
em
r
is
to
r
-
b
ased
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
cir
c
u
it
f
o
r
im
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
th
e
XNOR
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
XNOR
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
OR
an
d
AND
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
two
m
em
r
is
to
r
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
s
an
d
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
’
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
law
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
lu
m
n
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
ilar
ity
s
co
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
ag
e
an
d
ea
ch
s
to
r
ed
im
a
g
e
in
th
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
.
A
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
’
s
t
er
m
in
al
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
u
ls
e,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
t
h
e
b
est
-
m
atch
in
g
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
cir
cu
it is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
s
to
r
e
1
0
M
o
d
if
ied
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Stan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
MN
I
ST)
im
ag
es
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
d
ig
its
0
to
9
,
as
illu
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
ac
h
g
r
ay
s
ca
le
im
ag
e
is
f
latten
ed
in
to
a
b
in
a
r
y
v
ec
to
r
o
f
7
8
4
elem
en
ts
,
wh
er
e
ea
ch
p
ix
el
is
q
u
an
tized
b
y
th
r
esh
o
ld
i
n
g
at
t
h
e
m
id
-
r
an
g
e
in
ten
s
ity
v
alu
e;
p
ix
el
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
ar
e
s
et
to
1
,
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
b
elo
w
to
0
.
I
n
th
is
b
in
ar
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
0
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
V,
wh
ile
1
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
M+
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
1
0
co
lu
m
n
s
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
im
a
g
es,
wh
ile
M−
in
clu
d
es 1
0
c
o
lu
m
n
s
to
s
to
r
e
t
h
e
in
v
er
ted
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
ese
i
m
ag
es
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
wh
en
1
0
in
p
u
t
im
ag
es,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
d
ig
its
0
th
r
o
u
g
h
9
,
ar
e
s
eq
u
en
tially
ap
p
lie
d
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
in
p
u
t
im
ag
e,
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
b
ar
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
1
0
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
(
0
to
9
)
,
o
n
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
to
r
ed
class
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at,
in
ea
ch
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lin
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
ag
e
lab
el.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
0
p
ea
k
s
wh
e
n
I
m
ag
e
#
0
is
ap
p
lie
d
,
a
n
d
9
p
e
ak
s
wh
en
I
m
ag
e
#
9
is
ap
p
lie
d
.
T
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
im
ilar
ity
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
s
to
r
e
d
im
ag
es,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
co
d
i
n
g
class
s
im
ilar
ity
as
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
ese
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
th
en
f
ed
in
to
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
i
t,
wh
ich
s
elec
ts
th
e
win
n
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
est c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5178
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
wh
en
1
0
im
ag
es
ar
e
s
eq
u
en
tially
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
.
W
h
en
I
m
ag
e
#
0
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
in
p
u
t,
th
e
W
T
A
g
en
er
ates
a
p
u
ls
e
at
Ou
tp
u
t
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
a
g
e
b
est
m
atch
es
th
e
im
ag
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
ter
v
al
f
r
o
m
0
µs
t
o
1
µs.
O
v
er
al
l,
th
e
W
T
A
cir
c
u
it
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
u
ls
es
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
ag
es,
v
er
if
y
i
n
g
its
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
with
in
th
e
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t sig
n
al
o
f
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
wh
en
t
esti
n
g
with
1
0
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
als in
Fig
u
r
e
5
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
o
f
m
em
r
is
to
r
cr
o
s
s
b
ar
cir
cu
it
[
2
5
]
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
e
n
MN
I
ST
s
am
p
les u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
cir
cu
it
I
n
p
u
t
W
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
ke
-
a
l
l
ci
r
cu
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
M
+
M
-
A
A
'
a
'
0
I
0
,
0
g
-
0
,
0
AB
A
'
B
'
L
R
S
HRS
I
nput
l
ow
I
nput
hi
gh
AB
+
A
'
B
'
g
+
i
,
j
g
-
i
,
j
a
'
i
a
i
g
-
0
,
0
g
+
0
,
0
a
'
0
a
0
i
0
i
9
O
ut
0
O
ut
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
time
-
d
o
ma
in
w
in
n
er
-
ta
ke
-
a
ll c
ir
cu
it fo
r
n
eu
r
o
mo
r
p
h
ic
co
mp
u
tin
g
s
ystems
(
S
o
n
N
g
o
c
Tr
u
o
n
g
)
5179
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Ou
t
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
em
r
is
to
r
c
r
o
s
s
b
ar
f
o
r
1
0
d
is
tin
ct
MN
I
ST
in
p
u
t im
a
g
es.
Fo
r
ea
ch
in
p
u
t,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t im
a
g
e
class
is
m
ax
im
ized
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l similar
ity
m
atch
in
g
b
y
en
c
o
d
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lt a
s
cu
r
r
en
t m
ag
n
itu
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
W
T
A
cir
cu
it to
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
1
0
in
p
u
t M
NI
ST
im
ag
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
u
ls
es
at
Ou
t 0
to
Ou
t 9
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ate
d
s
eq
u
en
tially
,
with
ea
ch
p
u
ls
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
an
i
n
p
u
t im
ag
e
with
in
a
1
µs
in
ter
v
al,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
cir
cu
it'
s
s
eq
u
en
tial p
atter
n
-
m
atch
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
T
o
e
n
a
b
l
e
a
f
a
i
r
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
wit
h
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
t
i
m
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
W
T
A
c
i
r
c
u
it p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
[
2
1
]
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
ed
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
9
0
n
m
C
M
O
S
p
r
o
c
es
s
.
T
h
e
10
-
i
n
p
u
t
N
A
N
D
g
at
e
is
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
b
y
c
a
s
c
a
d
i
n
g
a
s
e
r
i
es
o
f
2
-
in
p
u
t
N
A
N
D
g
at
e
s
t
o
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
th
e
d
e
l
a
y
p
a
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
W
T
A
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
wa
s
e
v
a
l
u
at
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ec
i
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
F
o
M
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
:
=
1
−
,
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5180
=
×
,
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
,
,
an
d
d
en
o
te
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
clo
ck
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
t sig
n
a
ls
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ci
r
cu
it
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
ef
f
ici
en
cy
b
y
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
d
elay
p
ath
a
n
d
NAND
g
ate.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
b
y
d
ir
ec
tly
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
eg
u
late
d
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
g
ate
ter
m
in
al
o
f
3
,
g
en
er
ated
b
y
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
a
n
d
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
lled
-
u
p
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
0
.
0
3
V,
wh
ile
is
0
.
8
V
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
in
p
u
t
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
V
to
.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
is
ca
lcu
late
d
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
ac
h
iev
ed
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
9
9
.
3
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
attain
s
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
9
9
.
5
%
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
im
p
lific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
NAND
g
ate
an
d
d
elay
cir
cu
its
.
Fo
M
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
ac
h
iev
es
an
Fo
M
o
f
0
.
2
5
µ
W
/MHz
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
y
ield
s
an
Fo
M
o
f
0
.
0
3
µW/MHz.
T
h
e
lo
wer
Fo
M
in
d
icate
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
W
T
A
cir
cu
it.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
n
d
b
i
n
a
r
y
-
t
r
e
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
T
A
ci
r
c
u
i
ts
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
t
im
e
-
d
o
m
a
i
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
a
r
e
a
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
f
o
r
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
e
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
t
r
ai
n
t
s
a
r
e
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
.
W
h
i
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
o
f
t
e
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
t
h
e
y
r
e
l
y
o
n
c
o
m
p
le
x
a
n
a
l
o
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
e
r
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
as
t
,
o
u
r
c
i
r
c
u
it
u
s
es
s
i
m
p
l
e
r
,
d
i
g
i
ta
l
l
y
c
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
l
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
e
a
s
i
e
r
t
o
s
c
a
l
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
d
v
an
t
a
g
e
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
o
u
l
d
s
e
r
v
e
a
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
s
till
f
ac
es
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fir
s
t,
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
id
ea
l
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
n
o
is
e,
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
p
r
esen
t
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
a
n
alo
g
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
is
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
d
eg
r
ad
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
e
n
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
cir
c
u
it
wo
r
k
s
well
with
a
b
asic
p
atter
n
-
m
atch
in
g
task
o
n
b
i
n
a
r
ized
MN
I
ST
im
a
g
es,
th
is
d
at
aset
is
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
AI
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
s
.
R
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
te
n
in
v
o
l
v
e
h
ig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
d
ata,
tim
e
v
ar
y
in
g
s
ig
n
als,
o
r
ev
en
m
u
ltimo
d
al
in
p
u
ts
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
esig
n
s
till
n
e
ed
s
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
h
a
r
d
war
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
b
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
s
ed
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
,
we
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
im
u
late
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
cir
c
u
it
d
esig
n
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
n
o
is
e
a
n
d
d
ev
ice
m
is
m
atch
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
we
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
cir
cu
it
b
y
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
NAND
g
ate
an
d
th
e
d
elay
cir
cu
it,
m
a
k
in
g
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
test
ed
u
s
in
g
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ase
s
h
if
ts
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
win
n
er
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
W
T
A
is
ap
p
lied
to
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
im
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
0
.
2
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
ec
is
io
n
w
h
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
y
ield
in
g
a
Fo
M
o
f
0
.
0
3
µW/MHz,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
0
.
2
5
µW/MHz
in
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
W
T
A
d
esig
n
s
h
o
ws
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
eu
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
So
n
Ng
o
c
T
r
u
o
n
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
u
T
ien
Ng
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
time
-
d
o
ma
in
w
in
n
er
-
ta
ke
-
a
ll c
ir
cu
it fo
r
n
eu
r
o
mo
r
p
h
ic
co
mp
u
tin
g
s
ystems
(
S
o
n
N
g
o
c
Tr
u
o
n
g
)
5181
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
t
h
o
r
,
S
N
T
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
A
l
s
h
a
mm
r
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Q
_
Y
O
LO
v
5
m
:
a
q
u
a
n
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
o
b
j
e
c
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
&
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
4
9
–
1
9
7
5
5
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
8
0
8
4
/
e
t
a
sr
.
9
4
4
1
.
[
2
]
L.
C
a
p
o
g
r
o
ss
o
,
F
.
C
u
n
i
c
o
,
D
.
S
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
F
.
F
u
mm
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
r
i
s
t
a
n
i
,
“
A
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
su
r
v
e
y
o
n
t
i
n
y
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
0
6
–
2
3
4
2
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
3
6
5
3
4
9
.
[
3
]
D
.
W
.
O
t
t
e
r
,
J
.
R
.
M
e
d
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
J.
K
.
K
a
l
i
t
a
,
“
A
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
s
o
f
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
N
e
u
r
a
l
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
4
–
6
2
4
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TN
N
LS.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
7
9
6
7
0
.
[
4
]
J.
L
e
e
,
J
.
Le
e
,
D
.
H
a
n
,
J.
L
e
e
,
G
.
P
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
H
.
-
J
.
Y
o
o
,
“
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
p
a
r
s
e
d
e
e
p
-
n
e
u
r
a
l
-
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
f
i
n
e
-
g
r
a
i
n
e
d
mi
x
e
d
p
r
e
c
i
si
o
n
o
f
F
P
8
–
F
P
1
6
,
”
I
EEE
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
–
2
3
5
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
LSS
C
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
3
7
4
4
0
.
[
5
]
G
.
W
.
B
u
r
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
N
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
c
o
mp
u
t
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
v
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
mem
o
r
y
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
X
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
9
–
1
2
4
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
3
7
4
6
1
4
9
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
2
5
9
5
8
5
.
[
6
]
Z.
Y
u
,
Y
.
Ti
a
n
,
T
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
K
.
L
i
u
,
“
W
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
a
s
b
a
s
i
c
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
st
i
c
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
u
n
i
t
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
,
”
a
rX
i
v
p
re
p
r
i
n
t
a
rXi
v
:
1
8
0
8
.
0
0
6
7
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
8
5
5
0
/
a
r
x
i
v
.
1
8
0
8
.
0
0
6
7
5
.
[
7
]
S.
-
Y
.
K
i
m
a
n
d
W
.
Li
m
,
“
D
y
n
a
mi
c
a
l
o
r
i
g
i
n
f
o
r
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
o
mp
e
t
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
p
p
o
c
a
mp
a
l
d
e
n
t
a
t
e
g
y
r
u
s,
”
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
Re
v
i
e
w
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
4
4
1
8
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
3
/
P
h
y
sR
e
v
E.
1
0
5
.
0
1
4
4
1
8
.
[
8
]
Y
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sms
o
f
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
sel
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
n
e
u
r
o
n
a
l
sp
i
k
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
N
e
u
ro
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
n
c
o
m.
2
0
1
7
.
0
0
0
2
0
.
[
9
]
E.
R
a
h
i
m
i
n
e
j
a
d
a
n
d
H
.
A
m
i
n
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
W
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
a
n
d
l
o
ser
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s:
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
s,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
so
n
,
”
C
h
i
p
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
2
–
2
7
8
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
c
h
i
p
s2
0
4
0
0
1
6
.
[
1
0
]
J.
L
a
z
z
a
r
o
,
S
.
R
y
c
k
e
b
u
s
c
h
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
h
o
w
a
l
d
,
a
n
d
C
.
A
.
M
e
a
d
,
“
W
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
O
(
N
)
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
N
e
u
ra
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Pr
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s 1
(
N
I
PS
1
9
8
8
)
,
Ja
n
.
1
9
8
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
2
3
6
/
A
D
A
4
5
1
4
6
6
.
[
1
1
]
J.
C
h
o
i
a
n
d
B
.
J.
S
h
e
u
,
“
A
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
e
c
i
si
o
n
V
LSI
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
o
r
s
e
l
f
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
i
n
g
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,”
I
EEE
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
7
6
–
5
8
4
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
4
.
2
2
9
3
9
7
.
[
1
2
]
T.
S
e
r
r
a
n
o
-
G
o
t
a
r
r
e
d
o
n
a
a
n
d
B
.
Li
n
a
r
e
s
-
B
a
r
r
a
n
c
o
,
“
A
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
W
TA
-
M
A
X
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
mu
l
t
i
c
h
i
p
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
I
EEE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
–
2
8
6
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
4
.
6
5
8
6
3
1
.
[
1
3
]
A
.
F
i
s
h
,
V
.
M
i
l
r
u
d
,
a
n
d
O
.
Y
a
d
i
d
-
P
e
c
h
t
,
“
H
i
g
h
-
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
e
c
i
si
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s II
:
Ex
p
r
e
ss Br
i
e
f
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
–
1
3
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TC
S
I
I
.
2
0
0
4
.
8
4
2
0
6
2
.
[
1
4
]
P
.
P
r
o
mm
e
e
a
n
d
K
.
C
h
a
t
t
r
a
k
u
n
,
“
C
M
O
S
W
TA
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
n
a
l
o
g
sw
i
t
c
h
a
n
d
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
s,
”
Mi
c
ro
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
2
–
6
2
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
me
j
o
.
2
0
1
0
.
0
9
.
0
0
4
.
[
1
5
]
D
.
Y
.
A
k
si
n
,
“
A
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
h
i
g
h
-
r
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
W
TA
-
M
A
X
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
f
O
(
N
)
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s II
:
A
n
a
l
o
g
a
n
d
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
8
–
5
3
,
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
8
2
.
9
9
6
0
5
8
.
[
1
6
]
R
.
D
l
u
g
o
s
z
a
n
d
T
.
Ta
l
a
s
k
a
,
“
A
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
b
i
n
a
r
y
-
t
r
e
e
W
T
A
/
LTA
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
o
r
K
o
h
o
n
e
n
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,
”
i
n
2
0
0
9
MIXD
ES
-
1
6
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Mi
x
e
d
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
\
&
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
–
2
0
4
.
[
1
7
]
R
.
D
l
u
g
o
sz
a
n
d
T.
T
a
l
a
śk
a
,
“
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
b
i
n
a
r
y
-
t
r
e
e
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
i
n
/
ma
x
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
”
M
i
c
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
4
–
7
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
me
j
o
.
2
0
0
9
.
1
2
.
0
0
9
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
S
o
l
e
i
ma
n
i
a
n
d
M
.
N
a
z
a
r
a
l
i
l
o
o
,
“
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
m
o
d
e
l
o
s
e
r
/
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s,”
i
n
2
0
1
1
I
EE
E
5
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
i
d
w
e
s
t
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s (
MW
S
C
A
S
)
,
I
EEE,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
W
S
C
A
S
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
0
2
6
6
7
8
.
[
1
9
]
J.
P
.
A
b
r
a
h
a
mse
n
,
P
.
H
a
f
l
i
g
e
r
,
a
n
d
T.
S
.
La
n
d
e
,
“
A
t
i
m
e
d
o
ma
i
n
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
-
a
n
d
-
f
i
r
e
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
0
4
I
EEE
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
EEE
C
a
t
.
N
o
.
0
4
C
H
3
7
5
1
2
)
,
I
EEE,
p
p
.
V
-
3
6
1
-
V
–
3
6
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
C
A
S
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
3
2
9
5
3
7
.
[
2
0
]
M
.
A
k
b
a
r
i
,
T.
C
h
o
u
,
a
n
d
K
.
Ta
n
g
,
“
A
n
a
d
j
u
s
t
a
b
l
e
0
.
3
V
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
i
n
n
e
r
‐
t
a
k
e
‐
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
8
5
–
6
8
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
e
l
l
2
.
1
2
1
5
6
.
[
2
1
]
E.
R
a
h
i
mi
n
e
j
a
d
,
M
.
S
a
b
e
r
i
,
R
.
L
o
t
f
i
,
M
.
Ta
h
e
r
z
a
d
e
h
-
S
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
N
a
b
k
i
,
“
A
l
o
w
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
e
c
i
si
o
n
t
i
me
-
d
o
mai
n
w
i
n
n
e
r
-
t
a
k
e
-
a
l
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
I
I
:
E
x
p
r
e
ss
Br
i
e
f
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
–
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
C
S
I
I
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
9
1
7
5
.
[
2
2
]
R
.
B
e
h
z
a
d
,
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
a
n
a
l
o
g
C
MOS
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
c
i
rc
u
i
t
s
.
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
,
C
h
i
n
a
:
M
c
G
r
a
w
-
H
i
l
l
C
o
mp
a
n
i
e
s
,
2
0
0
1
.
[
2
3
]
H
.
A
b
b
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
memr
i
st
o
r
c
r
o
ssb
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
o
f
t
i
t
a
n
i
u
m
o
x
i
d
e
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
v
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
mem
o
r
y
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
0
6
5
0
1
4
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
3
6
1
-
6
6
4
1
/
a
a
6
a
3
a
.
[
2
4
]
S
.
N
.
Tr
u
o
n
g
,
K
.
V
a
n
P
h
a
m
,
W
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
K
.
-
S
.
M
i
n
,
“
S
e
q
u
e
n
t
i
a
l
mem
r
i
st
o
r
c
r
o
ss
b
a
r
f
o
r
n
e
u
r
o
mo
r
p
h
i
c
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
N
a
n
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
2
2
–
9
3
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TN
A
N
O
.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
1
1
0
0
8
.
[
2
5
]
S
.
N
.
Tr
u
o
n
g
,
S
.
-
J
.
H
a
m,
a
n
d
K
.
-
S
.
M
i
n
,
“
N
e
u
r
o
m
o
r
p
h
i
c
c
r
o
ssb
a
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
n
a
n
o
s
c
a
l
e
f
i
l
a
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
b
i
n
a
r
y
memr
i
s
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
sp
e
e
c
h
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
N
a
n
o
sc
a
l
e
R
e
se
a
rc
h
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
6
2
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
1
5
5
6
-
2
7
6
X
-
9
-
6
2
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
1
7
3
-
5
1
8
2
5182
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
o
n
Ng
o
c
Tr
u
o
n
g
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
e
lec
t
ro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
H
o
C
h
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Vie
tn
a
m
,
i
n
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
2
0
1
1
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Ko
o
k
m
i
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
S
e
o
u
l,
S
o
u
t
h
Ko
re
a
,
in
2
0
1
6
.
Dr.
Tru
o
n
g
wa
s
a
p
o
st
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
Ko
o
k
m
in
Un
i
v
e
rsity
fro
m
2
0
1
6
to
2
0
1
7
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
Ho
Ch
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
HC
M
Cit
y
,
Vie
tn
a
m
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
n
e
u
ro
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
sy
ste
m
s,
b
ra
in
-
in
sp
ire
d
c
ircu
it
s,
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
,
h
a
r
d
wa
re
a
c
c
e
l
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
d
e
e
p
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s,
a
n
d
re
late
d
a
re
a
s
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
s
d
e
sig
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
so
n
tn
@
h
c
m
u
te.ed
u
.
v
n
.
Tu
Tien
Ng
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fro
m
HCMC
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Vie
tn
a
m
,
i
n
2
0
2
4
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
n
e
u
ro
m
o
r
p
h
ic
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
sy
ste
m
s,
b
ra
in
-
in
sp
ire
d
c
ircu
it
s,
a
n
d
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ti
e
n
.
tu
.
n
g
o
@o
u
tl
o
o
k
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.