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Vo
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14
,
No
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6
,
Dec
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b
er
20
25
:
5
0
2
9
-
5
0
3
7
5030
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i
n
g
.
Ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
Pia
g
e
t
’
s
t
h
e
o
r
y
[
2
0
]
,
p
l
ay
m
ak
es
an
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
t
o
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
it
is
n
o
t
th
e
“u
lti
m
at
e”
p
o
i
n
t o
f
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
le
n
s
o
f
Pia
g
et
’
s
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
i
n
t
e
r
m
ed
ia
r
y
f
a
ct
o
r
s
b
etw
ee
n
p
la
y
an
d
li
te
r
a
r
y
s
k
ills
.
T
h
es
e
i
n
te
r
m
e
d
i
ar
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
c
lu
d
e
s
h
ar
e
d
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ass
o
ci
ate
d
w
it
h
p
er
ce
p
t
u
a
l
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
s
k
i
lls
,
r
ep
r
es
e
n
t
ati
o
n
al
ab
ilit
ies
,
a
n
d
n
a
r
r
ati
v
e
c
o
m
p
et
en
ci
es
t
h
a
t
p
l
ay
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
le
i
n
b
o
t
h
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
p
la
y
ac
ti
v
it
y
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
to
r
ea
d
a
n
d
wr
it
e.
I
t
h
as
b
e
e
n
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
y
m
b
o
li
c
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
s
b
y
3
a
n
d
a
h
a
lf
y
e
ar
o
l
d
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
g
a
m
es
,
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
o
f
w
r
it
in
g
a
t th
e
a
g
e
o
f
5
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
Pia
g
e
t
’
s
th
e
o
r
i
es
o
n
t
h
is
is
s
u
e
.
T
h
es
e
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
ti
o
n
t
h
at
m
et
ap
h
o
r
u
s
e
(
s
y
m
b
o
l
-
s
y
m
b
o
l
)
is
a
f
a
cil
ita
to
r
in
e
ar
ly
l
ite
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
2
]
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
e
o
f
d
r
am
ati
c
p
la
y
t
o
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
t
o
r
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
to
r
y
;
a
n
d
h
en
ce
h
el
p
t
h
e
m
r
em
em
b
er
t
h
e
s
to
r
i
es
th
ey
h
a
v
e
r
ea
d
[
2
3
]
,
p
h
y
s
i
c
al
ac
ti
v
iti
es
s
u
c
h
as
ap
p
l
au
s
e
g
am
es,
d
a
n
ce
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
e
n
i
n
c
r
e
ase
co
g
n
it
iv
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
ch
il
d
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
a
cil
ita
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ab
i
lit
y
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
e
w
it
h
ea
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
[
2
4
]
.
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
lay
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
ed
iatio
n
with
o
u
tr
ea
ch
lear
n
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
He
al
s
o
s
ee
s
th
e
g
am
e
as
a
‘
s
elf
-
h
elp
’
to
o
l.
W
h
en
ch
ild
r
en
en
ter
th
e
g
am
e,
th
e
y
ca
n
cr
ea
te
th
eir
o
wn
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
em
s
elv
es
in
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l,
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
with
o
th
e
r
s
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e
an
d
liter
ac
y
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
He
ass
u
m
es
th
at
g
am
es
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
aily
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
o
th
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
am
es
s
u
ch
as
r
o
le
-
p
l
ay
in
g
g
am
es
d
ev
elo
p
liter
ac
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
s
k
ills
.
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
en
n
er
[
2
7
]
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
tates
th
at
g
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
y
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
em
er
g
en
c
e
o
f
liter
ar
y
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
r
ea
l
tim
e
an
d
h
is
to
r
ical
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
lace
,
tim
e,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
.
T
h
is
s
y
m
b
io
s
is
is
in
d
ee
d
a
g
r
e
at
p
u
zz
le.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ch
ild
an
d
p
lay
ac
ti
v
ity
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
ea
s
ily
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
as
b
o
th
ar
e
im
p
licit
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
s
tan
tly
in
m
o
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
f
ac
to
r
b
etwe
en
p
lay
an
d
liter
ac
y
.
Dr
am
atic
p
lay
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
lay
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
o
r
p
u
p
ils
an
d
k
i
n
d
er
g
a
r
ten
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
m
an
y
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
h
elp
s
th
em
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
s
y
n
tactic
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
9
]
.
Dr
a
m
atic
p
lay
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
t
o
lis
ten
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
wo
r
d
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
[
2
8
]
,
in
v
o
lv
es
ch
ild
r
en
in
liter
ac
y
as
a
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
0
]
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
ch
ild
r
en
[
3
1
]
.
Play
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
wh
er
e
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
p
lay
r
o
les
s
u
ch
as
m
o
th
er
,
f
at
h
er
,
s
to
r
e
cl
er
k
in
th
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
p
er
io
d
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
p
u
p
ils
’
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
“
c
lass
i
ca
l
”
th
e
o
r
ies
o
f
Pi
a
g
et
[
3
3
]
a
n
d
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
e
tic
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
at
in
g
p
la
y
-
lit
er
ac
y
r
e
lat
io
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
T
h
es
e
c
lass
i
ca
l
th
eo
r
i
es
t
r
y
t
o
ex
p
l
ai
n
g
a
m
e
-
lit
e
r
ac
y
d
y
n
a
m
ics
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
l
e
-
p
l
ay
in
g
,
n
ar
r
ati
v
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
m
et
a
-
g
am
e
tal
k
[
3
6
]
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
q
u
esti
o
n
h
er
e
is
:
d
o
es
p
la
y
o
r
d
r
a
m
a
tic
p
la
y
d
i
r
e
ctl
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
lite
r
a
cy
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
?
Pe
lle
g
r
i
n
i
a
n
d
R
y
zi
n
[
3
6
]
ar
g
u
e
t
h
a
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
tat
is
ti
ca
l
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
wi
ll
b
e
v
er
y
h
el
p
f
u
l
in
r
e
v
e
ali
n
g
th
e
ca
u
s
a
l
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
et
we
en
p
la
y
a
n
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
d
r
a
m
a
tic
p
l
a
y
o
n
ch
il
d
r
e
n
’
s
ea
r
l
y
li
te
r
a
cy
s
k
i
lls
w
ill
b
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
wi
th
a
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
en
t
al
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
Pi
ag
et
a
n
d
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
t
h
e
o
r
ies
.
T
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
tu
d
y
is
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
t
o
s
h
ed
li
g
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
o
f
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
s
t
e
p
p
in
g
s
t
o
n
e
f
o
r
n
o
v
el
s
t
u
d
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
d
i
r
ec
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
r
am
ati
c
p
la
y
o
n
ea
r
l
y
li
te
r
a
cy
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
wi
th
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
le
v
a
n
t
lit
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
t
o
e
lim
in
at
e
t
h
e
d
e
f
i
cie
n
c
y
o
f
Pel
le
g
r
i
n
i
a
n
d
R
y
zi
n
[
3
6
]
i
n
t
h
e
f
iel
d
o
f
p
l
ay
an
d
ea
r
l
y
li
te
r
a
cy
,
an
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Pi
a
g
et
a
n
d
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
’
s
v
i
ews
o
n
p
la
y
a
n
d
ea
r
l
y
l
ite
r
a
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
li
te
r
at
u
r
e
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
3
]
wit
h
a
n
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
s
t
u
d
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
m
o
d
el
wi
th
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
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e
m
eth
o
d
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
ex
p
er
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en
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eter
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o
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am
e
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as
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ex
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im
en
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el
with
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etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
[
4
4
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
,
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
le
is
d
r
am
atic
p
la
y
ac
tiv
ity
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
tw
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
er
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a
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wit
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
t o
f d
r
a
ma
tic
p
la
y
o
n
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
:
a
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p
erimen
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(
F
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5031
p
la
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cti
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1
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e
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a
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f
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n
c
es.
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
wh
ile
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
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p
.
On
l
y
k
in
d
e
r
g
ar
ten
s
in
wh
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th
e
teac
h
er
s
wer
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u
s
in
g
d
r
am
a
p
lay
o
n
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
b
a
s
is
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
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p
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
en
r
o
lled
at
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
er
g
a
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ten
class
es
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
l
af
f
iliated
to
th
e
Ko
n
y
a
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Natio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
Me
r
am
d
is
tr
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d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2021
-
2
0
2
2
ac
ad
em
ic
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ea
r
.
T
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
atten
d
in
g
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e
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k
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ten
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wer
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eter
m
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ed
as
th
e
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p
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tal
an
d
th
e
ch
il
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en
atten
d
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g
th
e
o
th
er
k
in
d
er
g
a
r
ten
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
e
wer
e
a
to
tal
o
f
3
2
ch
ild
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en
o
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t
o
f
wh
o
m
1
6
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e
in
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
tal
g
r
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p
an
d
1
6
in
t
h
e
co
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tr
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l
g
r
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p
.
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ild
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en
in
th
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ex
p
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e
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tal
g
r
o
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p
r
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
6
4
-
7
2
m
o
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t
h
s
an
d
th
eir
av
er
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g
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ag
e
is
6
8
.
8
7
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
e
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g
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f
th
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ch
ild
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tr
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etwe
en
6
3
-
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2
m
o
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th
s
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d
th
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a
v
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ag
e
ag
e
is
6
9
.
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
1
0
g
ir
ls
an
d
6
b
o
y
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
g
ir
ls
an
d
8
b
o
y
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
s
im
ilar
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ag
e
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
to
u
ltima
te
p
r
in
cip
le
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
in
ess
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
th
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
ca
r
e
tak
er
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
m
ee
tin
g
was
h
eld
with
th
e
f
am
ilies
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
em
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
wr
itten
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
“
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
”,
was o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ca
r
e
tak
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
a
nd
m
a
t
er
ia
l
E
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
test
(
E
R
OT
)
wa
s
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
as
well
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
alo
n
g
with
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
m
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Gen
e
r
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
m
co
llected
d
ata
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
’
d
at
e
o
f
b
i
r
t
h
,
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
i
b
l
i
n
g
s
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
t
at
u
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
al
in
co
m
e
lev
el.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
was f
i
lled
b
y
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ca
r
e
tak
e
r
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
ed
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
E
R
OT
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
K
ar
g
ın
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
a
n
d
h
as
s
e
v
en
s
u
b
test
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
in
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
v
o
ca
b
u
l
ar
y
in
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
g
en
er
al
n
am
in
g
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
letter
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
test
s
in
clu
d
e
a
s
am
p
le
item
an
d
1
5
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
c
h
ild
r
en
a
r
e
ask
ed
to
m
ar
k
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
p
ictu
r
es
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
item
ask
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
an
s
wer
s
ar
e
s
co
r
ed
as
1
an
d
in
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
wer
s
as
0
in
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
Ku
d
er
R
ich
ar
d
s
o
n
(
KR
-
20
)
co
ef
f
icien
t
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
.
6
8
,
an
d
th
e
2
-
h
alf
test
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
.
6
7
.
T
h
e
test
-
r
etest r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
is
.
5
6
in
th
e
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
s
u
b
s
ca
le.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
es
SP
SS
2
1
.
0
0
p
ac
k
ag
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANCOVA)
wa
s
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
etests
wer
e
n
o
t
eq
u
al.
ANCOV
A
is
a
s
tati
s
tical
m
eth
o
d
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
,
is
also
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
iate
th
at
h
as
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le,
a
n
d
ev
alu
ates
v
ar
ian
ce
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
to
g
eth
er
.
I
n
th
e
ANCOVA
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
a
r
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
v
ar
iate
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
[
4
5
]
.
ANCOVA
i
s
d
e
f
in
ed
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
wh
er
ev
er
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
en
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
m
et
[
4
6
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
o
b
t
ain
ed
f
o
r
ANCOVA
was
co
n
t
r
o
lled
,
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*
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th
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14
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No
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6
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Dec
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20
25
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ac
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p
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ild
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’
s
ex
p
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ess
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lan
g
u
ag
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s
k
ills
.
T
ab
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4
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On
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-
f
ac
to
r
ANCOVA
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ly
c
h
ild
h
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d
liter
ac
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g
s
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le
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s
lis
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u
a
r
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d
=
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3
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ab
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5
.
T
-
test
r
esu
lts
o
f
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
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r
atin
g
s
ca
l
e
ex
p
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ess
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lan
g
u
a
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s
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b
s
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l
e
p
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etest a
n
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p
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s
ttes
t sco
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G
r
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u
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s
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M
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S
t
d
.
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v
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t
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p
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Ex
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
ac
tiv
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
lem
en
te
d
h
ad
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
in
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
in
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
g
en
er
al
n
am
in
g
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
k
ills
o
f
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
Vo
ca
b
u
la
r
y
in
th
e
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
a
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
w
h
ich
c
h
ild
r
en
g
iv
e
wh
at
is
wan
ted
f
r
o
m
th
em
am
o
n
g
th
e
o
b
jects
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
p
ictu
r
es.
R
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
ar
e
p
ar
allel
to
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
th
at
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ca
n
b
e
an
o
th
er
m
an
if
estatio
n
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
3
8
]
.
Fo
r
Piag
et,
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
y
m
b
o
ls
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
wo
r
ld
;
f
o
r
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
b
u
t
also
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
[
33
]
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
an
d
Piag
et
ex
p
lain
ed
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
with
m
en
tal
s
k
ills
.
Piag
et
ar
g
u
es
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
o
f
f
e
r
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
p
r
ac
tice
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
al
s
k
ills
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ab
s
tr
ac
t
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
s
h
ar
e
s
o
m
e
m
en
t
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
33
]
.
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
[
3
4
]
s
tates
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
its
elf
i
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
in
th
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
e
r
io
d
.
I
m
a
g
in
at
iv
e
g
am
e
ac
tiv
ity
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
ch
ild
’
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
is
an
ax
is
b
etwe
en
th
o
u
g
h
t
an
d
o
b
ject,
th
at
is
,
it
tu
r
n
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
war
d
s
m
ea
n
in
g
r
ath
er
th
an
o
b
ject
as
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
.
C
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
th
e
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
lear
n
to
r
ea
d
a
n
d
wr
ite.
T
h
ese
v
iews
o
f
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
an
d
Piag
et
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
d
r
a
m
atic
p
lay
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
E
x
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
r
elate
d
to
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
e
x
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
o
b
ject
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
o
r
in
p
ict
u
r
es.
W
h
en
c
h
ild
r
en
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
r
o
le
p
la
y
s
,
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
y
m
b
o
lic
p
la
y
,
in
wh
ich
t
h
ey
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
ee
ch
p
atter
n
s
,
f
l
ex
ib
le
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
i
n
to
n
atio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
eir
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
V
y
g
o
ts
k
y
’
s
v
iew
d
ev
elo
p
ed
h
is
id
ea
s
an
d
s
aw
th
at
it
h
ad
a
u
n
iq
u
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
b
y
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
etala
n
g
u
a
g
e
awa
r
en
es
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
i
m
ag
in
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
lay
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
v
ie
w
o
f
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
n
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
e
x
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Gen
er
al
n
o
m
en
clat
u
r
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
an
o
b
ject
as
well
as
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
r
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
it.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ar
ea
m
o
s
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
d
r
am
atic
p
la
y
is
th
e
g
en
er
al
n
am
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
0
2
9
-
5
0
3
7
5034
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
with
a
r
ate
o
f
5
1
%.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Piag
et
[
3
3
]
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
ac
q
u
ir
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
’
s
ac
tio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
p
eo
p
le
an
d
b
ein
g
s
.
Actio
n
p
atter
n
s
b
ec
o
m
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
ex
p
an
d
,
m
er
g
e
with
o
th
er
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiate;
th
en
a
r
e
in
ter
n
a
lized
an
d
o
r
g
an
ized
in
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
class
if
ied
in
to
f
ile
lik
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
42
]
.
Piag
et
’
s
v
iew
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
id
ea
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
o
f
f
er
s
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
p
r
ac
tice
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
al
s
k
ills
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ab
s
tr
ac
t
r
e
aso
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
s
h
ar
es
s
o
m
e
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
with
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
lay
a
n
d
liter
ac
y
[
33
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
i
n
ed
,
it
is
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
t
h
e
g
en
er
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
k
ills
o
f
liter
ac
y
an
d
m
e
n
tal
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
m
ay
h
a
v
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
d
en
o
m
in
ato
r
i
n
th
e
s
ettlem
en
t,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
m
er
g
i
n
g
,
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
a
n
d
tu
r
n
in
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Piag
et
’
s
v
iews
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
a
g
r
ee
with
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
al
n
am
in
g
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
a
s
k
ill
r
elate
d
to
s
ay
in
g
wh
at
th
e
o
b
jects
s
h
o
wn
an
d
n
am
ed
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
lic
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
’
s
p
lay
s
p
a
r
allels
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
lic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
liter
ac
y
.
V
y
g
o
ts
k
y
ass
ig
n
s
a
s
y
m
b
o
lic
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
an
o
b
ject
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
v
ey
m
ea
n
in
g
to
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
an
d
g
estu
r
es
[
3
4
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
’
s
s
y
m
b
o
lic
p
lay
is
a
co
m
p
lex
s
p
ee
ch
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
g
estu
r
es
th
at
co
n
v
ey
an
d
in
d
icate
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
b
jects
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
lic
g
a
m
e
i
s
a
p
lace
wh
er
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
en
tity
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
in
life
ar
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
an
d
lear
n
e
d
.
T
h
ese
v
iews
o
f
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
w
h
ich
is
a
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
,
is
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
g
am
e.
L
is
ten
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
to
an
s
wer
wh
at,
wh
er
e,
wh
y
,
wh
en
,
h
o
w,
an
d
w
h
o
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
to
r
y
af
te
r
r
e
ad
in
g
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
.
So
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
liter
ac
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
d
r
aws
atten
tio
n
to
s
o
cial
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als as a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
liter
ac
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Du
r
in
g
p
lay
,
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
liter
ac
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
n
ar
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
e
t
h
em
to
ac
ce
p
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
iewp
o
in
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
co
u
r
ag
es
liter
ate
th
in
k
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
ex
c
h
an
g
es.
I
n
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
,
y
o
u
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
m
atch
th
eir
s
o
cial
ac
tio
n
s
to
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
an
d
u
s
e
th
eir
liter
ate
th
in
k
in
g
way
s
,
liter
ac
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
to
o
ls
,
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
an
d
s
k
ills
[
4
1
]
.
So
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
a
s
to
r
y
in
th
e
g
am
e.
Mu
tu
al
ch
ild
r
en
cr
ea
te
th
is
s
to
r
y
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
a
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
e
with
in
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
e
y
n
ee
d
to
r
e
m
em
b
er
wh
at
ea
ch
o
th
er
is
tellin
g
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
ad
d
to
th
e
s
cr
ip
t
o
r
s
to
r
y
d
u
r
in
g
s
o
cial
ex
ch
a
n
g
e.
Ken
d
r
ic
k
[
4
7
]
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
iews
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
p
lay
n
ar
r
ativ
es
af
f
ec
t
liter
ac
y
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
i
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Kim
[
4
8
]
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
4
-
an
d
5
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
c
h
ild
r
en
wh
o
p
la
y
ed
o
u
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
,
ex
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
p
r
eten
d
p
lay
h
elp
s
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
n
ar
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
n
ar
r
ati
v
es
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
to
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
P
r
eten
d
p
lay
m
ak
es it e
asier
to
r
em
em
b
er
an
d
e
x
p
r
ess
th
e
n
ar
r
ativ
e
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
ter
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
tim
e
[
4
8
]
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
SIO
N
W
h
en
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
,
th
e
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
il
d
r
en
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
e
cted
th
e
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
g
en
er
al
n
am
in
g
s
k
ills
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
n
am
in
g
s
k
ills
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
th
e
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
o
s
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
am
o
n
g
ea
r
ly
li
ter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es o
f
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
u
b
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
wh
o
wer
e
ap
p
lied
d
r
am
atic
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
k
ep
t
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
er
e
w
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
p
r
e
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
lis
ten
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
r
am
ati
c
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
d
r
am
atic
p
la
y
ac
tiv
ities
ap
p
lied
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ted
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
lis
ten
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
r
am
ati
c
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
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s
k
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.
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p
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test
s
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t
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Der
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r
[
AS]
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
M
.
M
a
c
h
a
d
o
,
E
a
rl
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
Ex
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Art
s:
Ea
r
l
y
L
i
t
e
ra
c
y
.
B
o
s
t
o
n
,
M
A
:
C
e
n
g
a
g
e
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
]
L.
R
.
D
e
n
n
i
s
a
n
d
E
.
H
o
r
n
,
“
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
Ea
r
l
y
Li
t
e
r
a
c
y
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
”
Y
o
u
n
g
Ex
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
h
i
l
d
re
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
–
4
0
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
0
9
6
2
5
0
6
1
1
4
2
0
5
5
3
.
[
3
]
J.
A
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
A
.
A
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
J
.
L
y
n
c
h
,
a
n
d
J.
S
h
a
p
i
r
o
,
“
Ex
a
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
a
n
d
g
e
n
r
e
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
s
h
a
r
e
d
b
o
o
k
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
”
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
I
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
9
3
8
8
0
7
0
4
0
9
5
5
8
4
1
4
.
[
4
]
L.
M
.
P
h
i
l
l
i
p
s
,
S
.
P
.
N
o
r
r
i
s,
a
n
d
J
.
A
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
“
U
n
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
o
o
r
:
I
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
’
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
h
e
k
e
y
t
o
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
?
”
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
/
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
e
C
a
n
a
d
i
e
n
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
2
–
8
8
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
0
7
0
8
-
5
5
9
1
.
4
9
.
2
.
8
2
.
[
5
]
B
.
J.
D
o
d
i
c
i
,
D
.
C
.
D
r
a
p
e
r
,
a
n
d
C
.
A
.
P
e
t
e
r
so
n
,
“
Ea
r
l
y
P
a
r
e
n
t
—
C
h
i
l
d
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ea
r
l
y
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
men
t
,
”
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
Ea
rl
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
–
1
3
6
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
2
7
1
1
2
1
4
0
3
0
2
3
0
0
3
0
3
0
1
.
[
6
]
P
.
O
.
Ta
b
o
r
s
a
n
d
C
.
E
.
S
n
o
w
,
“
Y
o
u
n
g
B
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
E
a
r
l
y
Li
t
e
r
a
c
y
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
”
i
n
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Ea
rl
y
L
i
t
e
ra
c
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
S
.
B
.
N
e
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
D
.
K
.
D
i
c
k
i
n
s
o
n
,
Ed
s
.
,
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
,
N
Y
:
G
u
i
l
f
o
r
d
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
0
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
7
8
.
[
7
]
D
.
B
e
a
l
s,
J.
M
.
d
e
T
e
mp
l
e
,
a
n
d
D
.
K
.
D
i
c
k
i
n
so
n
,
“
Ta
l
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
l
o
w
-
i
n
c
o
m
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
i
n
Br
i
d
g
e
s
t
o
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
F
a
m
i
l
i
e
s,
a
n
d
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
,
D
.
K
.
D
i
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9
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.
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3
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J.
P
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[
3
4
]
L.
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y
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Pl
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[
3
5
]
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S
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V
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M
.
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Mi
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.
[
3
6
]
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[
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7
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