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A quanti
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persp
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In
t
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c
o
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s
ra
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n
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th
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wo
rk
v
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s
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f
y
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t
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h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
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n
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l
fo
r
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ffe
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ti
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c
a
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i
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e
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o
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r
k
v
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lu
e
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
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ts
in
Vie
t
n
a
m
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with
a
p
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lar
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c
u
s
o
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c
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o
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n
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e
s.
A
sa
m
p
le
o
f
5
4
4
st
u
d
e
n
ts
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2
7
fe
m
a
le,
2
1
7
m
a
le)
c
o
m
p
letin
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e
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rk
v
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lu
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q
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VQ
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v
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li
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c
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ly
sis (E
F
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o
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re
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u
stn
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ss
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e
WVQ,
u
si
n
g
a
Li
k
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sc
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le
fro
m
1
t
o
5
,
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ss
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v
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,
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(BEN)
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s
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lf
-
d
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ti
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(S
DI)
,
tra
d
it
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(T
RA)
,
a
n
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stim
u
latio
n
(S
TI)
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
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led
th
a
t
B
EN
a
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d
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re
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in
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ted
,
with
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m
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le
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ts
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ter
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li
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rd
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d
se
lf
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les
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n
m
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le
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ts
d
o
.
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is
re
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th
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h
i
g
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st
m
e
a
n
sc
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(4
.
0
9
)
,
fo
ll
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d
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(4
.
0
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),
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DI
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a
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re
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id
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p
ro
g
ra
m
s
with
stu
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n
ts
’
c
o
re
v
a
lu
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s,
ta
k
in
g
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
iffere
n
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e
s
in
to
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
to
c
re
a
te
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su
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p
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in
c
lu
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e
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n
v
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m
e
n
t
fo
r
c
a
re
e
r
d
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c
isio
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-
m
a
k
in
g
.
Th
is
re
s
e
a
rc
h
o
ffe
rs
v
a
lu
a
b
le
in
si
g
h
ts
f
o
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c
a
to
rs
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n
d
p
o
li
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m
a
k
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rs,
in
f
o
rm
in
g
t
h
e
d
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v
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l
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m
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n
t
o
f
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
th
a
t
a
re
e
n
su
re
d
b
y
th
e
d
iv
e
rse
wo
r
k
v
a
l
u
e
o
rien
tatio
n
s o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Hig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
Per
ce
p
tio
n
Per
s
p
ec
tiv
es
Qu
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
W
o
r
k
v
alu
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
h
an
g
T
h
e
Ng
u
y
en
Facu
lty
o
f
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t Scie
n
ce
,
Vietn
am
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
an
d
Hu
m
an
ities
No
3
3
6
N
g
u
y
e
n
T
r
ai,
T
h
an
h
Xu
an
,
Han
o
i,
Vietn
a
m
E
m
ail:
th
an
g
v
cl@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sin
ce
th
e
1
9
7
0
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
h
av
e
p
r
io
r
itized
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
an
d
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
in
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
1
]
.
W
o
r
k
v
alu
es,
as
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
b
y
Su
p
er
,
r
ep
r
esen
t
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
ca
r
ee
r
-
r
e
lated
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
ev
o
lv
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
life
s
tag
es:
g
r
o
wth
,
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
,
estab
lis
h
m
en
t,
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
,
a
n
d
d
ec
li
n
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
eo
r
ies,
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
ar
e
f
lu
id
an
d
ev
o
lv
e
as
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
o
v
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
life
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
t
o
two
d
is
tin
ct
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
:
i)
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ich
p
lace
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
ii)
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
er
cise
au
t
h
o
r
ity
o
v
er
o
n
e
’
s
o
wn
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
wag
e
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t,
w
h
ich
p
r
io
r
itizes
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
jo
b
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
with
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
esire
f
o
r
g
r
ea
te
r
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
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n
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’
s
ca
r
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r
an
d
d
ec
is
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-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
wh
ile
th
e
latter
r
ef
lects
a
p
r
ef
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en
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
ty
p
icall
y
ac
co
m
p
an
y
s
alar
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p
o
s
itio
n
s
with
in
estab
lis
h
ed
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
[
6
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
b
r
o
ad
en
ed
th
is
s
co
p
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
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&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
q
u
a
n
tita
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f wo
r
k
va
lu
es
:
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f V
ietn
a
mese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
(
Th
a
n
h
-
Th
u
y
N
g
o
)
4321
id
en
tify
in
g
ten
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es
—
s
u
ch
as
p
o
we
r
,
b
en
e
v
o
len
ce
,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
-
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
in
d
iv
id
u
als an
d
v
ar
y
b
y
co
n
te
x
t a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
[
7
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Yo
u
n
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
v
a
lu
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
h
o
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
’
s
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
ev
o
lv
e
alo
n
g
s
id
e
t
h
eir
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
o
f
ten
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
,
ag
e,
an
d
s
o
cial
c
h
an
g
es.
R
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
g
en
d
er
ed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
with
f
em
ales
o
f
ten
p
r
i
o
r
itizin
g
s
o
cial
v
alu
es
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
wh
ile
m
ales
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Desp
ite
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
in
g
en
d
e
r
eq
u
ality
,
d
is
p
ar
i
ties
r
em
ain
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
f
i
eld
s
lik
e
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
,
wh
er
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
en
d
er
r
o
les
s
till
in
f
lu
en
ce
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices
[
11
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
esear
ch
ed
in
to
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es,
th
at
is
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t c
ar
ee
r
ce
n
te
r
s
[
12
]
,
ca
r
ee
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
[
4
]
,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t [
13
].
I
n
Vietn
am
,
th
e
r
ap
i
d
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
cr
ea
ted
m
ajo
r
ch
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et,
ca
u
s
in
g
y
o
u
th
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
f
le
x
ib
le
wh
en
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
ca
r
ee
r
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
[
14
]
,
[
15
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
h
as
s
p
u
r
r
ed
n
ew
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
y
et
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Du
e
to
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
T
r
ain
in
g
h
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
tu
d
en
t
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
af
ter
g
r
a
d
u
atin
g
f
r
o
m
ju
n
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
B
y
t
h
e
way
,
t
h
is
h
as
to
f
ac
e
with
s
o
m
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lo
w
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t,
co
u
p
led
with
in
co
m
e
an
d
s
k
ill
d
is
p
ar
ities
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
t
r
ain
in
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
in
Vietn
am
[
12
]
,
[
16
].
Desp
ite
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
wo
r
k
v
alu
es,
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
is
cr
u
cial
as
th
ey
f
o
r
m
ca
r
ee
r
asp
ir
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
k
ey
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
e
[
17
]
–
[
19
]
.
T
h
i
s
u
n
iq
u
e
r
esear
ch
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
g
ap
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
eir
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
g
e
n
d
er
-
b
ased
d
if
f
er
en
c
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices,
o
f
f
er
in
g
th
e
o
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
to
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
tr
ain
in
g
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
g
u
id
e
d
an
d
an
s
wer
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
R
Q1
:
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
wo
r
k
v
alu
es o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
?
−
R
Q2
:
w
h
ich
wo
r
k
v
alu
es a
r
e
m
o
s
t p
r
io
r
itized
b
y
Vietn
am
es
e
f
em
ale
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
?
−
R
Q3
:
h
o
w
d
o
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
d
if
f
er
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
t
h
e
r
elat
iv
ely
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
ied
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
eir
p
r
io
r
itized
v
alu
es
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
er
-
b
ased
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
p
iv
o
tal
s
tag
e
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
h
ap
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
o
licies
th
at
alig
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
v
o
lv
in
g
n
ee
d
s
in
a
r
a
p
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
g
ap
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es b
o
th
th
eo
r
etica
l a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
y
o
u
t
h
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
.
I
t u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
r
o
le
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
ts
an
d
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
lab
o
r
tr
e
n
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
,
i
n
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
v
a
lu
es
in
to
ca
r
ee
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
an
d
s
o
c
ietal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
am
o
n
g
Vie
tn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ex
am
in
es
g
en
d
er
-
b
ased
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ca
r
ee
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
A
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
t
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
v
alu
es
r
elate
d
to
wo
r
k
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
k
eth
ics,
ca
r
ee
r
g
o
als,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
u
r
b
a
n
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic.
Data
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
b
o
th
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
t
h
en
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
t
r
en
d
s
,
wh
ile
in
f
e
r
en
tial
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
co
r
r
el
atio
n
an
d
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
,
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
es a
cr
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
Vietn
a
m
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
5
4
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
3
2
7
f
em
ales
(
5
9
.
2
%)
an
d
2
1
7
m
ales
(
3
9
.
3
%).
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
o
lu
n
tee
r
ed
t
o
tak
e
p
ar
t,
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
wa
s
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e
u
s
in
g
a
r
ev
is
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
r
ele
v
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
g
ath
er
in
g
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
le.
Data
co
llect
io
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
o
v
e
r
a
two
-
m
o
n
th
p
e
r
io
d
,
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
er
2
4
to
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
allo
win
g
am
p
le
tim
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
o
v
er
6
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
b
u
t
th
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
4
4
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tativ
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Of
t
h
ese,
1
0
2
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
No
r
th
e
r
n
R
eg
io
n
(
5
8
f
em
ales
an
d
4
4
m
ales
)
,
1
4
1
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
en
tr
al
R
eg
io
n
(
8
4
f
em
ales
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
2
0
-
4
3
2
8
4322
5
7
m
ales)
,
an
d
3
0
1
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
So
u
th
er
n
R
eg
io
n
(
1
8
5
f
em
al
es
an
d
1
1
6
m
ales)
.
Giv
en
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
g
en
d
er
-
b
ased
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
es,
a
s
am
p
le
ex
ce
ed
in
g
5
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
is
g
en
er
ally
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
test
s
[
20
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
eg
io
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
b
r
o
ad
a
n
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
Vietn
am
,
m
ee
t th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
an
a
d
eq
u
a
te
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l statis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
A
to
o
lk
it
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
co
ll
ec
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
W
VQ)
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
v
alu
es
with
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ten
v
alu
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
an
d
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
n
te
x
tu
alize
d
in
th
e
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
d
o
m
ain
[1
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
it
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
el
iab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a)
o
f
0
.
8
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
W
VQ
wa
s
tr
an
s
lated
in
t
o
Vietn
am
ese
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
alig
n
with
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Vietn
a
m
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
a
p
tatio
n
is
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
b
y
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
u
n
d
er
wen
t
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
to
clar
if
y
item
s
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
o
ten
tially
c
o
n
f
u
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
d
h
er
ed
t
o
s
tr
ict
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
21
]
.
Sch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als,
tea
ch
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
p
r
io
r
t
o
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tep
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
eth
ic
al
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
VQ,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
E
n
g
lis
h
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
W
VQ
was
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
Vietn
am
ese
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
eticu
l
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
alig
n
with
th
e
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
n
tex
t o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
ap
tatio
n
is
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
ed
b
y
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
u
n
d
er
wen
t
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
r
ev
is
io
n
s
to
clar
if
y
item
s
id
en
t
if
ied
as p
o
ten
tially
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
.
T
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
v
ar
iab
les,
th
e
W
VQ
was
ca
r
ef
u
lly
tr
an
s
lated
an
d
ad
a
p
ted
t
o
Vietn
am
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
5
4
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
2
7
f
em
a
les
an
d
2
1
7
m
ales)
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
r
e
g
io
n
,
m
i
n
im
izin
g
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
b
iases
.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
f
o
r
m
at
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
wer
e
n
o
t
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
was
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
an
d
co
n
s
en
ted
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
0
item
s
,
with
th
r
ee
s
ta
tem
en
ts
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
ea
ch
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
r
ef
lect
o
n
th
eir
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
asp
ir
atio
n
s
an
d
r
at
e
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t o
n
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
en
tire
ly
u
n
lik
e
m
e)
to
5
(
v
e
r
y
s
im
ilar
to
m
e)
.
T
h
i
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
r
m
at
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
an
d
n
u
a
n
ce
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
etwe
en
Sep
tem
b
er
2
4
a
n
d
No
v
em
b
er
2
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
p
d
ated
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
i
n
g
,
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
cr
ed
ib
le
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
ed
5
4
4
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
3
2
7
f
em
ales
an
d
2
1
7
m
ales,
f
r
o
m
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
iv
er
s
ity
en
s
u
r
ed
a
r
o
b
u
s
t d
ataset,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
llected
5
4
4
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
Vietn
am
e
s
e
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SPSS
v
er
s
io
n
2
2
.
0
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
a
cto
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
E
FA)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
en
tif
y
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
with
in
t
h
e
Vietn
am
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t,
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
s
ca
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
item
-
t
o
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
wer
e
ca
lc
u
lated
to
i
d
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
i
o
r
itized
f
ac
to
r
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
On
e
-
way
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
was
th
en
u
s
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
ce
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
test
f
o
r
r
etest
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
he
prim
a
ry
w
o
rk
v
a
lu
es o
f
Viet
na
m
ese
hig
h scho
o
l st
ud
ent
s
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
L
ik
er
t
item
s
u
s
ed
t
o
ass
ess
W
VQ
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
2
.
7
0
to
4
.
2
7
.
T
h
e
s
k
ewn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
W
VQ
s
ca
les
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
-
1
to
1
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
,
a
n
E
FA
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
t
h
e
s
cr
e
en
test
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
f
iv
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
’
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
E
ac
h
item
in
clu
d
ed
s
im
ilar
item
s
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
v
alu
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
Sch
war
tz
’
s
m
o
d
el
,
as
in
s
ee
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
(
POW
)
,
b
en
e
v
o
len
ce
(
B
E
N)
,
s
elf
-
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
(
SDI
)
,
s
tim
u
latio
n
(
STI
)
,
a
n
d
t
r
ad
itio
n
(
T
R
A)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
q
u
a
n
tita
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f wo
r
k
va
lu
es
:
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f V
ietn
a
mese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
(
Th
a
n
h
-
Th
u
y
N
g
o
)
4323
T
a
b
l
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
es
e
f
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
p
p
e
a
r
t
o
b
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
,
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
a
l
u
e
(
a
l
p
h
a
w
e
r
e
a
ll
>
.
7
0
)
.
A
f
t
e
r
E
F
A
,
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
v
a
l
u
e
s
c
o
n
t
ai
n
e
d
:
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
al
is
m
,
h
e
d
o
n
i
s
m
,
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
h
a
v
e
s
m
a
l
l
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
(
α
<
.
7
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
s
p
l
i
t
o
u
t
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
a
s
r
e
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
i
n
t
o
f
i
v
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
h
i
c
h
s
h
o
w
e
d
h
i
g
h
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
(
α
=
.
8
6
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
OW
v
a
l
u
e
,
α
=
.
8
3
f
o
r
t
h
e
B
E
N
v
a
l
u
e
,
α
=
.
8
2
f
o
r
t
h
e
S
D
I
v
a
l
u
e
,
α
=
.
8
6
f
o
r
t
h
e
S
T
I
a
n
d
α
=
.
7
5
f
o
r
T
R
A
v
a
l
u
e
)
.
Af
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
n
t
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
a
n
ts
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
an
d
t
h
e
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
R
e
v
i
e
w
B
o
a
r
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
(
POW
)
co
n
ta
in
ed
s
ix
item
s
th
at
r
ef
er
to
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
eir
co
n
ten
t
r
ef
lects
th
e
a
f
f
i
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
e
wo
r
k
co
n
tex
t.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wan
t
to
h
av
e
th
e
jo
b
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
ety
an
d
r
esp
ec
tin
g
th
eir
r
ig
h
ts
to
m
ak
e
t
h
em
f
ee
l
co
n
f
i
d
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ac
to
r
(
B
E
N
)
c
o
n
tain
e
d
f
iv
e
item
s
th
at
r
ef
e
r
to
v
alu
es
o
r
ien
ted
t
o
war
d
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
b
ein
g
h
el
p
f
u
l
t
o
o
th
er
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
lev
els
o
f
co
m
m
itm
en
t
in
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
,
s
u
ch
as
h
o
n
esty
,
s
in
ce
r
ity
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ab
ilit
y
,
h
elp
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
f
ac
to
r
(
SDI
)
co
n
tain
ed
s
ix
item
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
a
n
o
r
ien
tatio
n
t
o
war
d
ch
an
g
e,
an
o
p
en
n
ess
to
p
u
ttin
g
th
em
s
elv
es
in
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
an
d
an
ab
ilit
y
to
to
ler
ate
th
e
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
s
elv
es,
th
in
k
p
o
s
itiv
ely
,
m
ak
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
ch
o
ices,
a
n
d
m
ax
im
ize
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
f
ac
to
r
(
STI
)
c
o
n
tain
ed
f
o
u
r
item
s
th
at
r
ef
er
t
o
th
e
v
alu
e
-
o
r
ien
te
d
to
war
d
th
e
wo
r
k
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
w
th
eir
in
ter
est
in
ch
allen
g
es,
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
an
d
d
is
co
v
e
r
in
g
al
l
th
e
n
ew
th
in
g
s
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
th
e
ir
p
er
s
o
n
al
liv
es
m
o
r
e
en
j
o
y
ab
le
an
d
m
o
tiv
atin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
f
ac
to
r
(
T
R
A
)
co
n
tain
ed
t
h
r
ee
item
s
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
u
r
r
en
d
er
,
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
wh
at
r
em
ain
s
in
wo
r
k
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
b
y
r
esp
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
co
r
e
v
alu
es o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
ab
it
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
es in
th
e
f
am
ily
a
n
d
lo
ca
lity
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
o
tated
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t m
atr
ix
I
t
e
ms
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
F
.
0
1
F
.
0
2
F
.
0
3
F
.
0
4
F
.
0
5
F
.
0
6
C
.
0
1
.
8
4
6
C
.
0
2
.
6
8
9
C
.
0
3
.
3
0
9
.
7
8
8
C
.
0
4
.
6
4
3
C
.
0
5
.
3
1
2
.
6
5
9
C
.
0
6
.
3
2
7
.
5
7
6
.
3
4
7
C
.
0
7
.
7
5
8
C
.
0
8
.
7
6
6
C
.
0
9
.
7
5
3
C
.
1
0
.
6
6
4
C
.
1
1
.
3
2
7
.
6
7
2
C
.
1
2
.
3
2
9
.
5
6
0
C
.
1
3
.
7
3
6
C
.
1
4
.
7
5
9
C
.
1
6
.
6
7
3
C
.
1
8
.
7
8
5
C
.
1
9
.
5
6
0
C
.
2
2
.
6
4
2
C
.
2
3
.
6
6
4
.
3
3
0
C
.
2
4
.
6
7
6
C
.
2
5
.
6
8
6
.
3
3
3
C
.
2
6
.
6
8
4
.
3
6
3
C
.
2
7
.
6
7
2
.
3
3
1
.
3
3
5
C
.
2
8
.
6
8
9
C
.
2
9
.
7
6
8
.
3
1
6
C
.
3
0
.
7
3
9
.
3
4
3
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
:
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
.
R
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
:
v
a
r
i
ma
x
w
i
t
h
K
a
i
ser
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
ri
o
rit
ized
wo
rk
v
a
lues
o
f
Viet
na
m
ese
hig
h scho
o
l st
ud
ent
s
Hig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
r
ess
t
h
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
b
y
d
escr
ib
in
g
t
h
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
in
ea
ch
item
th
at
s
u
its
th
em
th
e
m
o
s
t.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
t
h
e
W
VQ
to
f
in
d
wh
ich
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
is
s
im
ilar
th
e
m
o
s
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
e
ta
b
le
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
s
u
itab
le
to
th
em
m
o
s
t
is
B
E
N
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
0
9
)
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
P
OW
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
0
3
)
,
th
e
th
ir
d
is
SDI
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
3
6
)
,
f
o
r
th
is
T
R
A
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
2
8
)
,
an
d
th
e
last
is
STI
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
0
0
)
.
T
h
er
e
h
as two
h
ig
h
est wo
r
k
v
alu
es e
v
alu
ated
in
4
lev
els ar
e
POW
an
d
B
E
N.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
B
E
N,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
’
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
in
k
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
h
as
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
th
ey
ca
n
“
b
e
lo
y
al
to
co
lleag
u
es
”
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
2
7
,
Std
.
=.
9
7
8
)
.
T
h
ey
also
co
u
ld
“
b
e
atten
tiv
e
to
co
lleag
u
es
’
n
ee
d
s
an
d
em
o
t
io
n
al
s
tates
”
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
0
6
,
Std
.
=1
.
0
0
7
)
,
“
r
esp
ec
t
co
lleag
u
e
’
s
wo
r
k
an
d
m
ak
e
a
n
ef
f
o
r
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
eir
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
ev
en
if
h
e/sh
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
h
ar
e
it
”
(
m
ea
n
=
4
.
0
6
,
Std
.
=.
9
6
8
)
an
d
“
d
ed
icate
atten
tio
n
to
a
n
d
lis
ten
to
co
lleag
u
es
h
e/sh
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
esteem
v
er
y
m
u
ch
”
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
0
6
,
Std
.
=.
9
7
8
)
.
B
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
POW
’
s
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
was
“
k
n
o
w
th
at
on
-
th
e
-
jo
b
s
ite,
s
af
ety
n
o
r
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
2
0
-
4
3
2
8
4324
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
ac
cid
en
ts
ar
e
r
esp
ec
ted
”
(
m
ea
n
=4
.
1
6
,
Std
.
=.
9
9
1
)
.
T
h
ey
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
“
f
u
n
an
d
m
ak
es
h
im
/h
er
f
ee
l
g
o
o
d
”
(
m
ea
n
=
4
.
0
2
,
Std
.
=1
.
0
3
4
)
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
f
in
d
a
j
o
b
th
at
co
u
ld
p
r
o
tect
t
h
eir
r
ig
h
ts
s
tab
le
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
SDI
an
d
T
R
A
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
“le
ar
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
is
/h
er
wo
r
k
an
d
ac
q
u
ir
e
n
ew
co
m
p
eten
cies”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
6
2
,
Std
.
=
1
.
9
0
3
)
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
ey
c
o
u
ld
“w
o
r
k
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
lo
y
al
to
T
R
A
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
d
h
er
in
g
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ch
an
g
es”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
3
7
,
Std
.
=
1
.
0
7
7
)
.
T
h
e
y
wan
t
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
to
b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
c
h
allen
g
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
s
k
ills
in
SDI
wo
r
k
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
y
also
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
at
th
ey
co
u
ld
m
ain
tain
o
r
f
o
llo
w
th
e
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
cu
s
to
m
in
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
b
y
“r
esp
ec
t
th
e
cu
s
to
m
,
r
ath
er
th
an
e
x
p
r
ess
h
is
/h
er
id
ea
s
”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
2
9
,
Std
.
=1
.
0
8
5
)
an
d
“tr
ad
itio
n
ally
d
o
th
in
g
s
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
cu
s
to
m
s
lear
n
ed
”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
1
9
,
Std
.
=1
.
1
1
8
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
,
STI
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wan
t
to
“b
e
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
in
ch
a
r
g
e
an
d
tell
o
th
er
s
wh
at
to
d
o
”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
4
5
,
Std
.
=1
.
1
4
2
)
.
T
h
ey
“a
s
s
u
m
e
a
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
h
av
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
ity
”
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
0
6
,
Std
.
=1
.
1
7
0
)
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
less
ten
d
en
cy
in
th
e
wo
r
k
wh
ich
is
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
r
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
with
o
t
h
er
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Statis
tic
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
W
VQ
s
ca
le
C
o
d
e
I
t
e
ms
N
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
F
.
0
1
P
O
W
(
m
e
a
n
=
4
.
0
3
;
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
8
6
)
C
.
2
5
5
4
4
3
.
9
8
1
.
0
4
0
C
.
2
6
5
4
4
4
.
0
2
1
.
0
3
4
C
.
2
7
5
4
4
3
.
9
2
1
.
0
3
9
C
.
2
8
5
4
4
4
.
0
0
1
.
0
5
7
C
.
2
9
5
4
4
4
.
1
0
1
.
0
4
4
C
.
3
0
5
4
4
4
.
1
6
.
9
9
1
F
.
0
2
B
EN
(
m
e
a
n
=
4
.
0
9
;
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
8
3
)
C
.
0
7
5
4
4
4
.
0
6
1
.
0
0
7
C
.
0
8
5
4
4
4
.
0
6
.
9
6
8
C
.
0
9
5
4
4
4
.
0
6
.
9
7
8
C
.
1
0
5
4
4
4
.
0
1
.
9
5
2
C
.
1
2
5
4
4
4
.
2
7
.
9
7
3
F
.
0
3
S
D
I
(
m
e
a
n
=
3
.
3
6
;
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
8
2
)
C
.
0
4
5
4
4
3
.
2
4
1
.
3
1
9
C
.
0
6
5
4
4
3
.
5
3
1
.
0
2
6
C
.
1
9
5
4
4
3
.
4
7
.
9
8
2
C
.
2
2
5
4
4
3
.
6
2
1
.
0
9
3
C
.
2
3
5
4
4
3
.
2
6
1
.
0
5
9
C
.
2
4
5
4
4
3
.
0
6
1
.
1
0
3
F
.
0
4
S
TI
(
m
e
a
n
=
3
.
0
0
;
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
8
6
)
C
.
0
1
5
4
4
3
.
0
6
1
.
1
7
0
C
.
0
2
5
4
4
3
.
4
5
1
.
1
4
2
C
.
0
3
5
4
4
2
.
7
0
1
.
1
0
2
C
.
0
5
5
4
4
2
.
7
9
1
.
2
4
4
F
.
0
5
TR
A
(
m
e
a
n
=
3
.
2
8
;
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
=
.
7
5
)
C
.
1
3
5
4
4
3
.
1
9
1
.
1
1
8
C
.
1
4
5
4
4
3
.
2
9
1
.
0
8
5
C
.
1
8
5
4
4
3
.
3
7
1
.
0
7
7
3
.
3
.
T
he
g
ender
diff
er
ence
s
Ma
le
an
d
f
e
m
ale
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ANOV
A
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
le
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
n
in
g
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
in
th
e
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
F(1
,
5
4
2
)
=4
.
1
6
0
,
p
=.
0
4
2
)
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
two
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
POW
(
F(1
,
5
4
2
)
=1
5
.
2
8
2
,
p
=.
0
0
)
a
n
d
B
E
N
(
F(
1
,
5
4
2
)
=
1
0
.
0
3
9
)
,
p
=.
0
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
m
ale
a
n
d
f
em
ale
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
wo
r
k
th
at
co
u
ld
ass
er
t
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
in
s
o
ciety
,
as
well
as
b
e
ab
le
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
th
ey
c
h
o
o
s
e
m
u
s
t a
ls
o
s
atis
f
y
h
u
m
an
v
al
u
es a
n
d
b
e
ab
le
to
h
elp
o
t
h
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
e
m
ales
was
m
o
d
er
ate,
alth
o
u
g
h
f
em
ales
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
e
r
m
ea
n
th
an
m
ales
in
ea
ch
item
(
av
er
ag
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
=.
1
1
)
.
F
o
r
th
e
SDI
wo
r
k
v
alu
e,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
was
.
0
5
.
F
o
r
STI
,
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
g
en
d
e
r
.
Fo
r
T
R
A,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
was
.
1
4
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
h
as
n
o
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
g
en
d
er
ed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
was
.
2
7
h
ig
h
er
th
an
m
ales
in
POW
c
ar
ee
r
v
alu
e
an
d
.
2
1
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
m
ales in
B
E
N.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
q
u
a
n
tita
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f wo
r
k
va
lu
es
:
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f V
ietn
a
mese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
(
Th
a
n
h
-
Th
u
y
N
g
o
)
4325
T
ab
le
3
.
ANOV
A
test
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
I
t
e
ms
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
F
0
1
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
1
.
4
4
1
1
1
.
4
4
1
4
.
1
6
0
.
0
4
2
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
1
8
7
.
7
6
2
5
4
2
.
3
4
6
To
t
a
l
1
8
9
.
2
0
4
5
4
3
P
O
W
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
9
.
2
8
9
1
9
.
2
8
9
1
5
.
2
8
2
.
0
0
0
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
3
2
9
.
4
5
9
5
4
2
.
6
0
8
To
t
a
l
3
3
8
.
7
4
8
5
4
3
B
EN
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
5
.
8
4
9
1
5
.
8
4
9
1
0
.
0
3
9
.
0
0
2
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
3
1
5
.
8
2
2
5
4
2
.
5
8
3
To
t
a
l
3
2
1
.
6
7
1
5
4
3
S
D
I
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
6
5
1
.
2
6
5
.
4
2
1
.
5
1
7
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
3
4
0
.
8
4
9
5
4
2
.
6
2
9
To
t
a
l
3
4
1
.
1
1
4
5
4
3
S
TI
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
9
8
9
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
4
8
2
.
7
7
1
5
4
2
.
8
9
1
To
t
a
l
4
8
2
.
7
7
1
5
4
3
TR
A
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
2
.
6
9
8
1
2
.
6
9
8
3
.
4
2
3
.
0
6
5
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
4
2
7
.
1
6
3
5
4
2
.
7
8
8
To
t
a
l
4
2
9
.
8
6
1
5
4
3
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ales a
n
d
f
em
ales
Seein
g
th
ese
v
alu
es
with
in
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
L
ab
o
u
r
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
I
L
O)
,
4
6
.
5
2
%
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
wo
m
e
n
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et,
with
a
s
ig
n
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ica
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
em
p
lo
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ed
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a
g
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ltu
r
e
(
3
6
.
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an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
(
2
5
.
4
%)
[
22
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
tr
a
d
itio
n
ally
g
en
d
er
r
o
les
o
f
ten
p
lace
wo
m
en
in
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
em
er
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
2
0
1
8
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
in
it
iated
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
atio
n
an
d
T
r
ai
n
in
g
em
p
h
asize
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
en
d
er
is
s
u
es
in
to
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
aim
i
n
g
to
m
itig
ate
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
Sev
er
al
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
is
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
to
in
clu
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
co
u
ld
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
r
eg
io
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
at
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
v
iews
o
r
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
u
ld
al
s
o
ex
am
in
e
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
en
tal
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
s
ch
o
o
l
ty
p
e
(
p
u
b
lic
v
e
r
s
u
s
p
r
iv
ate)
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
o
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
o
u
tlo
o
k
s
.
T
h
at
is
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
u
ld
tr
ac
k
ch
an
g
es
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
es o
v
er
tim
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
to
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
its
o
wn
lim
itatio
n
s
.
First,
is
s
u
es
o
f
s
am
p
le
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
m
ay
ar
i
s
e,
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
f
in
ed
t
o
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eg
io
n
o
r
s
et
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
p
o
ten
tially
f
ailin
g
t
o
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
Vietn
am
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
ay
cr
ea
te
b
ias,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ig
h
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
cially
d
esira
b
le
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
wo
r
k
v
alu
es.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
ch
an
g
es
in
wo
r
k
v
al
u
es
o
v
er
tim
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
a
l
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
co
u
l
d
y
ield
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
th
ese
v
alu
es e
v
o
l
v
e
with
ag
e
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
s
f
iv
e
p
r
im
ar
y
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
POW
,
B
E
N
,
SDI
,
STI
,
an
d
T
R
A
.
No
tab
l
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
-
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
em
al
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
-
p
r
io
r
itize
POW
an
d
B
E
N
o
v
er
o
t
h
er
v
alu
es,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
p
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
s
th
at
en
a
b
le
th
e
m
to
ass
er
t
th
eir
co
m
p
eten
ci
es
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
o
cial
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
in
clin
atio
n
alig
n
s
with
Sch
war
tz
’
s
t
h
eo
r
y
o
n
th
e
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
o
f
h
u
m
an
v
alu
es
an
d
4.15
3.88
4.18
3.97
3.39
3.34
3.01
3.01
3.35
3.21
1
2
3
4
5
F
e
male
Mal
e
F
e
male
Mal
e
Fe
m
a
l
e
Mal
e
F
e
male
Mal
e
F
e
male
Mal
e
PO
W
BE
N
S
D
I
S
T
I
T
R
A
D
e
g
r
e
e
Fact
o
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
2
0
-
4
3
2
8
4326
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
s
im
ilar
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
Ho
n
g
K
o
n
g
,
wh
e
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
p
r
io
r
itize
s
o
cieta
l c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
].
R
ec
en
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
s
tag
e,
as
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
eg
in
to
f
o
r
m
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
eir
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
asp
ir
atio
n
s
[2
6
]
.
Stu
d
ies
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
C
h
in
ese
y
o
u
th
h
a
v
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
ed
s
h
if
ts
in
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
p
o
s
t
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
e
f
o
r
m
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
s
u
ch
v
alu
e
s
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
jo
b
s
elec
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
life
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
te
n
d
s
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
h
o
w
Vietn
am
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
alu
es
alig
n
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
la
b
o
r
m
ar
k
et
tr
en
d
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
r
ef
lects
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
,
wh
ich
n
ec
ess
itates
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
to
o
ls
r
elate
d
to
in
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
[
28
].
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
c
u
s
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
lace
o
n
B
E
N
an
d
POW
in
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
c
h
o
ice
s
m
ir
r
o
r
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
wo
m
e
n
’
s
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
h
elp
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
o
cieta
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
t
-
r
o
o
ted
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
tr
ad
itio
n
s
-
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
co
llectiv
e
v
alu
es
t
h
at
m
a
y
d
ep
r
io
r
itize
SDI
a
n
d
STI
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
in
d
iv
i
d
u
alis
tic
cu
ltu
r
es
[
29
]
.
T
h
ese
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
s
u
g
g
est th
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t c
o
n
s
id
er
cu
ltu
r
al
n
u
a
n
ce
s
wh
en
g
u
id
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
war
d
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
en
h
an
ce
f
am
ilial
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices
th
at
r
es
o
n
ate
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
B
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
in
to
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
ca
r
ee
r
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
in
itiativ
es
th
at
em
p
o
wer
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
elec
t
r
o
les
alig
n
ed
wit
h
th
eir
in
ter
ests
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
b
u
t
also
h
elp
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
tailo
r
g
u
id
an
ce
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ca
r
ee
r
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
W
h
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
also
p
r
esen
ts
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
r
eg
io
n
al
d
esig
n
r
estricts
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
f
em
ale
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
Vietn
am
[
30
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
aim
t
o
b
r
o
ad
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
to
in
clu
d
e
d
iv
er
s
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
v
alid
atin
g
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
o
th
e
r
in
f
l
u
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
-
s
u
ch
as
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
ter
ests
,
an
d
s
o
cial
d
y
n
a
m
ics
-
will
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
g
en
d
er
,
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
er
ac
t
to
s
h
a
p
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
[
3
1
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
a
d
a
p
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
t
h
ese
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
ality
o
f
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
s
an
d
o
th
er
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
s
o
c
io
-
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
co
u
l
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices
an
d
s
elf
-
m
an
ag
em
en
t stra
teg
ies,
th
er
e
b
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
g
en
d
er
an
d
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
t
h
at
B
E
N
an
d
POW
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
al
u
ed
wo
r
k
attr
ib
u
tes
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
SDI
,
STI
,
an
d
T
R
A
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
k
ca
r
ee
r
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
co
lleag
u
es,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
em
t
o
m
ak
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
eir
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
s
an
d
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
No
tab
ly
,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
lace
a
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
n
POW
an
d
B
E
N
th
an
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
r
o
les
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
cial
s
tatu
s
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
an
d
r
esp
ec
t,
wh
ile
s
h
o
win
g
less
em
p
h
asi
s
o
n
SDI
,
STI
,
an
d
T
R
A
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
a
r
el
u
ctan
ce
to
war
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
at
en
tai
l
h
ig
h
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
r
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
ch
allen
g
es,
f
av
o
r
in
g
a
w
o
r
k
c
u
ltu
r
e
t
h
at
i
s
less
r
estrictiv
e
an
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
h
eld
b
y
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
g
en
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
m
a
y
ass
is
t
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
a
d
m
in
i
s
tr
ato
r
s
in
tailo
r
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
al
ig
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wo
r
k
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
u
i
d
an
ce
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
e
r
-
s
p
ec
if
i
c
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
tu
r
is
tic
r
esear
ch
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
two
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ten
d
en
cies
o
f
wo
r
k
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
lear
n
er
s
,
wh
ich
o
n
e
is
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
es
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
esear
ch
ed
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et,
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
is
th
e
wo
r
k
v
alu
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
Vie
tn
am
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
th
an
ev
er
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
o
f
lab
o
r
s
th
ese
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
q
u
a
n
tita
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f wo
r
k
va
lu
es
:
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f V
ietn
a
mese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
(
Th
a
n
h
-
Th
u
y
N
g
o
)
4327
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
T
h
an
h
-
T
h
u
y
Ng
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
h
an
g
T
h
e
Ng
u
y
en
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
All
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
/o
r
n
atio
n
a
l
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
ittee,
ad
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i,
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
th
o
r
’
s
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
(
I
R
B
)
o
r
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t e
th
ics co
m
m
ittee.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
au
th
o
r
[T
-
T
N]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
d
ata
,
wh
ich
co
n
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
co
u
ld
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
ar
e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
ce
r
tain
r
estrictio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
F
u
r
n
h
a
m,
I
.
M
a
c
R
a
e
,
a
n
d
J.
Te
t
c
h
n
e
r
,
“
M
e
a
su
r
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
Th
e
f
a
c
e
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
v
a
l
u
e
s
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
su
c
c
e
ss,
”
S
c
a
n
d
i
n
a
v
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
–
4
0
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
s
j
o
p
.
1
2
7
2
3
.
[
2
]
C
.
C
o
n
si
g
l
i
o
,
R
.
C
e
n
c
i
o
t
t
i
,
L.
B
o
r
g
o
g
n
i
,
G
.
A
l
e
ssa
n
d
r
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
S
c
h
w
a
r
t
z
,
“
T
h
e
W
V
a
l
:
A
n
e
w
me
a
su
r
e
o
f
w
o
r
k
v
a
l
u
e
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
a
re
e
r A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
–
4
2
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
0
6
9
0
7
2
7
1
6
6
3
9
6
9
1
.
[
3
]
D
.
E.
S
u
p
e
r
,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
c
a
r
e
e
r
d
e
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17
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[
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28
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[
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