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lect
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l a
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I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
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6
,
Decem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
5
5
1
5
~
5
5
2
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
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1
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v
15
i
6
.
pp
5
5
1
5
-
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2
3
5515
J
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ec
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m
Integ
ra
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nd
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tical a
ntenna
with
frequ
ency
selective sur
faces
a
rray
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o
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o
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ma
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v
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in wireless
com
m
unica
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Sa
leh O
m
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r
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im
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elg
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l
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n
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a
Art
icle
I
nfo
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S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
2
0
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
1
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
1
4
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
se
lec
ti
v
e
su
rfa
c
e
s
(F
S
S
)
with
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
h
a
s
g
a
in
e
d
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
d
u
e
t
o
it
s
a
b
il
i
ty
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
k
e
y
ra
d
io
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
(RF
)
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
su
c
h
a
s
g
a
in
,
d
irec
ti
v
it
y
,
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
wid
t
h
,
m
a
k
in
g
i
t
h
i
g
h
ly
b
e
n
e
ficia
l
fo
r
m
o
d
e
rn
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s.
In
th
is
w
o
rk
,
we
p
ro
p
o
se
a
n
d
in
v
e
s
ti
g
a
te
a
n
u
lt
ra
-
wid
e
b
a
n
d
(UWB)
e
ll
ip
ti
c
a
l
a
n
ten
n
a
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
wi
th
i
n
th
e
5
.
2
to
1
0
G
Hz
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
.
To
fu
rt
h
e
r
imp
ro
v
e
it
s
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
we
in
teg
ra
te
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
with
a
1
3
×
1
3
F
S
S
a
rra
y
.
Th
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
th
e
F
S
S
o
n
th
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
’s
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
is
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
,
sh
o
win
g
a
re
m
a
rk
a
b
le
g
a
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
fro
m
2
.
6
d
B
i
(with
o
u
t
F
S
S
)
to
1
0
.
0
5
d
Bi
(with
F
S
S
)
.
Th
e
se
re
su
lt
s
c
o
n
fir
m
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
F
S
S
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
UWB
a
n
ten
n
a
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
p
ro
m
isin
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
wire
les
s c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
5
G
a
n
ten
n
a
B
io
-
i
n
s
p
ir
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a
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n
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ten
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Ser
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icatio
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1.
I
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UCT
I
O
N
Ultr
a
-
wid
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an
d
(
UW
B
)
an
ten
n
as
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
UW
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s
y
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s
m
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e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
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en
ts
o
f
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
o
m
n
id
i
r
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tio
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al
r
a
d
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
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lar
UW
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an
ten
n
as
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
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r
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ad
c
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a
g
e
ar
ea
th
at
m
an
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e.
I
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
o
b
s
tacle
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
,
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
m
a
y
b
e
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
th
an
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
o
r
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
UW
B
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
m
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
in
u
n
wan
ted
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
esig
n
p
lan
ar
UW
B
an
ten
n
as
with
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
u
n
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
v
ity
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
wh
ich
r
e
f
lect
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
b
ac
k
to
war
d
s
th
e
an
ten
n
a
,
th
er
eb
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
its
g
ain
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
y
is
o
latin
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
f
r
o
m
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
ese
r
e
f
lecto
r
s
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
its
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
W
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ad
v
o
ca
t
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
UW
B
r
ef
lecto
r
s
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
lan
ar
UW
B
an
ten
n
as
with
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
O
u
r
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
UW
B
r
ef
lecto
r
s
led
u
s
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
elec
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
(
FS
Ss
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
v
er
s
atile
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
ter
est
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
UW
B
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
FS
Ss
in
an
ten
n
a
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
in
ci
p
les
th
at
en
ab
le
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
W
e
also
p
r
esen
t
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FSS
-
b
ased
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
s
.
I
n
itially
,
we
d
esig
n
ed
U
W
B
r
ef
lecto
r
s
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
FS
Ss
(
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
an
d
in
d
u
ctiv
e
elem
en
ts
)
to
o
p
tim
ize
an
d
s
tab
iliz
e
th
e
g
ain
o
f
UW
B
an
ten
n
as.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
we
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
5
1
5
-
5
5
2
3
5516
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
UW
B
FS
S
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
am
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
FS
S
with
th
e
UW
B
r
ad
iato
r
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
m
aller
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
An
y
th
in
,
r
e
p
ea
tin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ef
lect,
tr
an
s
m
it,
o
r
ab
s
o
r
b
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
(
E
M
)
wav
es
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
in
cid
e
n
t
wav
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
FS
S
is
k
n
o
wn
as
an
FSS
.
FS
Ss
f
all
in
to
o
n
e
o
f
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
f
ilter
s
ar
e
i
)
s
to
p
b
a
n
d
an
d
ii
)
p
ass
-
b
an
d
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
,
E
M
ab
s
o
r
b
er
s
,
s
h
ield
in
g
,
wea
r
ab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
eta
s
k
in
,
an
d
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
h
av
e
m
ad
e
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
FS
S
f
ilter
s
[
1
]
–
[
6
]
.
Sto
p
b
a
n
d
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
FS
Ss
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
b
lo
c
k
i
n
g
th
e
p
ass
ag
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
FS
Ss
h
av
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
v
ar
y
with
p
o
lar
izatio
n
a
n
d
in
cid
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
FS
Ss
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
s
h
ield
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
th
is
r
eg
a
r
d
.
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
o
tch
f
ilter
r
ejec
tio
n
,
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
etam
ater
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
im
p
lem
en
te
d
[
7
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
ed
er
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
FC
C
)
h
as
au
th
o
r
ized
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
7
.
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
(
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
t
o
1
0
.
6
GHz
)
f
o
r
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
ter
f
er
e
wit
h
alr
ea
d
y
ass
ig
n
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
UW
B
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
o
f
lo
w
-
am
p
litu
d
e
s
ig
n
als ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
wav
elen
g
th
s
[
1
3
]
.
W
e
u
s
e
a
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
FS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
UW
B
r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
a
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
[
1
4
]
,
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
FS
S
lay
er
with
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
1
2
×
12
×
1
.
6
m
m
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
0
.
8
GHz
(
f
r
o
m
5
.
3
to
1
6
.
1
GH
z)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
FS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
C
-
b
an
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e
o
f
8
to
1
2
GHz
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
FS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
o
b
tain
a
s
to
p
-
b
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
c
o
v
er
in
g
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
t
o
1
3
.
3
GHz
(
at
-
1
0
d
B
)
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
UW
B
ellip
tical
an
ten
n
a
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
5
.
2
to
1
0
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
.
T
h
is
b
an
d
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
r
ad
ar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
I
n
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
e
5
.
2
GHz
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
UNI
I
-
1
b
a
n
d
o
f
W
i
-
Fi
(
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a/n
/ac/a
x
)
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
ast
I
n
te
r
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
with
less
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
.
4
GHz
.
T
h
is
b
an
d
also
co
v
er
s
s
o
m
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
5
G,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
f
ix
ed
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
(
F
W
A)
an
d
m
o
b
ile
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
th
e
r
ad
ar
d
o
m
ain
,
au
to
m
o
t
iv
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
r
a
d
ar
s
(
SR
R
s
)
ty
p
ically
o
p
er
ate
ar
o
u
n
d
5
.
8
an
d
9
GHz
f
o
r
co
l
lis
io
n
av
o
id
a
n
ce
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
cr
u
is
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ile
C
-
b
a
n
d
an
d
X
-
b
an
d
r
a
d
ar
s
(
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
4
–
1
2
GHz
r
a
n
g
e)
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
air
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
wea
th
er
f
o
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
,
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
.
T
h
e
5
.
8
GHz
I
SM
b
an
d
is
u
s
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
h
ea
tin
g
,
R
F
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
m
ed
ical
im
ag
in
g
,
wh
ile
s
o
m
e
X
-
b
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
ci
es
(
8
–
1
2
GHz
)
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
E
ar
th
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
s
atellite
lin
k
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
b
an
d
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
s
en
s
in
g
,
an
d
cr
itical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e:
a.
Mo
d
elin
g
an
u
ltra
-
wid
eb
a
n
d
e
llip
tical
an
ten
n
a.
b.
Desig
n
in
g
an
FS
S u
n
it st
r
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
FS
S a
r
r
ay
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
as th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a.
c.
Stu
d
y
in
g
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
th
e
FS
S
ar
r
ay
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
ain
,
d
ir
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
r
ele
v
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
wid
eb
a
n
d
a
n
ten
n
a
an
d
th
e
FS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Sect
io
n
4
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
FS
S
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
an
ten
n
a
elem
en
t,
a
lo
n
g
with
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
R
E
L
AT
E
D
W
O
RK
S
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
an
ten
n
a,
g
ain
ac
r
o
s
s
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
m
eth
o
d
s
u
tili
zin
g
FS
Ss
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
elate
d
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
FS
S
m
eth
o
d
s
id
en
tifie
d
wer
e
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
a
tax
o
n
o
m
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
a
n
ten
n
a
g
ain
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
also
an
al
y
ze
s
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
u
s
in
g
an
FS
S
as
a
r
ef
lecto
r
to
g
en
er
ate
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
at
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
s
tar
-
s
h
ap
ed
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
e
n
t,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
wid
e
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
0
t
o
1
1
.
7
GHz
.
A
h
i
g
h
er
g
ai
n
(
4
to
5
d
B
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
,
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
im
p
e
d
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
th
r
ee
-
lay
er
FS
S.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
FS
S
also
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
an
ten
n
a'
s
s
id
e
lo
b
es.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
also
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
with
co
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
c
o
p
lan
ar
wav
eg
u
id
e
(
C
PW
)
cir
cu
lar
d
is
k
an
ten
n
a
b
ased
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
FS
S.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
g
ain
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
UW
B
b
an
d
is
9
d
B
,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
d
B
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
2
.
5
d
B
at
lo
wer
f
r
eq
u
en
cies a
n
d
7
d
B
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
wid
eb
an
d
an
ten
n
a,
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
a
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e
to
b
r
o
ad
en
th
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
an
d
em
p
lo
y
s
a
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
g
ain
.
T
h
is
an
ten
n
a
ac
h
iev
es
an
im
p
e
d
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
3
.
4
GHz
(
f
r
o
m
1
.
8
to
1
5
.
2
GHz
)
.
T
h
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
ain
in
t
h
e
lo
wer
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
1
.
0
1
λ
(
3
6
.
1
4
m
m
)
b
elo
w
a
n
o
v
el
5
×
5
elem
en
t
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
u
ltr
a
-
w
id
eb
a
n
d
ellip
tica
l a
n
ten
n
a
w
ith
fr
eq
u
en
cy
s
elec
tive
…
(
S
a
leh
Oma
r
)
5517
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
an
ten
n
a
g
ain
b
y
4
to
5
d
B
i.
Fo
r
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
h
ig
h
g
ain
,
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
C
PW
-
f
ed
p
lan
ar
an
te
n
n
a
with
a
n
o
v
el
F
SS
u
n
it
ce
ll
d
esig
n
is
s
u
g
g
este
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
Me
r
c
ed
es
ar
tis
tic
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
lan
ar
(
MA
P)
an
ten
n
a
s
er
v
e
d
as
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
UW
B
an
ten
n
a.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
ten
n
a
im
p
ed
an
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
,
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
was
m
ad
e
o
u
t
o
f
th
r
ee
s
tr
aig
h
t
leg
s
p
lace
d
in
a
cir
cu
lar
r
in
g
.
T
wo
p
ar
allel
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
m
etallic
p
atch
es
with
a
c
ir
cu
lar
lo
o
p
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wer
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
th
e
s
im
u
lated
FS
S.
Fo
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
b
etwe
en
2
.
2
an
d
1
2
.
7
GHz
,
th
e
FS
S
h
ad
a
UW
B
s
to
p
b
an
d
f
ilter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
at
co
v
er
ed
a
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
f
1
0
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FS
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
p
r
in
ted
ar
r
a
y
o
f
1
9
×
19
-
u
n
it
ce
lls
,
ea
ch
with
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
5
×
5
×
1
.
6
m
m
.
T
h
ese
u
n
it
ce
lls
wer
e
p
r
in
ted
o
n
o
n
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
FR
4
d
ielec
t
r
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
wh
ich
is
lo
ca
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
an
d
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e.
I
n
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
o
v
el
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
(
C
P)
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
h
as
a
m
o
d
if
ied
in
v
er
ted
L
-
s
h
ap
e
d
r
a
d
iatin
g
p
at
ch
an
d
is
a
co
p
la
n
ar
wav
e
g
u
id
e
(
C
PW
)
f
ee
d
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t.
A
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
,
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
FSS
,
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
lates,
was d
e
s
ig
n
ed
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
a
cir
c
u
lar
ly
p
o
lar
ized
an
ten
n
a
to
en
h
an
ce
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
g
ain
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
th
e
FS
S
ex
h
ib
its
a
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
o
f
less
t
h
an
1
0
d
B
o
v
er
a
b
an
d
wid
th
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
7
to
1
1
.
1
GHz
.
T
h
e
-
3
d
B
b
an
d
w
id
th
r
atio
is
5
8
.
1
5
%,
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
5
to
9
.
1
GHz
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
g
ain
is
4
t
o
9
.
4
d
B
i,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
an
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
d
B
i
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
an
ten
n
a
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
FS
S.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
an
te
n
n
a,
g
ain
f
o
r
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
wo
r
k
ab
le
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
[
2
2
]
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
an
d
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
lite
r
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
R
ep
o
r
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
FS
S
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
r
e
f
lecto
r
s
.
A
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
FS
S,
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
to
-
1
0
d
B
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
g
ai
n
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
e
n
tire
UW
B
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e.
FS
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
g
ain
o
f
UW
B
an
ten
n
as.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
p
o
ten
tials
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
clo
s
e
th
e
g
ap
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
r
e
r
e
v
ea
led
b
y
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
escr
ib
es
a
h
i
g
h
-
g
ain
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
t
h
at
u
tili
ze
s
a
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
an
ten
n
a
ex
h
ib
its
an
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
5
5
%
(
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
9
to
1
5
.
2
GHz
)
an
d
a
p
ea
k
g
ain
o
f
5
.
9
d
B
i.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
an
F
SS
r
ef
lecto
r
ar
r
ay
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
g
ain
o
f
th
is
U
W
B
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
is
ar
r
ay
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
5
×
5
elem
en
ts
,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
cir
cu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
t
h
at
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
FS
S
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
h
ig
h
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
,
th
e
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
with
th
e
F
SS
r
ef
l
ec
to
r
s
h
o
ws
a
n
ea
r
ly
co
n
s
tan
t
g
ain
,
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
m
ax
im
u
m
a
v
er
ag
e
g
ain
o
f
5
.
9
to
9
.
2
d
B
i.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
als
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
,
h
i
g
h
-
g
ai
n
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
wir
eless
UW
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
g
ain
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
FS
S
[
2
4
]
.
An
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
an
d
a
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a.
T
o
s
tar
t,
a
s
lo
t
an
d
s
tu
b
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
if
y
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
r
ed
u
ce
its
s
ize
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
wid
e
o
p
er
atin
g
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
.
W
ith
a
b
r
o
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
3
.
6
–
1
1
.
8
GHz
,
th
is
m
o
d
if
ied
an
ten
n
a
ex
h
ib
its
5
0
%
d
o
w
n
s
izin
g
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
a
p
r
im
ar
y
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
.
A
FS
S
ar
r
ay
is
th
en
cr
ea
ted
b
y
ass
em
b
lin
g
elem
en
ts
with
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
cir
cu
lar
s
h
ap
es.
T
h
is
8
×
8
ce
ll
ar
r
ay
,
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
as
a
r
ef
lecto
r
in
th
e
an
ten
n
a,
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
m
p
ac
t
UW
B
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
FS
S
ar
r
ay
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
g
ain
o
f
at
le
ast
4
d
B
i
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
co
m
p
ac
t
UW
B
FS
S
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
h
ield
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
FS
S
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
two
p
ar
allel
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
et
al
p
lates
with
a
cir
cu
lar
lo
o
p
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
ts
UW
B
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
an
d
s
p
an
s
1
0
.
5
GHz
,
f
r
o
m
2
.
2
to
1
2
.
7
GHz
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
1
9
×
1
9
ar
r
ay
o
f
p
r
in
ted
FS
S
ce
lls
,
ea
ch
ce
ll
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
o
n
ly
5
×
5
×
1
.
6
m
m
.
An
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
(
E
C
C
)
was
u
s
ed
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
FS
S
ce
ll.
R
esear
ch
[
2
6
]
s
u
g
g
ests
a
n
o
v
el
s
em
i
-
cir
cu
lar
a
n
ten
n
a
with
a
v
er
y
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
e
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
u
tili
ze
s
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
s
p
lit
-
r
in
g
r
es
o
n
ato
r
to
ex
te
n
d
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
an
d
an
FS
S
r
ef
lectiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
en
h
an
ce
g
ain
.
First,
a
w
id
eb
an
d
an
ten
n
a
with
a
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
b
elo
w
-
1
0
d
B
an
d
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
3
0
.
3
%
(
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
6
to
1
5
GHz
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
t
em
p
l
o
y
s
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
s
p
lit
-
r
in
g
r
eso
n
ato
r
s
an
d
two
L
-
s
h
ap
ed
r
eso
n
ato
r
s
.
An
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
is
ad
d
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
g
ain
.
T
h
e
co
p
lan
ar
wav
e
g
u
id
e
a
n
ten
n
a
h
as
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
3
5
×
30
×
1
.
6
m
m
³,
wh
ile
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
with
t
h
e
FS
S
r
ef
lecto
r
(
a
10
×
1
0
ar
r
a
y
o
f
1
7
m
m
ce
lls
)
h
as
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
5
3
.
1
5
×
5
3
.
1
5
×
1
.
6
m
m
³.
Fo
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
an
te
n
n
a
g
ai
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
4
.
9
t
o
1
0
.
9
d
B
f
o
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies o
f
3
.
7
9
,
4
.
4
4
,
7
.
8
9
,
9
.
0
1
,
an
d
1
1
.
1
5
GHz
.
Ud
Din
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
m
p
ac
t,
UW
B
cir
cu
lar
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a,
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
FSS
to
o
p
tim
ize
g
ain
.
T
h
is
an
te
n
n
a
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
cir
cu
lar
p
atch
with
cir
cu
lar
s
lo
ts
alo
n
g
its
ed
g
es
an
d
is
f
ed
b
y
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
UW
B
an
ten
n
a
is
m
o
d
if
ied
with
tw
o
tr
ian
g
u
la
r
n
o
tch
es
o
n
th
e
s
id
es
an
d
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
n
o
tch
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
,
th
u
s
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
its
r
a
d
iatio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
T
h
is
an
ten
n
a
was
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
an
FR
-
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
,
a
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ates
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ates
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I
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N
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2
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8
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ates
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ase,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.