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1.
I
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RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
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t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
d
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lan
d
s
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tly
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ita
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p
eten
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cr
u
cial
f
o
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teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
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ce
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lear
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ts
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a
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
d
r
i
v
en
f
u
tu
r
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
As
s
cien
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
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tech
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lo
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y
f
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x
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lo
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atio
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,
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is
,
an
d
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
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,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t a
cq
u
ir
e
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
g
u
id
e
th
eir
s
t
u
d
en
ts
in
u
tili
zin
g
th
ese
to
o
ls
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
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s
co
r
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ee
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f
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teac
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s
to
d
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tial
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ig
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co
m
p
eten
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th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
le
ar
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in
g
o
u
tco
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es.
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n
s
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u
ca
tio
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d
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ital
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s
u
p
p
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t
ex
p
er
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n
tatio
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,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
[
3
]
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
,
f
r
a
m
ewo
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k
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lik
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DiKo
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AN
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d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
g
u
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e
an
d
ass
ess
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
k
ills
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
f
ac
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t c
h
allen
g
es
—
m
o
s
t n
o
tab
ly
th
e
lack
o
f
d
ig
ital in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
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o
ls
—
wh
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h
in
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er
s
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
to
o
ls
[
9
]
.
W
h
ile
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
av
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
tar
g
ete
d
tr
ain
in
g
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d
in
v
estme
n
t,
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
f
all
b
e
h
in
d
,
d
ee
p
en
in
g
t
h
e
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
g
ap
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
e
x
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m
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a
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t
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2
Dig
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fo
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cien
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b
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a
mo
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[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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.
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
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s
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n
t
i
f
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p
r
a
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t
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[
1
3
]
.
Un
lik
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m
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em
atics,
wh
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r
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to
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o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
[
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Simu
lat
io
n
s
en
ab
le
s
af
e
in
v
esti
g
ati
o
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
o
r
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
,
wh
ile
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
an
d
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
f
er
3
D
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
b
io
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
[
7
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
cien
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
em
an
d
s
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
(
DAQ)
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
m
aster
to
o
ls
b
ey
o
n
d
g
en
e
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ar
tific
ial
in
telli
g
en
ce
(
AI
)
-
d
r
iv
e
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
s
cien
tific
m
o
d
el
lin
g
s
o
f
twar
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
n
ee
d
s
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
u
ch
as
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
e,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
to
o
ls
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
[
7
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
AI
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
—
s
p
an
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
to
a
u
to
m
ated
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tatio
n
—
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
ig
itally
co
m
p
eten
t
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
ee
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
s
h
ar
in
g
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
r
ele
v
an
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
m
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
illar
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
t
u
r
y
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
7
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
AI
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
v
ital
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Als
h
o
r
m
an
[
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wh
ile
J
o
r
d
an
i
an
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
AI
’
s
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
o
ten
tial,
th
ey
f
ac
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
b
u
ild
d
ig
ita
l
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
9
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
AI
,
AR
,
an
d
3
D
s
im
u
latio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
E
d
u
c
ato
r
s
m
u
s
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
AI
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
alig
n
t
h
eir
u
s
e
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
er
n
ee
d
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
AI
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
—
s
u
ch
as
Har
v
ar
d
’
s
C
S5
0
ch
at
b
o
t
—
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
in
telli
g
en
t
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
1
6
]
.
E
s
to
n
ia’
s
AI
L
ea
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
n
atio
n
al
in
itiativ
es
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ig
ital
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
1
7
]
.
AR
an
d
3
D
to
o
ls
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
by
v
is
u
alizin
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
cien
tific
co
n
ten
t
[
1
8
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
v
estme
n
t
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
a
in
in
g
,
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
teac
h
er
s
to
f
u
lly
lev
er
ag
e
t
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
et
en
cies
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
Dig
C
o
m
p
E
d
u
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
d
ef
in
e
s
s
ev
en
co
r
e
ar
ea
s
:
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
tec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
life
lo
n
g
l
ea
r
n
in
g
[
7
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
co
n
f
id
en
tly
,
d
esig
n
tech
-
i
n
teg
r
ated
less
o
n
s
,
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
t
s
o
f
twar
e,
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
em
p
h
asized
to
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
an
g
e.
T
ailo
r
ed
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
DiKo
L
AN
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
k
ills
in
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
o
n
lin
e
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital r
ea
d
in
ess
,
as
o
u
tlin
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
7
4
-
4
8
8
6
4876
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
an
y
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
d
ig
ital
n
ativ
es,
th
e
Di
Ko
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
x
p
licit
tr
ain
in
g
to
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
I
t
e
m
p
h
asizes
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
to
s
elec
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s
,
in
teg
r
ate
th
em
in
to
less
o
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
also
s
tr
ess
e
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
8
]
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Scien
ce
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
f
ac
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
AI
,
AR
,
an
d
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
to
o
ls
[
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
to
o
ls
ca
n
en
r
ic
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
.
E
a
r
ly
-
ca
r
ee
r
teac
h
er
s
,
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
d
ig
itally
f
am
iliar
,
o
f
ten
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
alize
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
ap
p
ly
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
an
d
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
th
is
ef
f
o
r
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
o
ls
lik
e
AI
an
d
AR
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
to
o
ls
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
with
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
s
c
ien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
t
b
etter
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
3
]
,
wh
ile
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
lik
e
UNE
SC
O’
s
I
C
T
-
co
m
p
eten
cy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
t
ea
ch
er
s
(
C
FT
)
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
o
ciety
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
STE
)
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
h
el
p
d
e
f
in
e
d
ig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
[
7
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
also
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
co
n
tex
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
J
o
r
d
an
,
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
o
u
td
ated
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tr
ai
n
in
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
u
ild
s
o
n
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
b
y
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
r
ea
d
in
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
tar
g
ete
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
p
o
licy
r
ef
o
r
m
.
2
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
f
r
a
m
ew
o
rk
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ich
co
n
tin
u
es
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
m
o
d
el
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
an
d
co
n
ten
t k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
5
]
.
A
r
ec
en
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
o
f
T
PAC
K
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
,
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
m
u
s
t
alig
n
with
b
o
th
s
u
b
ject
co
n
ten
t
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
at
eg
ies.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
r
em
ai
n
s
cr
itical
in
co
n
tex
ts
th
at
d
e
m
an
d
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
AI
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
els.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
elem
en
ts
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
(
e.
g
.
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
AR
,
an
d
3
D
m
o
d
els)
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
lear
n
e
r
s
[
2
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
E
m
pirica
l
ba
c
k
g
ro
un
d
a
nd
k
ey
s
t
ud
ies
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
af
f
ir
m
s
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cies in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Als
h
o
r
m
an
[
9
]
n
o
ted
th
at
w
h
ile
J
o
r
d
an
ian
teac
h
er
s
v
al
u
e
AI
to
o
ls
,
th
ey
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tr
ain
in
g
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
es
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
s
im
ilar
ly
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
i
alize
d
AI
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
u
r
g
en
cy
o
f
b
r
id
g
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
g
ap
s
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
E
s
to
n
ia’
s
AI
L
ea
p
in
itiativ
e
[
1
7
]
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tr
ain
in
g
in
AI
,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
s
d
ig
ital
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
c
h
atb
o
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
in
co
m
p
lex
s
cien
tific
task
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
llectiv
ely
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
with
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ain
in
g
t
o
en
ab
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
i
n
s
cien
ce
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
2
.
3
.
Dig
it
a
l
co
m
pet
encies
in
s
cience
educa
t
io
n
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
cr
itical
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
7
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
,
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
J
u
g
em
b
ay
ev
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
alig
n
in
g
with
DiKo
L
AN’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
to
o
ls
.
Mc
Do
n
ag
h
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
n
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
DAP)
a
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
R
u
d
en
k
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
n
o
ted
th
at
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
with
p
r
esen
ta
tio
n
(
PR
E
)
to
o
ls
b
o
o
s
ts
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
Di
Ko
L
AN’
s
PR
E
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
(
DOC)
co
m
p
et
en
cies
.
2
.
4
.
Cha
lleng
es in
inte
g
ra
t
ing
a
dv
a
nced
dig
it
a
l t
o
o
ls
W
h
ile
m
an
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ex
ce
l
at
b
asic
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
th
ey
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
to
o
ls
lik
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
d
ata
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
J
u
g
em
b
ay
ev
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
n
o
ted
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lack
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l skills
fo
r
s
cien
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
tea
ch
in
g
a
mo
n
g
Jo
r
d
a
n
ia
n
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
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:
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(
S
a
mee
r
a
M.
A
ls
h
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)
4877
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Mc
Do
n
a
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
teac
h
er
s
m
ay
f
ail
t
o
ac
q
u
ir
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
f
o
r
th
ese
to
o
ls
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
R
u
d
en
k
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
o
tiv
ated
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
t
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
lik
elier
to
ad
o
p
t
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
d
ig
ital sk
ill d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
m
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
2
.
5
.
Reso
urce
dis
pa
rit
ies bet
wee
n scho
o
ls
R
esea
r
c
h
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
n
o
t
ab
le
d
i
s
p
a
r
it
ies
i
n
d
ig
ita
l
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
i
es
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
J
u
g
em
b
a
y
ev
a
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
g
r
ea
te
r
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
i
tal
t
o
o
ls
l
ea
d
s
to
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
ete
n
t
t
ea
c
h
er
s
.
Mc
D
o
n
a
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
n
o
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
p
r
iv
at
e
i
n
s
ti
tu
ti
o
n
s
o
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
iti
es,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
i
ci
en
t
e
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
at
p
r
i
v
at
e
s
ch
o
o
l
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
d
ig
i
tal
c
o
m
p
et
en
cies
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
ir
p
u
b
lic
c
o
u
n
te
r
p
a
r
ts
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
es
e
co
m
p
et
e
n
ci
es
is
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
in
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
ci
e
n
ce
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
wi
th
t
h
e
D
iK
o
L
A
N
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
as
a
k
e
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
s
k
il
l
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
2
.
6
.
Address
ing
g
a
ps
in
ex
is
t
ing
re
s
ea
rc
h
W
h
ile
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
y
r
esear
ch
,
k
ey
lim
itatio
n
s
r
e
m
ain
.
Mo
s
t
r
ely
o
n
g
en
er
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
l
ik
e
Dig
C
o
m
p
E
d
u
,
wh
ich
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ills
i
n
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
7
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Self
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
s
o
f
ten
f
ail
to
r
ef
lect
r
ea
l
class
r
o
o
m
p
r
ac
tices
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
:
i
)
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
cien
ce
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
co
v
e
r
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
u
ch
as
s
im
u
la
tio
n
,
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
;
ii
)
u
s
in
g
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
et
h
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
with
in
ter
v
iews
to
ass
es
s
b
o
th
p
er
ce
iv
ed
an
d
ac
tu
al
p
r
ac
tices;
an
d
iii
)
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
ts
to
in
f
o
r
m
eq
u
ita
b
le
d
ig
ital
p
o
licy
.
T
h
is
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
,
p
r
ac
tice
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies a
n
d
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
2
.
7
.
Study
pro
blem
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
d
ay
r
eq
u
ir
es
teac
h
er
s
to
in
te
g
r
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
,
an
d
d
ata
to
o
ls
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ase
d
lear
n
in
g
[
7
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Un
lik
e
I
C
T
o
r
m
ath
em
atics,
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
an
d
DAP
[
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Dig
ital
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
m
ak
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
v
ital
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
[
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
’
d
i
g
ital
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
,
w
h
er
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
ac
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
h
o
r
tag
e
s
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
7
]
to
a
s
s
es
s
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
g
u
i
d
e
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
p
o
l
icies.
2
.
8
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
ns
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
is
g
u
i
d
ed
b
y
two
p
r
im
a
r
y
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
ex
am
in
es
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
teac
h
in
g
s
cien
ce
,
as
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
wh
eth
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
ex
is
t
in
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
y
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
DiKo
L
AN
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
b
ased
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
g
e
n
d
er
,
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as:
i)
W
h
at
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
in
teac
h
in
g
s
cien
ce
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
an
d
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
g
e
n
d
er
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l?
2
.
9
.
No
v
elt
y
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
to
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
—
tailo
r
ed
to
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
—
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ad
o
p
t
b
r
o
ad
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
lik
e
Dig
C
o
m
p
E
d
u
o
r
r
e
ly
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
[
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
f
r
o
m
1
6
4
teac
h
e
r
s
with
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
1
4
i
n
ter
v
iews
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
I
t
also
ex
p
lo
r
es
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
y
p
e,
g
en
d
er
,
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
an
d
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
—
an
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
r
ar
ely
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
p
ast
wo
r
k
[
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
B
y
r
ev
ea
lin
g
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
esp
ec
ially
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
AI
an
d
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
o
n
eq
u
itab
l
e
d
ig
ital
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
licy
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
8
7
4
-
4
8
8
6
4878
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h t
o
o
l
T
o
ass
es
s
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
3
5
-
item
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
D
iKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
m
e
asu
r
e
s
ev
en
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
a
r
ea
s
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
t
r
e
v
iew
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
a
p
ilo
t stu
d
y
with
2
0
teac
h
er
s
w
as c
o
n
d
u
cted
t
o
r
ef
in
e
th
e
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
q
u
a
lit
ati
v
e
p
h
ase
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
1
4
s
em
i
-
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
d
i
n
t
er
v
iews
wit
h
t
ea
ch
er
s
s
ele
cte
d
b
y
g
en
d
er
,
s
ch
o
o
l
t
y
p
e
,
an
d
e
x
p
er
ie
n
c
e.
T
h
ese
i
n
te
r
v
ie
ws
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
ts
’
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
it
al
t
o
o
ls
,
c
h
al
le
n
g
es
in
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
.
Pr
o
m
p
ts
a
d
d
r
ess
e
d
th
ei
r
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ita
l
t
o
o
ls
i
n
s
cie
n
c
e
i
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
,
o
b
s
ta
cles
t
o
im
p
l
em
e
n
ti
n
g
AI
-
b
as
ed
s
im
u
la
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
i
g
it
al
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
er
v
i
ew
d
at
a
we
r
e
a
n
al
y
z
ed
u
s
i
n
g
r
ef
le
x
i
v
e
th
em
ati
c
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
B
r
a
u
n
a
n
d
C
l
ar
k
e’
s
6
-
p
h
as
e
m
et
h
o
d
as
o
p
er
ati
o
n
aliz
e
d
b
y
B
y
r
n
e
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
ac
i
lit
ate
d
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
ti
f
icat
io
n
o
f
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
th
e
m
es
r
el
ate
d
t
o
d
i
g
i
tal
a
cc
ess
d
is
p
ar
iti
es,
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
g
ap
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es.
3
.
2
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
2
0
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
was
th
en
co
n
d
u
cted
to
e
v
alu
ate
item
clar
ity
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
m
in
o
r
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
ewo
r
d
in
g
u
n
clea
r
item
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
to
en
h
a
n
ce
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
s
ev
en
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cy
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
:
=
/
(
−
1
)
∗
(
1
−
∑
²
ᵢ
/
²ᵗ
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
k
=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
in
t
h
e
s
ca
le
;
σ²
ᵢ
=
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al
item
;
an
d
σ²
ᵗ
=
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
test
(
s
u
m
o
f
all
item
v
ar
ian
ce
s
a
n
d
th
eir
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
s
)
.
T
h
e
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
a
n
o
v
er
all
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
0
.
8
4
3
.
Dim
en
s
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
alp
h
as
wer
e:
PR
E
(
0
.
8
7
0
)
,
DOC
(
0
.
8
5
5
)
,
DAP
(
0
.
8
5
2
)
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
(
C
OM
)
(
0
.
8
2
9
)
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
(
I
SE)
(
0
.
8
3
8
)
,
DAQ
(
0
.
8
2
4
)
,
a
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
SIM
)
(
0
.
8
0
0
)
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
1
6
4
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
9
0
p
u
b
l
ic
an
d
7
4
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
J
o
r
d
an
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
to
c
ap
tu
r
e
d
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e,
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
(
p
h
y
s
ics,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
an
d
b
io
l
o
g
y
)
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
ed
a
n
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
1
4
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iew
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
ty
p
e
(
7
p
u
b
lic
an
d
7
p
r
iv
ate)
,
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
(
7
b
elo
w
an
d
7
ab
o
v
e
5
y
ea
r
s
)
,
g
en
d
er
(
6
m
ales
an
d
8
f
e
m
ales)
,
an
d
s
u
b
ject
(
5
p
h
y
s
ic
s
,
5
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
an
d
4
b
io
lo
g
y
)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
also
v
ar
ied
in
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
b
ased
o
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
was u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cies a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
s
ev
en
DiKo
L
AN
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
a
r
ea
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
62
3
7
.
8
F
e
mal
e
1
0
2
6
2
.
2
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
5
y
e
a
r
s
79
4
8
.
1
7
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
5
y
e
a
r
s
83
5
0
.
6
1
S
c
h
o
o
l
t
y
p
e
P
u
b
l
i
c
90
5
4
.
8
8
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
74
4
5
.
1
2
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
s
urv
ey
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
t
-
test
an
d
C
o
h
en
’
s
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize,
wh
ic
h
wa
s
th
en
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
e
x
p
lain
e
d
v
ar
ian
ce
.
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
an
d
a
4
-
wa
y
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ea
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l skills
fo
r
s
cien
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
tea
ch
in
g
a
mo
n
g
Jo
r
d
a
n
ia
n
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
ers
:
…
(
S
a
mee
r
a
M.
A
ls
h
o
r
ma
n
)
4879
4
.
1
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
t
he
f
irst
re
s
ea
rc
h
qu
e
s
t
io
n
Me
an
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
a
t
-
test
an
d
C
o
h
en
’
s
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
to
ass
ess
co
m
p
eten
cy
lev
els
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
e
x
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies,
with
an
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
o
f
4
.
0
5
(
SD=1
.
8
4
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
was
in
PR
E
(
M=
4
.
4
8
,
SD=0
.
5
7
)
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
m
ed
ia
i
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
DOC
(
M=
4
.
2
8
,
SD=0
.
6
6
)
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
SIM
s
co
r
ed
lo
west
(
M=
3
.
5
3
,
SD=0
.
7
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
d
ig
ital
s
im
u
latio
n
s
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
tr
ain
in
g
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
.
Hig
h
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
is
lin
k
ed
to
t
ea
ch
er
s
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
p
r
io
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cies in
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
ef
f
ec
t size
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
v
a
r
ian
ce
S
c
a
l
e
a
n
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
I
D
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
.
O
n
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
t
-
t
e
st
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
V
a
l
u
e
R
a
n
k
D
e
g
r
e
e
V
a
l
u
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
V
a
l
u
e
(
%)
C
l
a
s
s
P
R
E
(
2
)
4
.
4
8
0
.
5
7
4
6
.
6
1
*
1
H
i
g
h
2
.
5
9
6
2
.
5
9
H
i
g
h
D
O
C
(
1
)
4
.
2
8
0
.
6
6
4
0
.
2
4
*
2
H
i
g
h
1
.
6
8
4
1
.
3
1
H
i
g
h
D
A
P
(
6
)
4
.
2
3
0
.
6
7
2
7
.
0
9
*
3
H
i
g
h
1
.
5
0
3
6
.
1
2
H
i
g
h
I
S
E
(
4
)
4
.
0
5
0
.
6
7
2
6
.
1
8
*
4
H
i
g
h
1
.
4
5
3
4
.
5
5
H
i
g
h
C
O
M
(
3
)
3
.
9
2
0
.
7
9
2
2
.
2
0
*
5
H
i
g
h
1
.
2
3
2
7
.
5
1
H
i
g
h
D
A
Q
(
5
)
3
.
8
6
0
.
7
8
2
2
.
1
1
*
6
H
i
g
h
1
.
1
9
1
9
.
7
4
M
e
d
i
u
m
S
I
M
(
7
)
3
.
5
3
0
.
7
5
1
7
.
8
8
7
M
e
d
i
u
m
1
.
0
5
1
9
.
7
0
M
e
d
i
u
m
To
t
a
l
4
.
0
5
0
.
5
8
3
3
.
2
1
*
H
i
g
h
1
.
8
4
4
5
.
9
2
H
i
g
h
*
Th
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
(
p
)
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
-
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s,
w
h
e
r
e
p
≤
0
.
0
5
su
g
g
e
st
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
r
e
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
re
la
t
ed
t
o
t
he
s
ec
o
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h
qu
e
s
t
io
n
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
,
th
e
m
ea
n
(
M)
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
S)
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
teac
h
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
g
en
d
er
,
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
T
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
in
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e,
with
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
s
co
r
in
g
h
ig
h
er
(
M=
4
.
3
9
,
SD=0
.
6
6
)
th
an
th
eir
p
u
b
lic
-
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
(
M=
3
.
9
0
,
SD=0
.
6
8
)
.
No
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
em
er
g
ed
b
ased
o
n
g
e
n
d
er
,
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
o
r
s
p
ec
ializa
tio
n
.
Priv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
also
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
PR
E
(
M=
4
.
4
5
,
SD=0
.
6
4
)
an
d
DOC
(
M=
4
.
6
5
,
SD=0
.
6
9
)
.
T
ar
g
ete
d
tr
ain
i
n
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in
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icate
s
th
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
in
th
e
DOC
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
an
d
p
r
eser
v
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
3
5
)
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
PR
E
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ten
t,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
ed
(
4
5
.
4
9
%)
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
th
is
ass
er
tio
n
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
et
h
er
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
af
f
ec
ts
teac
h
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies,
a
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
ab
le
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
an
aly
s
is
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
an
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
lev
els
b
y
ac
ad
em
ic
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
,
teac
h
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
8
in
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
s
f
o
r
I
SE,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
g
u
id
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
s
cien
tific
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
2
6
.
6
9
%
s
u
g
g
ests
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
cr
itical
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
A
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
ex
am
in
ed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e
(
p
u
b
lic,
p
r
iv
a
te,
an
d
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
R
elief
an
d
W
o
r
k
s
A
g
en
c
y
f
o
r
Palest
in
e
R
ef
u
g
ee
s
in
th
e
Nea
r
E
ast
o
r
UNR
W
A
)
,
wi
t
h
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
,
in
d
icatin
g
wh
eth
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t a
f
f
ec
ts
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
DO
C
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
co
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
v
a
r
i
an
ce
S
c
a
l
e
a
n
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
I
D
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
.
O
n
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
t
-
t
e
st
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
V
a
l
u
e
R
a
n
k
D
e
g
r
e
e
V
a
l
u
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
V
a
l
u
e
(
%)
C
l
a
s
s
I
c
a
n
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
a
n
d
s
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
med
i
a
t
y
p
e
s
(
t
e
x
t
,
i
m
a
g
e
s,
v
i
d
e
o
)
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s.
(
3
)
4
.
3
5
0
.
7
4
3
2
.
9
1
*
1
H
i
g
h
1
.
8
3
4
5
.
4
9
H
i
g
h
I
a
m
sk
i
l
l
e
d
a
t
t
a
k
i
n
g
,
e
d
i
t
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
s
,
i
m
a
g
e
s,
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
i
n
t
o
my
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s.
(
2
)
4
.
2
6
0
.
8
1
2
8
.
0
7
*
2
H
i
g
h
1
.
5
6
3
7
.
7
7
H
i
g
h
I
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
u
se
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.
(
1
)
3
.
9
8
0
.
7
9
2
6
.
6
9
*
3
H
i
g
h
1
.
0
8
2
2
.
4
1
M
e
d
i
u
m
I
a
m
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
r
c
h
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
y
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
P
R
E
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
(
4
)
3
.
7
8
0
.
8
6
2
1
.
1
8
*
4
H
i
g
h
1
.
0
8
1
8
.
9
0
M
e
d
i
u
m
*
Th
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
(
p
)
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
-
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s,
w
h
e
r
e
p
≤
0
.
0
5
su
g
g
e
st
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
T
ab
le
6
.
T
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
DA
P
s
co
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
v
a
r
ian
ce
S
c
a
l
e
a
n
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
I
D
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
.
O
n
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
t
-
t
e
st
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
V
a
l
u
e
R
a
n
k
D
e
g
r
e
e
V
a
l
u
e
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
V
a
l
u
e
(
%)
C
l
a
s
s
I
a
m c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
t
i
n
u
si
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
sci
e
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
2
1
)
4
.
2
0
0
.
8
0
2
6
.
8
4
*
1
H
i
g
h
1
.
4
9
3
5
.
6
9
H
i
g
h
I
c
a
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
ses
o
n
d
a
t
a
se
t
s
u
si
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
t
o
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
me
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s fo
r
my
st
u
d
e
n
t
s.
(
2
2
)
4
.
1
3
0
.
8
3
2
4
.
4
0
*
2
H
i
g
h
1
.
3
6
3
1
.
4
6
H
i
g
h
I
c
a
n
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
n
e
w
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
mer
g
e
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
a
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
.
(
2
3
)
3
.
9
2
0
.
9
3
1
9
.
0
7
*
3
H
i
g
h
1
.
0
6
2
1
.
4
1
M
e
d
i
u
m
I
t
e
a
c
h
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
o
w
t
o
p
r
o
c
e
ss a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
d
a
t
a
u
si
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
r
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
(
2
4
)
3
.
7
4
0
.
9
1
1
6
.
5
0
*
4
H
i
g
h
0
.
9
8
1
8
.
9
0
M
e
d
i
u
m
*
Th
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
(
p
)
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
-
t
e
st
r
e
su
l
t
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
p
≤
0
.
0
5
su
g
g
e
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
b
ser
v
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
r
e
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
at
teac
h
e
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
C
OM
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
9
4
f
o
r
en
g
a
g
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
task
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
is
a
k
ey
s
k
ill
in
s
cien
tific
in
q
u
ir
y
,
th
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
c
e
(
2
0
.
4
2
%)
in
d
icate
s
v
ar
iab
ili
ty
in
its
ap
p
licatio
n
.
E
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
to
o
ls
lik
e
s
h
ar
ed
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
an
d
v
i
r
tu
al
lab
s
m
ay
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
A
4
-
way
ANOV
A
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
test
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
.
T
ab
le
8
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
4
-
way
A
NOVA
r
esu
lts
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
t
y
p
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
(
p
=0
.
0
2
)
,
with
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
s
co
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
e
r
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ette
r
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
a
n
d
tr
ain
in
g
.
N
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
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T
ea
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into
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o
m
pet
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T
o
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th
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g
s
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-
s
tr
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e
d
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
with
1
4
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
aim
was
to
g
ain
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
th
eir
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
th
ey
f
ac
e
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
,
an
d
th
eir
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
tr
ain
in
g
n
e
ed
s
.
T
h
is
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
p
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o
v
id
e
d
co
n
tex
t
an
d
d
ep
th
to
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
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lts
,
h
elp
in
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to
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ter
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et
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atter
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s
o
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s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
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alitativ
e
in
ter
v
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d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
r
ef
lex
i
v
e
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
,
f
o
llo
win
g
B
y
r
n
e
’
s
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
B
r
au
n
an
d
C
lar
k
e’
s
6
-
p
h
ase
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
[
2
9
]
.
T
r
an
s
cr
ip
ts
wer
e
r
ev
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d
f
o
r
f
a
m
iliar
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th
en
o
p
e
n
-
co
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ed
to
id
en
tif
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p
a
tter
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
et
en
cy
,
b
a
r
r
ier
s
,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
n
e
ed
s
.
R
elate
d
co
d
es
wer
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
th
e
m
es
s
u
ch
as
u
n
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
g
ap
s
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
AI
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
em
es
wer
e
r
ev
ie
wed
f
o
r
c
o
h
er
en
ce
,
r
ef
in
e
d
,
a
n
d
clea
r
ly
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elled
.
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ep
r
esen
tativ
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q
u
o
tatio
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s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
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an
d
th
e
f
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al
th
e
m
es
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
alig
n
ed
wit
h
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
t
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
l
ed
th
r
ee
c
o
r
e
th
em
es.
First,
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
b
e
tter
-
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
m
o
r
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Seco
n
d
,
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
cited
a
lack
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
to
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
ir
d
,
w
h
ile
b
asic
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
m
a
n
ag
ea
b
le,
ad
v
an
ce
d
to
o
ls
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
AI
—
p
o
s
ed
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
t
r
ain
in
g
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
e
p
th
t
o
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
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lts
,
ex
p
o
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
p
o
licy
r
ef
o
r
m
s
to
en
ab
le
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
d
ig
ital in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
4
.
2
.
1
.
P
er
ce
ptio
ns
o
f
dig
it
a
l t
o
o
l
s
a
nd
co
m
pet
encies
Mo
s
t
teac
h
er
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
en
t
h
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
ls
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
cien
ce
lea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
cited
m
ajo
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
o
r
tag
es.
On
e
ch
em
i
s
tr
y
teac
h
er
n
o
ted
,
“
We
kn
o
w
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
ca
n
m
a
ke
s
cien
ce
mo
r
e
in
tera
ctive
,
b
u
t
o
u
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
la
ck
th
e
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
”
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
b
io
l
o
g
y
teac
h
e
r
i
n
a
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l stated
,
“
We
h
a
ve
s
ma
r
tb
o
a
r
d
s
,
p
r
o
jecto
r
s
,
a
n
d
ta
b
lets
,
w
h
ich
h
elp
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
b
ette
r
.
”
T
h
ese
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
v
ie
ws
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
J
o
r
d
an
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
B
a
rr
iers t
o
dig
it
a
l c
o
mp
et
ency
dev
elo
pm
ent
A
m
ajo
r
th
em
e
in
th
e
i
n
ter
v
i
ews
was
th
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s
tar
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
iv
at
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Pu
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
lim
ited
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
a
s
in
g
le
s
h
ar
e
d
co
m
p
u
te
r
lab
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d
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n
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le
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I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l skills
fo
r
s
cien
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
tea
ch
in
g
a
mo
n
g
Jo
r
d
a
n
ia
n
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
ers
:
…
(
S
a
mee
r
a
M.
A
ls
h
o
r
ma
n
)
4883
in
ter
n
et.
On
e
r
u
r
al
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
t
ated
th
at
,
“
We
a
r
e
tr
yin
g
to
te
a
ch
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
kills
w
i
th
2
0
th
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
to
o
ls
.
”
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
te
ac
h
er
ex
p
lain
ed
,
“
Ou
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
a
ve
p
ers
o
n
a
l
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
a
cc
ess
to
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
tern
et
la
b
s
.
”
T
h
ese
d
is
p
ar
ities
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
iv
id
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ch
o
o
l t
y
p
es.
4
.
2
.
3
.
P
ro
f
ess
io
na
l
dev
elo
pm
ent
a
nd
t
ra
ini
ng
needs
T
ea
ch
er
s
r
ep
ea
te
d
ly
s
tr
ess
ed
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
u
n
d
er
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
On
e
c
h
em
is
tr
y
teac
h
e
r
n
o
ted
,
“
th
e
tr
a
in
in
g
is
b
a
s
ic
a
n
d
mo
s
tly
fo
cu
s
es
o
n
g
en
era
l
co
mp
u
ter
s
kills
.
We
n
ee
d
s
p
ec
ific
tr
a
in
in
g
fo
r
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
in
s
cien
ce
.
”
A
teac
h
er
o
u
ts
id
e
Am
m
an
cited
th
e
lack
o
f
r
e
g
u
lar
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
g
r
ea
ter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
As
o
n
e
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
at
,
“
Ou
r
s
ch
o
o
l
o
ffer
s
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
s
o
n
th
e
la
test
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
a
n
d
tr
a
in
ers
to
h
elp
u
s
imp
leme
n
t th
em
.
”
4
.
2
.
4
.
Cha
lleng
es wit
h
a
dv
a
nced
dig
it
a
l t
o
o
ls
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
asic
d
ig
ital
PR
E
to
o
ls
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
m
an
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
—
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ad
o
p
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
tif
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
d
u
e
to
in
a
d
e
q
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
On
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
tated
,
“
I
h
a
ve
tr
ied
fr
ee
s
imu
la
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms,
b
u
t
th
ey
t
a
ke
to
o
l
o
n
g
to
lea
r
n
,
a
n
d
w
ith
o
u
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
lo
s
e
in
teres
t
.
”
A
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
,
d
esp
ite
h
av
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
to
o
ls
,
a
ls
o
d
escr
ib
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
as
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
a
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
g
ap
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
tr
ain
in
g
.
4
.
2
.
5
.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l a
nd
curr
i
culum
co
ns
t
ra
ints
Pu
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
tly
en
co
u
n
ter
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
b
a
r
r
ier
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
d
ig
ital
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
On
e
teac
h
er
r
em
ar
k
e
d
,
“
We
h
a
ve
to
co
ve
r
s
o
mu
ch
ma
teri
a
l
q
u
ickly
,
a
n
d
w
ith
la
r
g
e
cla
s
s
s
i
z
es
a
n
d
limite
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
it
is
h
a
r
d
to
j
u
s
tify
u
s
in
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
”
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
r
ep
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
icu
lar
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
.
A
teac
h
e
r
f
r
o
m
a
n
elite
Am
m
an
s
ch
o
o
l
s
h
ar
ed
,
“
Ou
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
llo
w
s
fo
r
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
l
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
a
s
lo
n
g
a
s
it
a
lig
n
s
w
ith
lea
r
n
in
g
o
b
jective
s
.
”
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
wid
en
in
g
g
a
p
in
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
e
ten
cies b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
ec
to
r
s
.
4
.
2
.
6
.
Su
pp
o
rt
a
nd
co
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n a
m
o
ng
t
ea
cher
s
I
n
u
n
d
er
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
s
ettin
g
s
,
p
ee
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
em
er
g
es
as
a
cr
itical
co
p
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
A
p
u
b
lic
-
s
ch
o
o
l
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
n
o
te
d
,
“
We
la
ck
fo
r
ma
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
fo
r
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
,
b
u
t
w
e
lea
r
n
fr
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
id
ea
s
.
”
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
ee
r
-
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
On
e
s
tated
,
“
We
h
a
ve
r
eg
u
la
r
mee
tin
g
s
to
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
i
d
ea
s
o
n
u
s
in
g
n
ew
d
ig
ita
l
t
o
o
ls
.
P
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
co
u
ld
b
en
efit
fr
o
m
s
imila
r
in
itia
tive
s
w
ith
b
etter
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
”
4
.
2
.
7
.
O
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies a
nd
o
ptim
is
m
f
o
r
t
he
f
uture
Desp
ite
ex
is
tin
g
ch
allen
g
es,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
s
ec
to
r
s
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
o
p
tim
is
m
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
J
o
r
d
an
.
O
n
e
teac
h
er
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
“
We
s
ee
h
o
w
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
a
n
ma
ke
lea
r
n
in
g
mo
r
e
in
tera
ctive
a
n
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
.
I
f
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
a
d
b
etter
a
cc
ess
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
mo
r
e
r
elev
a
n
t
tr
a
in
in
g
,
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
d
ivid
e
co
u
l
d
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
a
llo
w
in
g
a
ll
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
e
n
efit
.
”
T
h
is
s
h
ar
ed
o
u
tlo
o
k
r
ef
lects a
b
elief
th
at,
with
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
eq
u
itab
le
d
ig
ita
l in
teg
r
atio
n
is
ac
h
iev
a
b
le.
4
.3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
d
ig
i
tal
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
s
cien
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
DiKo
L
AN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
an
ti
tativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
an
d
q
u
alita
tiv
e
in
ter
v
iew
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
wh
ile
teac
h
er
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
b
asic
s
k
ills
,
ch
allen
g
es
p
er
s
i
s
t
in
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
i
g
ital
to
o
l in
teg
r
atio
n
,
tr
ain
in
g
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
p
ar
itie
s
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
4
.
3
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l
co
m
pet
encies a
cr
o
s
s
DiK
o
L
AN
dim
en
s
io
ns
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
PR
E
(M
=
4
.
4
8
)
a
n
d
DOC
(M
=
4
.
2
8
)
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
ev
er
al
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
SIM
s
co
r
ed
lo
west
(
M
=
3
.
5
3
)
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
lim
ited
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
AI
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
.
T
h
is
was
ec
h
o
ed
in
in
ter
v
iews,
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
cited
in
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
—
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
ed
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
ca
llin
g
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ig
ital
tr
ain
in
g
[
3
]
,
[
7
]
.
B
r
o
ad
er
s
tu
d
ies
also
r
ev
e
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
lack
o
f
s
e
lf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
am
o
n
g
u
s
er
s
,
wh
i
ch
h
in
d
e
r
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
9
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
Dif
f
er
ence
s
by
s
cho
o
l t
y
pe
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
r
em
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
p
r
iv
ate
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
win
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
r
ef
lects
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
ce
s
s
to
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
a
n
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