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I
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15
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Decem
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20
25
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ch
a
r
g
ed
b
y
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
M4
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
cr
ea
tes
co
n
ten
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
i
s
lead
s
to
elev
ated
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
d
ela
y
s
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
is
lim
i
tati
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
L
S
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
aim
in
g
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
C
L
S.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Z
h
ai
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
u
s
ed
A
ca
s
ca
d
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es
o
f
C
L
S
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
2
0
0
m
V
s
ig
n
al
in
to
a
1
.
2
V
s
ig
n
al.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
ch
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
ad
d
s
ex
tr
a
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
s
p
ac
e
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
u
tlin
ed
in
[
6
]
u
tili
ze
d
o
n
ly
two
C
L
S st
ag
es,
lin
k
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t o
n
e
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
v
ia
a
d
io
d
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
NM
O
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
el
im
in
ates
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f a
leve
l sh
ifter
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
g
a
te
d
r
iver u
s
in
g
…
(
Gu
is
s
i H
ich
a
m
)
5225
T
h
is
d
esig
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
attain
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
is
a
n
u
r
g
e
n
t
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
a
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le,
s
p
ee
d
y
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
d
esig
n
s
.
Desig
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
7
]
,
wea
k
en
ed
a
n
d
m
itig
ated
th
e
p
u
ll
-
u
p
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
its
c
u
r
r
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
a
n
g
e
b
u
t
co
m
es
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
q
u
iescen
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
As
we
ar
e
awa
r
e
th
e
q
u
iescen
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
a
v
ital
p
ar
am
eter
in
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
its
,
esp
ec
ially
in
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
e
d
d
ev
ices
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
t
an
d
b
y
o
r
i
d
le
m
o
d
es
is
ess
en
t
ial
f
o
r
ex
te
n
d
in
g
b
atter
y
life
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
esi
g
n
p
r
esen
te
d
in
[
8
]
m
a
n
ag
ed
to
av
o
id
th
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tatic
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
le
v
el
s
h
if
ter
b
ased
o
n
th
e
W
ils
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t m
i
r
r
o
r
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
b
o
o
s
ts
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
ce
asin
g
t
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
as
s
o
o
n
as
th
e
d
esir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
el
is
attain
ed
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
v
o
lv
in
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
e
lay
in
c
h
ar
g
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e
,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
o
r
a
h
ig
h
lev
el,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
i
r
r
o
r
is
lef
t
f
lo
at
in
g
,
lead
in
g
to
a
n
o
tab
le
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
b
u
f
f
er
.
So
m
e
m
o
d
if
ied
d
esig
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
W
ils
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
as
well,
b
u
t
th
ese
ch
an
g
es o
n
l
y
o
f
f
er
s
lig
h
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
el
ay
an
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
im
p
lem
en
t
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
u
s
in
g
W
ils
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
with
Gate
Dr
iv
er
t
h
at
is
in
te
n
d
ed
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
ch
ip
.
th
at
ca
n
n
o
tab
ly
r
ed
u
ce
tim
e
d
elay
,
t
o
tal
ar
ea
an
d
we
co
n
d
u
cted
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
o
u
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
L
S
with
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
th
at
d
el
v
e
in
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
lev
el
s
h
if
te
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
,
ea
ch
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
s
th
at
u
ltima
tely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
s
p
ee
d
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
p
r
esen
t
an
o
p
tim
ized
L
S
-
GD
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
in
T
SMC
130
n
m
C
MO
S
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
r
ee
k
e
y
m
etr
ics:
i
)
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
(
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
4
0
%),
ii
)
tr
an
s
itio
n
tim
e
(
6
1
%
f
aster
)
,
an
d
iii
)
lay
o
u
t
ar
ea
(
9
2
%
s
m
aller
)
,
with
ex
tr
em
ely
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
n
e
g
lig
ib
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
is
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
tim
e
an
d
f
all
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
tim
e
wh
ich
g
i
v
e
u
s
a
v
e
r
y
s
t
ab
le
cir
cu
it.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
p
r
e
-
d
r
iv
er
s
tag
e
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
ela
y
b
y
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
s
elec
tin
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
es a
n
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
izin
g
r
a
tio
s
at
ea
ch
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
b
r
ief
ly
in
tr
o
d
u
c
es
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
’
s
k
ey
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
s
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
an
d
d
esig
n
d
etails
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
-
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
(
L
S
-
GD)
cir
cu
i
t.
Sectio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
p
r
i
o
r
wo
r
k
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
cl
u
d
es th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2.
B
AT
T
E
RY
CH
ARG
E
R
AR
CH
I
T
E
CT
URE O
V
E
RV
I
E
W
L
ith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e
r
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
es
m
u
ltip
l
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
s
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
f
o
u
r
cr
itical
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
in
clu
d
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
an
d
s
ig
n
al
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
r
ee
k
ey
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
:
s
af
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
p
tim
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
all
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ases
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
ad
d
r
ess
es a
co
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t:
a.
Po
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
:
−
L
DO
r
eg
u
lato
r
[
1
7
]
:
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tab
le
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
c
u
its
with
m
in
im
al
d
r
o
p
o
u
t.
−
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
cir
cu
it
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
: g
e
n
er
ates g
ate
-
d
r
iv
e
v
o
ltag
es a
b
o
v
e
th
e
m
ai
n
s
u
p
p
ly
r
ai
l
.
b.
C
o
n
tr
o
l:
−
Dir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
DC
C
)
[
2
0
]
:
m
ain
tain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
-
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
in
itial p
h
ases
.
−
Dir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
DVC)
[
2
1
]
:
r
e
g
u
lates
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
f
in
al
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tag
es
.
c.
Sen
s
in
g
:
−
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
cir
cu
it
(
C
SC
)
[
2
2
]
:
ac
c
u
r
ately
m
o
n
ito
r
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
.
d.
Sig
n
al
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
:
−
L
ev
el
s
h
if
ter
(
L
S)
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
:
tr
an
s
lates
s
ig
n
als b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
−
Gate
d
r
iv
er
(
GD)
[
2
7
]
:
d
r
iv
es
p
o
wer
s
witch
es with
s
u
f
f
icien
t c
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
f
ast tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
−
Po
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
[
2
8
]
:
ef
f
icie
n
tly
h
an
d
le
h
ig
h
-
cu
r
r
e
n
t switch
in
g
.
W
h
ile
all
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
es
s
e
n
tial
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
e
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
th
i
s
wo
r
k
s
p
ec
if
ically
tar
g
ets
th
e
co
-
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
–
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
(LS
-
GD)
p
air
d
u
e
to
its
cr
itical
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
L
S
-
GD
in
ter
f
ac
e
g
o
v
er
n
s
tim
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
e
lay
,
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
v
ia
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
l
ay
o
u
t
ar
ea
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Po
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
s
en
s
in
g
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
em
p
lo
y
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
h
er
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
co
n
tex
t.
S
ec
tio
n
3
d
etails
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
d
esig
n
,
wh
ile
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
L
S
-
GD
co
-
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
with
a
n
em
p
h
asis
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
p
ee
d
,
ar
ea
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
2
2
3
-
5
2
3
3
5226
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
DE
SI
G
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
etails
th
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
,
tim
in
g
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
izin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
3
.
1
.
Circ
uit
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
,
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
m
ain
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
:
a
p
r
e
-
d
r
iv
er
s
tag
e,
an
an
ti
-
c
r
o
s
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
it,
an
d
a
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
l
l
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
d
r
i
v
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
in
v
er
ter
g
ates
th
at
s
h
ar
p
en
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
ig
n
a
l
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
lo
g
ic
d
o
m
ai
n
(
1
.
8
V)
.
T
h
e
a
n
ti
-
cr
o
s
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
cir
cu
it,
b
ased
o
n
a
n
AND
g
ate
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
two
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
n
ev
er
ON
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
,
th
er
eb
y
av
o
id
in
g
s
h
o
o
t
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
.
A
s
m
all
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lo
g
ic
g
ate
to
ass
is
t
in
th
e
tim
in
g
an
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ti
-
c
r
o
s
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
tag
e
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
M2
(
PMOS)
an
d
M5
(
NM
OS)
,
wh
ich
o
p
e
r
ate
in
a
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e
(
OUT
_
VC
C
)
with
a
f
u
ll swin
g
at
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
(
5
V)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
le
v
el
-
s
h
if
ter
u
n
d
er
ca
d
en
ce
to
o
l v
er
s
io
n
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
t
h
e
lev
el
s
h
if
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
k
ey
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M4
,
M7
,
M
8
,
an
d
M1
1
alo
n
g
with
a
r
esis
to
r
R
0
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
0
.
M4
an
d
M7
ar
e
NM
OS
d
ev
ices
th
at
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
u
llin
g
d
o
wn
th
e
in
te
r
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es,
wh
ile
M8
an
d
M1
1
ar
e
PMOS
d
ev
ices
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
u
llin
g
th
em
u
p
.
Du
r
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
to
-
lo
w
in
p
u
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
co
u
p
led
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
0
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
Vg
1
1
n
o
d
e,
wh
ich
ac
tiv
ates
M8
an
d
ca
u
s
es
R
0
to
p
u
ll
th
e
Vg
5
n
o
d
e
u
p
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
d
u
r
in
g
a
lo
w
-
to
-
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
M7
tu
r
n
s
ON
an
d
p
u
lls
th
e
Vg
5
n
o
d
e
d
o
wn
,
tu
r
n
in
g
M
8
OFF.
A
d
io
d
e
D0
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
b
etwe
en
Vg
5
an
d
DGND
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
im
p
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
ex
c
ess
iv
e
n
eg
ativ
e
g
ate
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
M5
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
DGND
r
is
es f
aster
th
an
Vg
5
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
p
er
ates
u
n
d
er
d
u
a
l
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
es:
V1
P8
(
1
.
8
V)
f
o
r
th
e
lo
g
ic
lev
el
a
n
d
VC
C
(
5
V)
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
M2
an
d
M5
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
as
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
ices
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
with
s
tan
d
in
g
5
V
with
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
I
f
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
s
tead
,
M7
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
p
s
ca
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
e.
g
.
,
×2
0
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
s
witch
in
g
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es c
h
ip
ar
ea
an
d
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ts
d
elay
a
n
d
p
o
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Hav
in
g
d
escr
ib
e
d
t
h
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
s
izin
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
to
ex
am
in
e
its
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
.
W
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
itical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
etr
ic
in
v
o
lta
g
e
-
lev
el
tr
an
s
l
atio
n
cir
cu
its
.
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
pa
g
a
t
io
n
dela
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
Pro
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
ig
n
al
to
tr
av
el
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
s
an
d
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
s
,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
is
d
elay
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ap
id
an
d
r
eliab
le
s
witch
in
g
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
wh
en
d
r
iv
i
n
g
lar
g
e
g
ate
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
in
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
:
-
T
h
e
to
tal
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
s
witch
in
g
n
o
d
e
-
T
h
e
d
r
iv
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f a
leve
l sh
ifter
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
g
a
te
d
r
iver u
s
in
g
…
(
Gu
is
s
i H
ich
a
m
)
5227
-
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
d
r
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
−
ℎ
)
-
T
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
,
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
es
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
:
=
(
1
)
wh
er
e
in
clu
d
es
th
e
g
ate
ca
p
a
citan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
en
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
M2
a
n
d
M
5
)
,
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
p
ar
asit
ic,
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
in
t
h
e
le
v
el
s
h
if
ter
p
ath
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
,
f
o
r
a
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
o
p
e
r
atin
g
i
n
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
is
g
iv
en
by
(
2
)
:
=
1
2
(
−
ℎ
)
2
(
2
)
wh
er
e
:
-
is
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
c
ar
r
ier
s
-
is
th
e
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
p
er
u
n
it a
r
ea
-
an
d
ar
e
th
e
wid
th
a
n
d
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
-
is
th
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
-
ℎ
is
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
2
)
in
t
o
(
1
)
lead
s
to
:
=
1
2
(
−
ℎ
)
2
(
3
)
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
d
elay
d
ec
r
ea
s
es with
lar
g
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
wid
th
s
(
)
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
er
g
ate
o
v
er
d
r
iv
e
(
−
ℎ
)
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
p
ar
t
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
izin
g
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
d
elay
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
lo
n
g
er
ch
an
n
el
len
g
t
h
s
(
)
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
ese
d
e
p
en
d
en
cies
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
b
alan
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
d
esig
n
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
3
.
3
.
T
ra
ns
is
t
o
r
s
izing
a
nd
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
izin
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
asp
ec
ts
in
d
esig
n
in
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
s
.
T
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
a
th
s
o
f
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es,
th
er
eb
y
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
p
ee
d
,
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
r
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
s
izes f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
le
v
el
s
h
if
ter
Tr
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
s
n
a
m
e
s
Le
n
g
t
h
W
i
d
t
h
P
M
O
S
(
M
1
1
,
M
8
)
1
3
0
n
2
u
P
M
O
S
H
V
M
2
5
0
0
n
1
.
9
u
N
M
O
S
(
M
4
,
M
7
)
1
3
0
n
2
u
N
M
O
S
H
V
M
5
7
4
0
n
6
0
0
n
T
h
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M4
,
M7
,
M8
,
a
n
d
M1
1
a
r
e
s
ized
with
m
in
im
u
m
ch
a
n
n
el
len
g
th
s
(
1
3
0
n
m
)
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
wid
t
h
s
(
2
µ
m
)
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
lo
w
d
el
ay
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
M2
an
d
M5
ar
e
s
p
ec
ially
s
ized
to
h
an
d
le
5
V
o
p
er
atio
n
:
M2
u
s
es
a
lo
n
g
er
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
M5
is
h
ea
v
ily
u
p
s
ca
led
to
d
r
iv
e
la
r
g
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
l
o
ad
s
with
o
u
t tim
in
g
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
ag
g
r
ess
iv
ely
m
in
im
izin
g
tr
an
s
is
to
r
wid
th
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
ar
ea
b
u
t
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
lay
o
u
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
n
ar
r
o
w
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
s
in
g
le
-
co
n
tact
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ai
n
r
eg
io
n
s
,
w
h
ich
a
r
e
g
en
er
ally
a
v
o
id
ed
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
lo
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
ch
o
s
en
ca
r
ef
u
lly
to
b
alan
ce
d
ela
y
,
ar
ea
,
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
a
b
ilit
y
.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
s
izin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
.
All
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
ad
en
ce
Vir
tu
o
s
o
to
o
l
an
d
T
SMC
1
3
0
n
m
C
MO
S tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
2
2
3
-
5
2
3
3
5228
4
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
ient
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
lev
el
s
hift
er
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
s
a
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
o
g
i
c
l
e
v
e
l
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
8
t
o
5
V
.
T
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
a
y
s
a
r
e
:
i
)
t
p
1
=
0.
0
8
8
9
7
n
s
(
l
o
w
-
to
-
h
i
g
h
t
r
a
n
s
it
i
o
n
)
a
n
d
i
i
)
t
p
2
=
0
.
0
9
0
6
2
n
s
(
h
i
g
h
-
to
-
l
o
w
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
)
.
T
h
es
e
n
e
a
r
l
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
ca
l
v
a
l
u
es
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
ci
r
c
u
i
t
e
x
h
i
b
i
ts
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
wi
t
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
Hav
in
g
v
alid
ate
d
th
e
tim
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
cu
r
r
en
t
t
o
s
witch
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
r
ap
id
ly
an
d
r
eliab
l
y
,
th
u
s
p
lay
in
g
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
o
v
er
al
l
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
r
e
s
u
lt o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
le
v
el
-
s
h
if
t
er
4
.
2
.
G
a
t
e
driv
er
des
ig
n
T
h
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
r
p
la
y
s
a
p
iv
o
ta
l
r
o
le
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
M
OSFET
.
I
ts
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
q
u
ick
ly
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
g
ate
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
ef
f
icien
tly
d
eliv
e
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
8
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
9
PMOS
an
d
9
NM
OS)
,
with
th
e
NM
OS M
1
6
7
tr
an
s
is
to
r
h
a
v
in
g
a
wid
er
ch
an
n
el
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
lar
g
er
cu
r
r
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
h
ase.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
t
o
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
s
izes
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
d
r
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
,
b
alan
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
to
m
in
im
i
ze
g
ate
d
elay
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
lay
o
u
t
r
em
ain
s
co
m
p
ac
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
u
n
d
er
ca
d
en
ce
to
o
l v
er
s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f a
leve
l sh
ifter
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
g
a
te
d
r
iver u
s
in
g
…
(
Gu
is
s
i H
ich
a
m
)
5229
T
ab
le
2
.
T
r
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
s
izes o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
r
Tr
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
s
n
a
m
e
s
Le
n
g
t
h
W
i
d
t
h
P
M
O
S
(
M
1
5
0
,
M
1
5
2
,
M
1
5
3
,
M
1
5
4
,
M
1
5
5
,
M
1
5
6
,
M
1
5
7
,
M
1
5
8
,
M
1
6
6
)
1
3
0
n
7
4
0
n
N
M
O
S
(
M
1
5
1
,
M
1
5
9
,
M
1
6
0
,
M
1
6
1
,
M
1
6
2
,
M
1
6
3
,
M
1
6
4
,
M
1
6
5
)
1
3
0
n
7
4
0
n
N
M
O
S
M
1
6
7
1
3
0
n
1
.
7
u
On
ce
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
was
d
es
ig
n
ed
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
was
i
n
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
to
f
o
r
m
a
co
m
p
lete
v
o
ltag
e
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
en
a
b
les
b
o
th
ac
cu
r
ate
lo
g
ic
lev
el
tr
an
s
latio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
o
n
g
g
ate
-
d
r
iv
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
in
Li
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
cir
c
u
its
.
4
.
3
.
L
ev
el
s
hift
er
wit
h g
a
t
e
driv
er
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
in
ter
f
ac
e,
th
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
was
in
te
g
r
ate
d
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
s
u
r
es b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
d
eliv
er
y
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
u
ll
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
an
d
g
a
te
d
r
iv
er
.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
th
e
l
ev
el
s
h
if
ter
co
n
v
e
r
ts
a
1
.
8
V
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
in
to
a
5
V
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ich
is
th
en
am
p
lifie
d
b
y
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
t
o
d
eliv
er
s
u
f
f
icien
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
th
e
g
ate
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
d
es
ig
n
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
cir
c
u
it
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
s
h
if
ts
th
e
1
.
8
V
lo
g
ic
s
ig
n
al
to
a
s
tab
le
5
V
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
is
0
.
2
0
4
6
8
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
e
v
alu
ate
s
witch
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
Fig
u
r
e
8
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
r
is
e
an
d
f
all
tim
es o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
r
is
e
tim
e
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
0
1
4
5
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
f
all
tim
e
is
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
0
1
3
9
n
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
cir
cu
it o
p
er
ates w
ith
ex
ce
llen
t tim
in
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
f
ast tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
lev
el
-
s
h
if
ter
with
d
ate
d
r
iv
er
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t a
n
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
lev
el
-
s
h
if
ter
with
d
ate
d
r
i
v
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
2
2
3
-
5
2
3
3
5230
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
r
is
e
an
d
f
u
ll tim
e
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
v
alid
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
s
ig
n
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
l
o
w
-
to
-
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
with
ex
ce
llen
t
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Ov
er
a
ll,
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es:
i)
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
le
v
el
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
8
to
5
V
,
ii)
s
u
b
-
n
an
o
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
,
a
n
d
iii)
b
alan
ce
d
r
is
e
an
d
f
all
tim
es,
m
in
im
izin
g
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
Su
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
v
alu
a
b
le
in
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
s
p
ee
d
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
ess
en
tial.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
s
ca
lab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
f
u
ll
So
C
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
te
g
r
at
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
an
d
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
,
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
was
tr
a
n
s
lated
in
to
a
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
o
u
t.
T
h
is
s
tep
e
n
s
u
r
es
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
en
a
b
les
f
u
r
th
er
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
ar
ea
u
s
ag
e
an
d
p
a
r
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
.
4
.
4
.
L
a
y
o
ut
T
h
e
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
with
in
teg
r
ated
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
C
ad
en
ce
Vir
tu
o
s
o
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
i
n
clu
d
es
f
lo
o
r
p
la
n
in
g
,
d
ev
ice
p
lace
m
e
n
t,
an
d
m
etal
r
o
u
tin
g
,
w
h
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
d
esig
n
r
u
les an
d
f
o
u
n
d
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lity
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
a
b
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
al
la
y
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
i
f
ter
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
io
r
itizes
co
m
p
ac
t
ar
ea
,
s
ig
n
al
in
te
g
r
ity
,
an
d
m
in
im
al
p
ar
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
la
y
o
u
t
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
a
co
m
p
lete
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
f
lo
w,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
d
esig
n
r
u
le
ch
ec
k
(
D
R
C
)
,
lay
o
u
t
v
e
r
s
u
s
s
ch
em
atic
(
L
VS)
,
an
ten
n
a
r
u
le
ch
ec
k
s
,
m
etal
d
en
s
ity
,
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
in
g
r
u
le
ch
ec
k
(
MRC
)
,
an
d
d
esig
n
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ab
ilit
y
(
DFM)
.
All
c
h
ec
k
s
p
ass
ed
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
tn
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lay
o
u
t.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
ilico
n
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
is
1
5
.
1
3
×
2
5
.
8
3
µm
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
an
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
ac
e
an
d
m
ak
es
th
e
d
esig
n
well
s
u
ited
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
lar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
lay
o
u
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
-
s
h
if
ter
with
g
ate
-
d
r
iv
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f a
leve
l sh
ifter
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
g
a
te
d
r
iver u
s
in
g
…
(
Gu
is
s
i H
ich
a
m
)
5231
4
.
5
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
wit
h lit
er
a
t
ure
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
o
u
t
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
te
g
r
ated
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
an
d
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
s
ig
n
ag
ain
s
t
r
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
s
.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es,
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
es,
an
d
d
elay
tim
es.
Ou
r
d
esig
n
,
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
1
3
0
n
m
C
MO
S,
ac
h
iev
ed
a
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
o
f
0
.
0
9
n
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
n
ew
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
ev
er
al
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
esig
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Alao
u
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
(
1
8
0
n
m
)
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
d
elay
o
f
0
.
1
5
n
s
,
wh
ile
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
1
3
0
n
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ac
h
iev
ed
1
.
5
1
n
s
.
Desig
n
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
Sh
u
k
la
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
(
6
5
n
m
)
an
d
Sau
r
ab
an
d
C
h
av
an
[
1
5
]
(
7
n
m
)
,
r
ep
o
r
te
d
d
elay
s
o
f
0
.
6
3
an
d
1
.
8
8
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
lo
west
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
G
o
s
atwa
r
an
d
Gh
o
d
eswar
[
1
4
]
(
9
0
n
m
)
with
1
0
.
9
9
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
C
h
atter
jee
an
d
R
u
ck
er
t
[
1
6
]
(
2
8
n
m
)
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
d
elay
o
f
3
.
1
1
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
n
o
t
s
o
lely
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ca
lin
g
.
Op
ti
m
izin
g
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
izin
g
an
d
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
k
e
y
t
o
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
v
er
s
u
s
ex
is
tin
g
d
esig
n
s
D
e
si
g
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Lo
w
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
e
l
a
y
t
i
m
e
[
n
s]
Th
i
s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
0
8
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8
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I
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t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
2
2
3
-
5
2
3
3
5232
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Der
iv
ed
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
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f
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n
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in
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t
h
is
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y
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e
av
aila
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f
r
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m
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
,
HG,
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
B
a
n
e
r
j
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e
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n
d
H
.
K
a
u
r
,
“
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p
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[
2
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T.
M
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s
b
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h
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,
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.
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a
r
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o
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[
3
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A
.
D
j
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t
a
l
.
,
“
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[
4
]
H
.
S
h
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
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b
a
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d
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p
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ma
t
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s:
A
s
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[
5
]
B
.
Z
h
a
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e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
r
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,
”
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T
ra
n
s
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o
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s
o
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r
y
L
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c
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t
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(
VL
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)
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s
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.
1
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.
[
6
]
S
.
N
.
W
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t
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s,
B
.
H
.
C
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3
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m
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M
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,
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EEE
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n
C
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rc
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n
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S
y
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s II
:
Ex
p
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f
s
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5
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.
4
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C
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2
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0
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4
7
1
.
[
7
]
A
.
H
a
s
a
n
b
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g
o
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a
n
d
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.
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