I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
2
~
5
0
0
2
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
14
i
6
.
3
4
0
9
1
4992
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Enha
ncing
chara
cter
s
trengths
and resilienc
e in
pri
ma
ry
educa
tion: an
onlin
e Qura
nic stori
e
s
-
ba
sed pro
g
ra
m
Sa
m
ir
Ahm
ed
Z
ek
a
ry
1
,
G
o
ma
a
Z
a
ka
ria
Sa
leh
1
,
Ash
ra
f
Ra
g
a
b Ib
ra
him
2
,
E
ls
a
y
ed
At
ef
E
l
-
H
a
s
him
i
1
,
M
us
t
a
f
a
M
o
ha
m
ed
Yus
s
uf
2
,
M
o
ha
m
ed
Ali N
em
t
-
Alla
h
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
C
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
a
n
d
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
Al
-
A
z
h
a
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
D
a
k
a
h
l
i
a
,
E
g
y
p
t
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
Al
-
A
z
h
a
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
D
a
k
a
h
l
i
a
,
E
g
y
p
t
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
15
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
25
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
28
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
st
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
stig
a
ted
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
a
n
o
n
li
n
e
Qu
ra
n
ic
sto
r
ies
-
b
a
se
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
stre
n
g
th
s
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Us
in
g
a
ra
n
d
o
m
ize
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
d
e
sig
n
,
6
4
stu
d
e
n
ts
(a
g
e
d
11
-
1
3
y
e
a
rs)
fro
m
Ho
u
sh
Ei
s
sa
S
c
h
o
o
l
i
n
Eg
y
p
t
we
re
a
ss
ig
n
e
d
t
o
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
(n
=
3
3
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
(n
=
3
1
)
g
r
o
u
p
s.
T
h
e
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ten
o
n
li
n
e
se
ss
io
n
s
o
n
fi
v
e
m
a
jo
r
Qu
ra
n
ic
c
iv
il
iza
ti
o
n
s,
m
e
a
su
rin
g
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
stre
n
g
th
s
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
c
e
u
sin
g
t
h
e
v
a
li
d
a
ted
2
3
-
it
e
m
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
str
e
n
g
th
s
tes
t
a
n
d
e
g
o
-
re
sili
e
n
c
y
sc
a
le
.
Da
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
a
t
th
re
e
ti
m
e
p
o
in
ts:
p
re
-
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
,
p
o
st
-
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
two
-
m
o
n
th
fo
ll
o
w
-
u
p
.
T
h
e
r
e
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
ro
u
p
a
c
ro
ss
a
ll
23
-
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
stre
n
g
t
h
d
ime
n
si
o
n
s
(p
<
.
0
1
,
p
a
rti
a
l
η
²
ra
n
g
i
n
g
fr
o
m
.
1
1
6
to
.
5
2
9
)
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
c
e
(F
=
3
4
.
2
4
5
,
p
a
rti
a
l
η
²
=
.
5
2
9
).
No
ta
b
le en
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts we
re
o
b
se
rv
e
d
in
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
(
F
=
1
1
.
7
7
5
,
p
a
rti
a
l
η
²
=
.
2
7
9
),
se
lf
-
c
o
n
tro
l
(
F
=
1
0
.
2
6
9
,
p
a
rti
a
l
η
²
=
.
2
5
2
),
a
n
d
b
e
a
u
ty
a
p
p
r
e
c
iatio
n
(F
=
1
0
.
8
2
4
,
p
a
rti
a
l
η
²
=
.
2
6
2
).
T
h
e
se
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
we
re
m
a
in
tain
e
d
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
-
u
p
p
e
ri
o
d
,
with
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
siste
n
tl
y
o
u
t
p
e
rfo
rm
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
tro
l
g
ro
u
p
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
su
g
g
e
sts
t
h
a
t
o
n
li
n
e
Qu
ra
n
ic
s
to
ries
-
b
a
se
d
i
n
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
stre
n
g
th
s
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
c
e
in
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts,
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
n
g
a
p
ro
m
isin
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
c
h
a
ra
c
ter ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
Dig
ital p
ed
ag
o
g
y
On
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
Prim
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
R
esil
ien
ce
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
ed
Ali N
em
t
-
Allah
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Statis
tics
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
Dak
ah
lia,
E
g
y
p
t
E
m
ail: m
o
h
am
ed
n
am
atallah
.
2
0
2
6
@
az
h
ar
.
ed
u
.
eg
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
an
er
a
o
f
r
a
p
id
s
o
cieta
l
ch
an
g
e
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
i
n
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
g
ain
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
As
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
ee
k
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
cu
ltiv
ate
th
ese
ess
en
tial
q
u
ali
ties
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
t
h
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
wi
s
d
o
m
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
a
n
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
an
cien
t
n
ar
r
ativ
es a
n
d
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
h
av
e
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
c
r
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
ch
ild
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
C
h
ar
ac
te
r
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
ar
e
m
o
r
ally
v
alu
e
d
,
tr
ait
-
lik
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
q
u
alities
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cieta
l
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
v
ir
tu
es
s
u
ch
a
s
wis
d
o
m
,
co
u
r
ag
e,
h
u
m
an
ity
,
ju
s
tice,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ce
n
d
en
ce
,
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t [
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ch
a
r
a
cter str
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
r
ima
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
o
n
lin
e
…
(
S
a
mir
A
h
med
Zeka
r
y
)
4993
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
r
esil
ien
ce
–
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ad
ap
t p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
ad
v
er
s
ity
–
h
as e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
cr
itical
s
k
ill f
o
r
n
av
ig
atin
g
life
’
s
ch
allen
g
es [
8
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
esil
ien
ce
eq
u
ip
s
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
with
th
e
to
o
ls
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
m
an
ag
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tlo
o
k
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
d
if
f
icu
lties
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
r
esil
ien
ce
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
an
in
h
er
en
t
tr
ait
b
u
t
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
s
h
ap
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
v
ar
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
alig
n
s
with
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
en
n
er
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
[
1
8
]
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
its
th
at
r
esil
ien
ce
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ex
ten
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
to
b
r
o
ad
er
s
o
cieta
l c
o
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
-
b
u
ild
in
g
in
to
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
la
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
lead
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
well
-
b
e
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
l
i
e
s
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
to
im
p
ar
t th
ese
q
u
alities
to
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ig
ital a
n
d
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
.
Sto
r
y
tellin
g
h
as
b
ee
n
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
o
l
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
lear
n
in
g
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
h
is
to
r
y
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
n
ar
r
ativ
es
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
ef
f
icac
y
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
atten
tio
n
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
co
n
v
ey
in
g
co
m
p
lex
id
ea
s
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ats
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
s
to
r
ies
lies
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
ag
e
b
o
th
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
f
ac
u
lties
,
cr
ea
tin
g
m
em
o
r
ab
le
an
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l le
ar
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
n
ar
r
ativ
es
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
m
o
r
al
d
ilem
m
as
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
eth
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
elata
b
le
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
f
o
s
ter
s
g
r
ea
ter
ac
ad
em
ic
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t [
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
Qu
r
an
,
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
tex
t
in
I
s
lam
ic
tr
ad
itio
n
,
co
n
tain
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
ar
r
ativ
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ce
n
tu
r
ies
to
im
p
ar
t
m
o
r
al
less
o
n
s
an
d
wis
d
o
m
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
to
r
ies,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
h
ets,
h
is
to
r
ical
f
ig
u
r
es,
an
d
ev
er
y
d
ay
p
eo
p
le,
s
h
o
wca
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
id
s
t
ad
v
er
s
ity
[
3
7
]
.
Qu
r
an
ic
n
ar
r
ativ
es
’
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
v
ir
tu
es
alig
n
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
’
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
a
v
alu
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
ch
ild
r
en
lear
n
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
p
atien
ce
,
h
u
m
an
ity
,
ca
lm
n
ess
,
an
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
an
g
es
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
u
s
ef
u
l
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es
[
4
0
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
lik
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia
an
d
XR
ar
e
b
ein
g
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
Qu
r
an
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
b
o
o
s
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
v
alu
es [
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
5
]
.
On
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
f
f
er
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
co
n
ten
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
wid
e
au
d
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
s
ca
lab
le
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
Alad
in
i
et
a
l
.
[
5
1
]
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
n
lin
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
r
esil
ien
ce
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
with
s
elf
-
p
ac
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
o
u
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
d
esig
n
.
T
h
eir
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
en
ab
le
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ex
er
cises
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
7
]
,
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
li
n
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
in
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t seek
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
g
ap
i
n
liter
atu
r
e
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
elem
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
will in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
an
o
n
lin
e
Q
u
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ase
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
te
r
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
illi
n
g
th
e
g
a
p
in
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
r
ee
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
e
d
u
c
atio
n
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
-
b
u
ild
in
g
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
t
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
in
t
eg
r
ate
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
in
to
o
n
lin
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
d
ig
ital
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
with
Qu
r
an
ic
n
ar
r
ativ
es
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
r
id
g
es
an
cien
t
m
o
r
al
wis
d
o
m
with
m
o
d
er
n
d
i
g
ital
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
cu
lt
u
r
ally
r
eso
n
an
t
y
et
s
ca
lab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
a
l
ef
f
icac
y
,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
m
ain
tain
ed
at
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
d
ig
ital c
h
ar
ac
t
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wh
er
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
il
ity
o
f
ef
f
ec
ts
is
o
f
ten
u
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
Ho
u
s
h
E
is
s
a
Sch
o
o
l
in
B
eh
eir
a
Go
v
er
n
o
r
ate,
E
g
y
p
t,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
3
/2
0
2
4
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
2
2
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
7
8
m
ales,
3
5
.
1
%;
1
4
4
f
em
ales,
6
4
.
9
%),
with
ag
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
1
2
y
ea
r
s
(M
=
1
0
.
8
0
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD
)
=
.
6
7
)
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
eith
er
f
if
th
g
r
ad
e
(
5
1
.
8
%)
o
r
s
ix
th
g
r
ad
e
(
4
8
.
2
%).
Fro
m
th
e
in
itial
s
am
p
le,
6
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
m
ain
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
an
d
wer
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
9
2
-
5
0
0
2
4994
ev
en
ly
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
(
3
3
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l (
3
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
2
5
m
ales
(
3
9
.
1
%)
an
d
3
9
f
em
ales
(
6
0
.
9
%),
with
ag
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
1
to
1
3
y
ea
r
s
(
M
=
1
1
.
5
2
,
SD
=
.
6
1
)
.
Mo
s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
th
e
s
ix
th
g
r
ad
e
(
7
6
.
6
%),
wh
ile
th
e
r
est
wer
e
in
th
e
f
if
th
g
r
ad
e
(
2
3
.
4
%).
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
aselin
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
n
=
3
3
)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
3
1
)
Te
st
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
,
M
(
S
D
)
1
1
.
5
5
(
.
6
2
)
1
1
.
4
8
(
.
6
0
)
t
=
.
4
6
3
.
6
4
5
G
e
n
d
e
r
(
f
e
m
a
l
e
)
,
n
(
%)
2
0
(
6
0
.
6
%
)
1
9
(
6
1
.
3
%)
χ
²=.
0
0
3
.
9
5
4
G
r
a
d
e
(
6
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
)
,
n
(
%)
2
5
(
7
5
.
8
%)
2
4
(
7
7
.
4
%)
χ
²=.
0
2
5
.
8
7
4
P
a
r
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
,
M
(
S
D
)
2
.
1
2
(
.
8
9
)
2
.
0
3
(
.
9
1
)
t
=
.
4
0
6
.
6
8
6
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
mo
n
t
h
l
y
i
n
c
o
me
,
M
(
S
D
)
2
.
5
8
(
1
.
0
6
)
2
.
4
5
(
1
.
1
2
)
t
=
.
4
8
2
.
6
3
1
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
n
(
%)
2
3
(
6
9
.
7
%)
2
1
(
6
7
.
7
%)
χ
²=.
0
2
9
.
8
6
6
P
a
r
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
:
1
=
p
r
i
mary
o
r
l
e
ss,
2
=
sec
o
n
d
a
r
y
,
3
=
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
4
=
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
;
Monthly
h
o
u
seh
o
l
d
i
n
c
o
me
i
n
Eg
y
p
t
i
a
n
P
o
u
n
d
s:
1
=
<
3
0
0
0
,
2
=
3
0
0
0
-
6
0
0
0
,
3
=
6
0
0
0
-
9
0
0
0
,
4
=
>
9
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
ar
iab
les
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
an
d
attr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
in
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
g
r
ad
e
lev
el,
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
G*
Po
wer
3
.
1
.
9
.
7
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ANOV
A
with
with
in
-
b
etwe
en
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
a
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
f
=
.
2
5
)
,
α
=
.
0
5
,
p
o
wer
=
.
8
0
,
an
d
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
as
5
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
f
6
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ex
ce
ed
s
th
is
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
p
o
wer
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ures
C
h
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
h
ar
ac
ter
Stre
n
g
th
s
T
est
2
4
(
C
ST2
4
)
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
C
ST2
4
is
a
b
r
ief
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ev
alu
ates
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
,
with
ea
ch
s
tr
en
g
th
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
o
n
e
co
n
ce
p
t w
o
r
d
an
d
o
n
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
en
ten
ce
in
f
ir
s
t
-
p
er
s
o
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ated
th
eir
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t o
n
a
7
-
p
o
in
t L
ik
er
t scale
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
n
o
t a
t a
ll a
p
p
licab
le)
to
7
(
v
er
y
ap
p
licab
le)
.
R
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
C
ST2
4
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
itial
s
am
p
le
(
N
=
2
2
2
)
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
th
e
s
p
ir
itu
ality
item
(
item
2
4
)
,
y
ield
in
g
a
2
3
-
item
s
ca
le
with
s
u
p
er
io
r
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices:
χ²/d
f
=
1
.
4
2
1
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI
)
=
.
9
7
0
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A
)
=
.
0
4
4
with
a
9
0
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
(
C
I
)
[
.
0
3
2
,
.
0
5
4
]
)
,
p
ar
s
im
o
n
y
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
in
d
ex
(
PGFI)
=
.
7
3
9
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR
)
=
.
1
0
7
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ices
s
h
o
wed
s
tr
o
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
with
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
=
.
5
2
7
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
=
.
9
6
2
,
an
d
Ma
x
R
(
H)
=
.
9
6
5
.
All
item
s
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
5
4
8
to
.
8
3
4
(
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
weig
h
ts
f
o
r
all
item
s
ex
ce
ed
ed
.
5
0
,
with
m
o
s
t item
s
s
h
o
win
g
weig
h
ts
ab
o
v
e
.
7
0
.
T
h
e
C
ST
-
2
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
:
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω
=
.
9
6
0
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
5
3
,
.
9
6
8
]
)
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=
.
9
6
0
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
5
2
,
.
9
6
7
]
)
,
an
d
Gu
ttm
an
’
s
λ
2
=
.
9
6
1
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
4
4
,
.
9
7
2
]
)
.
I
tem
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
r
o
b
u
s
t,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
5
8
6
to
.
8
2
9
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atin
g
p
o
wer
,
with
item
m
ea
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
.
5
4
to
5
.
6
8
an
d
SD
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
4
to
1
.
8
7
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
item
d
if
f
icu
lty
an
d
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
to
tal
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
p
le
was 1
1
9
.
9
5
(
SD
=
2
9
.
6
2
)
.
E
g
o
-
r
esil
ien
cy
s
ca
le
(
E
R
8
9
)
[
5
6
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
4
item
s
ass
ess
in
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
was
u
s
ed
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
at
all)
to
4
(
ap
p
lies
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
)
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
E
R
8
9
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
th
e
in
itial
s
am
p
le.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
m
o
d
el
f
it:
χ²/d
f
=
1
.
8
0
1
,
C
FI
=
.
9
6
5
,
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
=
.
9
2
5
,
R
MSE
A
=
.
0
6
0
(
9
0
%
C
I
[
.
0
4
4
,
.
0
7
6
]
)
,
an
d
SR
MR
=
.
0
4
0
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
with
AVE
=
.
5
2
5
,
C
R
=
.
9
3
9
,
an
d
Ma
x
R
(
H)
=
.
9
4
2
.
All
item
s
d
is
p
lay
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
6
0
0
to
.
7
8
0
(
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
E
R
8
9
s
h
o
wed
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ices:
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω
=
.
9
3
9
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
2
7
,
.
9
5
1
]
)
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=
.
9
3
7
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
2
4
,
.
9
4
8
]
)
,
an
d
Gu
ttm
an
’
s
λ
2
=
.
9
3
9
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
9
2
3
,
.
9
5
2
]
)
.
I
tem
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
s
tr
o
n
g
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
6
3
9
to
.
7
9
7
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
item
an
aly
s
es
r
ev
ea
led
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
els
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
p
o
wer
,
with
item
m
ea
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
.
0
8
to
2
.
7
9
an
d
SD
f
r
o
m
.
8
2
to
1
.
1
5
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
to
tal
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
3
4
.
7
3
(
SD
=
1
0
.
6
7
)
.
I
n
ter
-
item
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<.
0
1
)
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
3
0
5
to
.
6
5
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
item
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ch
a
r
a
cter str
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
r
ima
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
o
n
lin
e
…
(
S
a
mir
A
h
med
Zeka
r
y
)
4995
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
wed
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
d
esig
n
:
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
ass
ess
m
en
t.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
C
ST2
4
an
d
E
R
8
9
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
2
2
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
C
ST2
4
was
m
o
d
if
ied
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
2
3
-
item
v
er
s
io
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
.
Fo
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
h
ase,
6
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial
s
am
p
le
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
ly
ass
ig
n
ed
to
eith
er
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
leted
p
r
e
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
(
C
ST
-
2
3
)
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
(
E
R
8
9
)
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
th
en
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tin
u
ed
with
th
eir
r
eg
u
lar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
Po
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
ass
ess
m
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
af
ter
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
co
m
p
letio
n
,
two
m
o
n
th
s
later
,
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
,
with
all
ass
ess
m
en
ts
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
s
im
ilar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
tim
es th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
.
2
.
4
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
pro
g
r
a
m
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
an
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
f
iv
e
m
ajo
r
civ
ilizatio
n
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
Qu
r
an
:
Ad
,
T
h
am
u
d
,
Sab
a,
Ma
d
y
an
an
d
Ay
k
a,
an
d
Ph
ar
ao
n
ic
E
g
y
p
t.
E
ac
h
civ
ilizatio
n
was
co
v
er
ed
in
two
9
0
-
m
in
u
te
s
ess
io
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
to
tal
o
f
ten
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
d
eliv
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
in
teg
r
ated
with
Nea
r
p
o
d
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
in
teg
r
ated
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
en
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
au
d
io
,
v
id
eo
,
an
d
im
ag
es
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
ar
tifa
cts
an
d
s
ites
r
elev
an
t to
ea
ch
civ
ilizatio
n
.
E
ac
h
s
ess
io
n
f
o
llo
wed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
u
r
-
s
tep
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
i
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
en
tally
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
d
is
p
lay
in
g
r
elev
an
t
h
is
to
r
ical
im
ag
er
y
;
ii
)
s
to
r
y
p
r
esen
tatio
n
p
h
ase,
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
’
s
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii
)
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
h
ase,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
atter
n
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
in
th
e
s
to
r
ies;
an
d
iv
)
ap
p
licatio
n
p
h
ase,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
s
to
r
ies
’
less
o
n
s
to
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
T
ea
ch
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
lem
en
t
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
r
al
less
o
n
s
,
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
m
o
d
els f
r
o
m
Qu
r
an
ic
n
ar
r
ativ
es.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tatis
tical
s
o
f
twar
e.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
b
o
th
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Scale
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
icato
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
,
an
d
Gu
ttm
an
’
s
λ
2
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
item
-
to
tal
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
-
item
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
aly
s
is
,
ex
am
in
in
g
ch
an
g
es
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
(
p
r
e
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
)
f
o
r
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
an
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
m
u
ltip
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ac
r
o
s
s
p
r
etest,
p
o
s
ttes
t,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
up
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
2
3
-
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
v
ar
iab
les.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
F
v
alu
es
(
p
<.
0
1
)
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
ar
tial
η
²
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
1
1
6
to
.
5
2
9
.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
m
o
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
etest
to
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
m
ain
tain
ed
th
ese
g
ain
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
er
io
d
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
ju
d
g
m
en
t
(
F=1
1
.
7
7
5
,
p
ar
tial
η
²=
.
2
7
9
)
,
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
(
F=1
0
.
2
6
9
,
p
ar
tial
η
²=
.
2
5
2
)
,
an
d
b
ea
u
ty
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
(
F=1
0
.
8
2
4
,
p
ar
tial
η
²=
.
2
6
2
)
s
h
o
wed
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
o
b
u
s
t
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
ch
an
g
es
in
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
cr
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
o
m
ain
s
.
As
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
(
MD
)
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
test
to
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
v
ar
iab
les,
with
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
m
er
cy
(
MD
=
-
1
.
6
3
6
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
f
air
n
ess
(
MD
=
-
1
.
4
8
5
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
an
d
b
ea
u
ty
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
(
MD
=
-
1
.
4
5
5
,
p
<.
0
1
)
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
T
ab
le
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
ese
g
ain
s
wer
e
lar
g
ely
m
ain
tain
ed
at
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
,
with
p
r
e
-
test
to
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
r
o
s
s
n
ea
r
ly
all
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
9
2
-
5
0
0
2
4996
T
ab
le
2
.
R
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
G
r
o
u
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
F
o
l
l
o
w
-
up
F
v
a
l
u
e
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
η²
M
SD
M
SD
M
SD
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
3
0
1
.
7
4
5
.
3
0
1
.
2
3
5
.
6
9
1
.
2
1
6
.
9
9
0
*
.
1
8
6
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
9
6
1
.
5
5
4
.
5
1
1
.
6
5
4
.
7
0
1
.
4
1
1
.
8
9
0
.
0
5
8
C
u
r
i
o
s
i
t
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
0
1
.
6
1
5
.
5
1
1
.
4
1
5
.
8
4
1
.
2
2
6
.
8
6
5
*
.
1
8
4
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
4
1
1
.
5
6
4
.
7
0
1
.
4
4
4
.
9
0
1
.
4
6
.
9
1
8
.
0
2
9
Ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
3
1
.
5
5
6
.
0
0
1
.
4
1
6
.
0
6
1
.
1
4
1
1
.
7
7
5
*
.
2
7
9
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
6
7
1
.
2
7
4
.
9
3
1
.
2
7
4
.
8
3
1
.
3
9
.
3
4
7
.
0
1
1
Lo
v
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
0
1
.
4
3
5
.
6
3
1
.
1
6
5
.
7
5
1
.
1
9
7
.
8
7
1
*
.
2
0
5
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
5
.
5
1
1
.
3
1
4
.
6
4
1
.
3
0
4
.
6
4
1
.
5
3
.
1
0
3
.
0
0
3
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
3
0
1
.
4
6
5
.
3
3
1
.
2
9
5
.
2
7
1
.
4
2
5
.
4
9
8
*
.
1
5
3
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
9
3
1
.
4
1
4
.
2
9
1
.
5
0
4
.
1
6
1
.
4
8
.
5
0
0
.
0
1
6
B
r
a
v
e
r
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
3
.
9
6
1
.
4
8
5
.
0
6
1
.
4
1
4
.
6
9
1
.
1
0
5
.
0
9
1
*
.
1
4
3
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
8
3
1
.
4
1
4
.
1
6
1
.
7
1
4
.
1
2
1
.
1
4
.
5
3
3
.
0
1
7
P
e
r
sev
e
r
a
n
c
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
5
.
0
3
1
.
5
5
6
.
0
0
1
.
0
6
6
.
0
9
1
.
0
1
5
.
2
6
2
*
.
1
4
7
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
5
.
0
0
1
.
5
7
5
.
0
6
1
.
4
5
5
.
1
6
1
.
5
2
.
1
4
2
.
0
0
5
H
o
n
e
st
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
3
1
.
8
8
5
.
6
6
1
.
3
8
5
.
7
2
1
.
4
4
4
.
1
2
2
*
.
1
1
9
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
5
4
1
.
5
6
4
.
6
1
1
.
8
3
4
.
7
0
1
.
6
2
.
0
8
2
.
0
0
3
V
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
3
1
.
8
5
5
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
5
.
8
7
1
.
4
0
6
.
1
7
2
*
.
1
6
8
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
5
8
1
.
6
4
4
.
7
0
1
.
6
9
4
.
8
3
1
.
4
6
.
2
2
0
.
0
0
7
Lo
v
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
3
1
.
4
1
5
.
6
6
1
.
4
9
5
.
6
0
.
8
2
5
.
7
6
5
*
.
1
5
9
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
2
5
1
.
6
1
4
.
5
8
1
.
6
6
4
.
6
1
1
.
6
2
.
6
7
2
.
0
2
2
K
i
n
d
n
e
ss
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
2
4
1
.
9
2
5
.
3
0
1
.
6
1
5
.
6
3
1
.
5
3
5
.
9
7
9
*
.
1
6
4
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
3
2
1
.
9
0
4
.
3
8
1
.
7
6
4
.
4
5
1
.
8
9
.
0
4
0
.
0
0
1
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
2
7
1
.
2
3
5
.
3
0
1
.
4
8
5
.
1
2
1
.
2
4
7
.
6
9
4
*
.
2
0
1
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
2
5
1
.
7
1
4
.
3
2
1
.
4
6
4
.
3
5
1
.
2
2
.
0
5
1
.
0
0
2
Te
a
mw
o
r
k
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
3
.
6
9
1
.
6
4
4
.
7
5
1
.
5
4
5
.
2
7
1
.
4
6
6
.
9
0
8
*
.
1
8
5
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
1
6
1
.
5
5
3
.
8
3
1
.
5
7
4
.
0
3
1
.
7
6
2
.
1
7
8
.
0
6
7
F
a
i
r
n
e
ss
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
0
3
1
.
6
1
5
.
5
1
1
.
0
6
5
.
3
6
1
.
5
1
6
.
2
4
4
*
.
1
7
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
8
3
2
.
1
4
3
.
9
0
1
.
7
5
4
.
2
2
1
.
6
8
.
6
4
4
.
0
2
1
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
3
.
9
3
1
.
4
9
5
.
1
8
1
.
7
7
5
.
2
7
1
.
2
5
8
.
4
7
1
*
.
2
1
7
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
4
8
1
.
3
6
3
.
6
7
1
.
5
5
3
.
7
7
1
.
2
5
.
3
2
7
.
0
1
1
M
e
r
c
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
3
.
8
7
1
.
7
0
5
.
5
1
1
.
5
6
5
.
3
3
1
.
5
7
9
.
6
9
4
*
.
2
4
1
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
.
6
4
1
.
4
2
4
.
0
6
1
.
7
1
4
.
0
0
1
.
4
8
.
5
8
5
.
0
1
9
M
o
d
e
st
y
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
6
1
.
8
4
5
.
6
6
1
.
4
7
5
.
7
8
1
.
4
0
3
.
9
8
5
*
.
1
1
6
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
5
4
1
.
5
4
4
.
5
8
1
.
7
2
4
.
8
7
1
.
7
0
.
7
0
8
.
0
1
1
P
r
u
d
e
n
c
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
5
.
0
9
1
.
4
2
6
.
1
8
1
.
1
3
6
.
0
9
.
9
7
8
.
2
5
5
*
.
2
1
3
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
5
.
0
3
1
.
4
9
5
.
0
9
1
.
4
4
5
.
1
2
1
.
5
4
.
0
5
3
.
0
0
2
S
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
.
4
.
8
1
1
.
9
7
6
.
0
9
1
.
1
8
6
.
2
4
1
.
2
9
1
0
.
2
6
9
*
.
2
5
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
5
4
1
.
6
2
4
.
8
3
1
.
9
3
4
.
9
3
1
.
8
9
.
6
8
1
.
0
2
2
B
e
a
u
t
y
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
6
6
1
.
7
0
6
.
1
2
.
8
1
6
.
2
4
.
7
9
1
0
.
8
2
4
*
.
2
6
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
2
5
2
.
0
1
4
.
6
4
1
.
9
4
4
.
9
6
1
.
6
6
2
.
0
8
1
.
0
6
4
G
r
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
5
.
0
0
1
.
7
5
5
.
7
5
1
.
1
1
5
.
8
7
1
.
0
8
4
.
2
2
9
*
.
1
2
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
5
.
0
3
1
.
4
9
5
.
0
9
1
.
3
9
5
.
1
2
1
.
4
3
.
0
4
1
.
0
0
1
H
o
p
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
9
3
1
.
4
3
6
.
0
6
1
.
4
1
6
.
2
7
.
9
7
8
.
3
8
5
*
.
2
1
6
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
7
7
2
.
0
4
4
.
8
7
1
.
9
2
5
.
1
6
1
.
7
7
.
7
2
5
.
0
2
3
H
u
mo
r
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
4
.
3
0
2
.
1
4
5
.
4
5
1
.
4
8
5
.
5
4
1
.
1
7
4
.
9
5
1
*
.
1
4
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
4
.
1
6
2
.
0
5
4
.
2
5
1
.
7
6
4
.
4
1
1
.
8
7
.
1
7
9
.
0
0
6
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
3
7
.
5
7
4
.
8
6
4
5
.
1
2
4
.
1
1
4
5
.
0
0
4
.
6
5
3
4
.
2
4
5
*
.
5
2
9
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
3
8
.
6
7
4
.
5
4
3
9
.
4
5
6
.
0
2
3
9
.
7
0
6
.
2
4
.
8
8
2
.
0
2
8
N
o
t
e
:
*
p
<
.
0
1
T
ab
le
3
.
MD
in
c
h
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
f
o
r
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t p
o
i
n
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
MD
(Pre
-
P
o
st
)
MD
(
P
o
st
-
F
U
)
MD
(Pre
-
F
U
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
MD
(Pre
-
P
o
st
)
MD
(
P
o
st
-
F
U
)
MD
(Pre
-
F
U
)
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
-
1
.
0
0
0
**
-
.
3
9
4
-
1
.
3
9
4
**
Te
a
mw
o
r
k
-
1
.
0
6
1
**
-
.
5
1
5
-
1
.
5
7
6
**
C
u
r
i
o
s
i
t
y
-
.
9
0
9
*
-
.
3
3
3
-
1
.
2
4
2
**
F
a
i
r
n
e
ss
-
1
.
4
8
5
**
.
1
5
2
-
1
.
3
3
3
**
Ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
-
1
.
3
6
4
**
-
.
0
6
1
1
.
4
2
4
**
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
-
1
.
2
4
2
**
-
.
0
9
1
-
1
.
3
3
3
**
Lo
v
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
1
.
0
3
0
**
-
.
1
2
1
-
1
.
1
5
2
**
M
e
r
c
y
-
1
.
6
3
6
**
.
1
8
2
-
1
.
4
5
5
**
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
-
1
.
0
3
0
*
-
.
0
6
1
-
.
9
7
0
**
M
o
d
e
st
y
-
1
.
0
0
0
*
-
.
1
2
1
-
1
.
1
2
1
*
B
r
a
v
e
r
y
-
1
.
0
9
1
**
.
3
6
4
-
.
7
2
7
P
r
u
d
e
n
c
e
-
1
.
0
9
1
**
.
0
9
1
-
1
.
0
0
0
**
P
e
r
sev
e
r
a
n
c
e
-
.
9
7
0
*
-
.
0
9
1
-
1
.
0
6
1
**
S
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
-
1
.
2
7
3
**
-
.
1
5
2
-
1
.
4
2
4
**
H
o
n
e
st
y
-
1
.
0
3
0
**
-
.
0
6
1
-
1
.
0
9
1
**
B
e
a
u
t
y
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
-
1
.
4
5
5
**
-
.
1
2
1
-
1
.
4
5
5
**
V
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
-
1
.
1
8
2
**
-
.
0
6
1
-
1
.
2
4
2
**
G
r
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
-
.
7
5
8
*
-
.
1
2
1
-
.
8
7
9
*
Lo
v
e
-
1
.
0
3
0
**
.
0
1
6
-
.
9
7
0
**
H
o
p
e
-
1
.
1
2
1
**
-
.
2
1
2
1
.
3
3
3
**
K
i
n
d
n
e
ss
-
1
.
0
6
1
**
-
.
3
3
3
-
1
.
3
9
4
**
H
u
mo
r
-
1
.
1
5
2
*
-
.
0
9
1
-
1
.
2
4
**
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
-
1
.
0
3
0
**
.
1
8
2
-
.
8
4
8
**
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
-
7
.
5
4
5
**
.
1
2
1
-
7
.
4
2
4
**
N
o
t
e
:
M
D
=
mea
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
;
P
r
e
=
p
r
e
-
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
;
P
o
st
=
p
o
st
-
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
;
F
U
=
f
o
l
l
o
w
-
u
p
;
**
p
<
.
0
1
;
*
p
<
.
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ch
a
r
a
cter str
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
r
ima
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
o
n
lin
e
…
(
S
a
mir
A
h
med
Zeka
r
y
)
4997
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
in
T
ab
le
4
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
MD
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ac
r
o
s
s
all
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
.
Po
s
t
-
test
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
r
ev
ea
led
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
tr
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
with
v
ar
iab
les
lik
e
f
air
n
ess
(
MD
=
1
.
6
1
2
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
(
MD
=
1
.
5
0
4
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
an
d
m
er
cy
(
MD
=
1
.
4
5
1
,
p
<.
0
1
)
s
h
o
win
g
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
c
o
m
p
e
l
l
i
n
g
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
Q
u
r
a
n
i
c
s
t
o
r
i
e
s
-
b
a
s
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
,
w
i
t
h
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
z
e
s
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
m
a
l
l
t
o
l
a
r
g
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
s
(
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
η
²
=
.
1
1
6
t
o
.
5
2
9
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
m
o
n
t
h
f
o
l
l
o
w
-
u
p
p
e
r
i
o
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
’
s
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
MD
b
et
wee
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
o
in
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
FU
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
FU
M
D
(
E
-
C)
M
D
(
E
-
C)
M
D
(
E
-
C)
M
D
(
E
-
C)
M
D
(
E
-
C)
M
D
(
E
-
C)
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
3
3
5
.
7
8
7
**
.
9
8
7
**
Te
a
mw
o
r
k
.
5
3
6
.
9
1
9
**
1
.
2
4
0
**
C
u
r
i
o
s
i
t
y
.
1
8
7
.
8
0
5
*
.
9
4
5
**
F
a
i
r
n
e
ss
.
1
9
2
1
.
6
1
2
**
1
.
1
3
8
**
Ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
-
.
0
4
1
1
.
0
6
5
**
1
.
2
2
2
**
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
4
5
6
1
.
5
0
4
**
1
.
4
9
9
**
Lo
v
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
0
9
0
.
9
9
1
**
1
.
1
1
2
**
M
e
r
c
y
.
2
3
4
1
.
4
5
1
**
1
.
3
3
3
**
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
3
6
8
1
.
0
4
3
**
1
.
1
1
1
**
M
o
d
e
st
y
.
1
1
8
1
.
0
8
6
**
.
9
1
7
**
B
r
a
v
e
r
y
.
1
3
1
.
8
9
9
*
.
5
6
8
*
P
r
u
d
e
n
c
e
.
0
5
9
1
.
0
8
5
**
.
9
6
2
**
P
e
r
sev
e
r
a
n
c
e
.
0
3
0
.
9
3
5
**
.
9
3
0
**
S
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
2
7
0
1
.
2
5
2
**
1
.
3
0
7
**
H
o
n
e
st
y
.
0
8
8
1
.
0
5
4
**
1
.
0
1
8
**
B
e
a
u
t
y
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
0
9
1
.
4
7
6
**
1
.
2
7
5
**
V
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
.
5
6
1
.
1
0
9
**
1
.
0
4
0
**
G
r
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
-
.
0
3
2
.
6
6
1
*
.
7
5
0
*
Lo
v
e
.
3
7
8
1
.
0
8
6
**
.
9
9
3
**
H
o
p
e
.
1
6
5
1
.
1
9
0
**
1
.
1
1
1
**
K
i
n
d
n
e
ss
-
.
0
8
0
.
9
1
6
*
1
.
1
8
5
**
H
u
mo
r
.
1
4
2
1
.
1
9
6
**
1
.
1
2
6
**
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
.
0
1
5
.
9
8
0
**
.
7
6
6
**
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
-
1
.
1
0
2
5
.
6
7
0
**
5
.
2
9
0
**
N
o
t
e
:
F
U
=
f
o
l
l
o
w
-
u
p
t
e
st
;
M
D
(
E
-
C
)
=
mea
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s;
**
p
<
.
0
1
;
*
p
<
.
0
5
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
en
h
an
cin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
ely
to
th
e
ex
p
an
d
in
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
cu
r
ated
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
teac
h
cr
itical
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
n
ar
r
ativ
e
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
r
o
le
o
f
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
d
r
ee
s
an
d
Ullah
[
5
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
s
er
v
e
as
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
p
er
s
u
asio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
g
u
id
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
war
d
eth
ical
co
n
d
u
ct
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
eir
th
er
ap
eu
tic
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
m
er
e
n
ar
r
ativ
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
with
Qo
tad
ah
et
a
l.
[
5
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
h
is
to
r
ical
an
aly
s
is
,
v
alu
es
ex
am
in
atio
n
,
an
d
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
u
ltima
tely
aim
in
g
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
m
o
r
e
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
s
o
cieta
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Similar
ly
,
Oth
m
an
an
d
Yu
s
o
f
[
5
9
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
ex
p
an
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
Qu
r
’
an
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
r
a
ca
n
lead
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
cr
itical
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
v
alu
es
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
alig
n
s
with
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
tr
en
d
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
d
ig
ital
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
alig
n
s
with
Gab
er
et
a
l.
[
6
0
]
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
m
ea
n
in
g
,
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
(
PERMA)
-
b
ased
tr
ain
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
ed
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
Qu
r
an
ic
n
ar
r
ativ
es,
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
o
n
lin
e
d
eliv
er
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
ia
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
an
d
Nea
r
p
o
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ig
ital
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ich
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
o
u
r
-
s
tep
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
co
n
n
ec
t
n
ar
r
ativ
es
to
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
lik
e
f
air
n
ess
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
m
er
cy
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
Qu
r
an
ic
n
ar
r
ativ
es
o
f
f
er
p
o
wer
f
u
l
m
o
r
al
ex
em
p
lar
s
th
at
r
eso
n
ate
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t [
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
9
2
-
5
0
0
2
4998
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
en
ts
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
alig
n
s
with
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
b
y
Peto
u
s
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
af
f
o
r
d
ed
to
teac
h
er
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
p
h
ases
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
s
its
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
p
ec
if
icity
—
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
n
e
s
ch
o
o
l
in
E
g
y
p
t,
h
as
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
p
ec
if
icity
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
to
v
alid
ate
its
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
ef
f
icac
y
with
lar
g
er
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
m
o
d
est im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
v
er
tim
e,
b
u
t th
ese
m
ay
r
ef
lect
test
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
r
n
atu
r
al
m
atu
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
two
-
m
o
n
th
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
er
io
d
m
ay
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
an
g
es,
an
d
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
s
ch
o
o
l settin
g
lim
its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
ellin
g
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
th
ese
g
ain
s
o
v
er
tim
e
s
u
g
g
est
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
As
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
ee
k
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
,
n
ar
r
ativ
e
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
o
n
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
eso
n
an
t p
ath
way
f
o
r
war
d
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
an
o
n
lin
e
Qu
r
an
ic
s
to
r
ies
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
with
s
u
s
tain
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
at
a
two
-
m
o
n
th
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
er
io
d
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
’
s
ef
f
icac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
to
r
ef
in
e
d
ig
ital
ch
ar
ac
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l to
all
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Sam
ir
Ah
m
ed
Z
ek
a
r
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Go
m
aa
Z
ak
ar
ia
Saleh
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ash
r
af
R
ag
ab
I
b
r
a
h
im
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
ls
ay
ed
Atef
E
l
-
Hash
im
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
s
taf
a
Mo
h
am
ed
Yu
s
s
u
f
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mo
h
am
ed
Ali N
em
t
-
Allah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ch
a
r
a
cter str
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
r
ima
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
o
n
lin
e
…
(
S
a
mir
A
h
med
Zeka
r
y
)
4999
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
co
n
f
licts
o
f
in
ter
est r
elate
d
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
ts
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
s
.
Priv
ac
y
was
m
ain
tain
ed
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es a
n
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
ey
co
u
ld
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t p
en
alty
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
E
g
y
p
t
(
R
ef
.
No
.
E
DU
-
R
E
C
-
2023
-
2
2
1
7
)
.
All
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
ittee
an
d
with
th
e
1
9
6
4
Helsin
k
i D
ec
lar
atio
n
an
d
its
later
am
en
d
m
en
ts
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
MA
N
-
A
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
S
.
M
a
s
t
e
n
,
“
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
d
i
sas
t
e
r
s:
A
mu
l
t
i
s
y
st
e
m
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
syc
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
i
j
o
p
.
1
2
7
3
7
.
[
2
]
Ö
.
F
.
K
a
b
a
k
ç
ı
a
n
d
T.
Er
g
e
n
e
,
“
T
h
e
R
o
l
e
o
f
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
i
n
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
Y
o
u
t
h
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
:
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
y
,
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
W
e
l
l
-
B
e
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
T
ü
r
k
Psi
k
o
l
o
j
i
k
D
a
n
ı
şm
a
v
e
Re
h
b
e
rl
i
k
D
e
rg
i
si
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
7
5
,
p
p
.
6
1
9
–
6
3
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
0
6
6
/
t
p
d
r
d
.
1
4
2
1
0
4
3
.
[
3
]
A
smay
a
w
a
t
i
,
Y
u
f
i
a
r
t
i
,
a
n
d
E.
Y
e
t
t
i
,
“
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
A
l
o
c
a
l
w
i
sd
o
m
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
O
p
e
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
a
rke
t
,
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
0
0
2
3
3
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
o
i
t
m
c
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
2
3
3
.
[
4
]
K
.
S
p
o
h
r
e
r
,
“
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
se
l
f
-
d
i
sc
i
p
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
d
e
e
d
s
–
e
x
a
mi
n
i
n
g
e
n
a
c
t
me
n
t
s
o
f
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
sec
o
n
d
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
s
,
”
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
C
u
l
t
u
re
&
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
0
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
6
8
1
3
6
6
.
2
0
2
1
.
2
0
0
7
9
8
6
.
[
5
]
M
.
S
.
S
y
a
r
i
f
,
A
.
R
.
A
.
G
h
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
S
u
y
a
t
n
o
,
“
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
h
o
l
i
st
i
c
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
Re
sea
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
–
3
9
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
6
]
R
.
E
.
M
c
G
r
a
t
h
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
V
i
r
t
u
e
s
i
n
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
Ro
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Mu
l
t
i
d
i
sc
i
p
l
i
n
a
ry
Pe
rsp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
C
h
a
ra
c
t
e
r
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
I
,
R
o
b
e
r
t
E
M
c
G
r
a
t
h
,
E
d
.
,
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
–
309
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
1
0
0
3
2
5
1
2
4
8
-
17.
[
7
]
L.
W
a
g
n
e
r
,
F
.
G
a
n
d
e
r
,
R
.
T.
P
r
o
y
e
r
,
a
n
d
W
.
R
u
c
h
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
P
ER
M
A
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
o
f
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
w
i
t
h
a
M
u
l
t
i
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
F
r
a
mew
o
r
k
o
f
W
e
l
l
-
B
e
i
n
g
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
L
i
f
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
–
3
2
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
4
8
2
-
018
-
9
6
9
5
-
z.
[
8
]
D
.
B
a
n
e
r
j
e
e
,
T.
S
.
S.
R
a
o
,
R
.
A
.
K
a
l
l
i
v
a
y
a
l
i
l
,
a
n
d
A
.
J
a
v
e
d
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
F
r
a
mew
o
r
k
o
f
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
:
N
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
N
e
e
d
s
a
n
d
A
d
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
a
n
d
e
mi
c
,
A
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
Ex
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
I
n
d
i
a
n
F
r
o
n
t
l
i
n
e
P
h
y
s
i
c
i
a
n
s,
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
.
6
2
2
1
3
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
sy
g
.
2
0
2
1
.
6
2
2
1
3
2
.
[
9
]
L.
K
.
M
a
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
.
B
o
u
c
h
a
r
d
,
“
E
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
a
d
v
e
r
si
t
y
:
A
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
l
a
t
e
r
l
i
f
e
,
”
A
g
i
n
g
&
Me
n
t
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
8
–
1
1
1
5
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
0
7
8
6
3
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
5
9
4
1
6
2
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
H
o
f
ma
n
-
B
e
r
g
h
o
l
m,
“
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
:
Th
e
A
n
c
i
e
n
t
T
o
o
l
o
f
U
si
n
g
S
t
o
r
i
e
s
t
o
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
f
o
r
a
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
F
u
t
u
r
e
,
”
i
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
N
.
R
e
z
a
e
i
,
E
d
.
,
C
h
a
m
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
–
2
5
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
031
-
1
5
9
6
3
-
3
_
1
4
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
D
.
O
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
C
a
mm
a
r
a
t
a
,
“
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
T
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
,
N
o
t
J
u
st
t
h
e
Tr
a
i
t
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
Wi
l
e
y
E
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
e
d
i
a
o
f
P
e
rso
n
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
D
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
s:
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
,
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
,
a
n
d
C
r
o
ss‐
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
B
.
J.
C
a
r
d
u
c
c
i
,
C
.
S
.
N
a
v
e
,
J.
S
.
M
i
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
E
.
R
i
g
g
i
o
,
Ed
s
.
,
W
i
l
e
y
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
–
3
6
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
9
7
8
1
1
1
9
5
4
7
1
4
3
.
c
h
5
9
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
T
i
l
l
o
t
t
,
N
.
W
e
a
t
h
e
r
b
y
-
F
e
l
l
,
P
.
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
N
e
u
ma
n
n
,
“
U
s
i
n
g
st
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
u
n
p
a
c
k
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
se
d
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
p
r
i
mar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
se
l
l
o
rs
i
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
–
1
4
5
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
j
g
c
.
2
0
2
1
.
5
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
U
n
g
a
r
,
G
.
C
o
n
n
e
l
l
y
,
L.
L
i
e
b
e
n
b
e
r
g
,
a
n
d
L
.
Th
e
r
o
n
,
“
H
o
w
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Y
o
u
n
g
P
e
o
p
l
e
’
s
R
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
1
5
–
6
2
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
2
0
5
-
017
-
1
7
2
8
-
8.
[
1
4
]
A
.
G
a
r
r
i
d
o
-
M
o
r
e
n
o
,
R
.
M
a
r
t
í
n
-
R
o
j
a
s
,
a
n
d
V
.
J
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
M
o
r
a
l
e
s
,
“
T
h
e
k
e
y
r
o
l
e
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
i
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
u
si
n
e
ss
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
A
mi
x
e
d
-
met
h
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
p
.
1
0
2
7
7
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
f
o
mg
t
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
2
7
7
7
.
[
1
5
]
G
.
P
u
,
W
.
Q
i
a
o
,
a
n
d
Z.
F
e
n
g
,
“
A
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
c
o
mes
o
f
su
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
:
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
mi
c
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
t
i
n
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
C
ri
s
i
s
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
0
6
–
7
2
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
1
4
6
8
-
5
9
7
3
.
1
2
4
7
3
.
[
1
6
]
I
.
K
h
u
r
a
n
a
,
D
.
K
.
D
u
t
t
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
i
n
g
h
G
h
u
r
a
,
“
S
M
Es
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mat
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
r
i
s
i
s
:
Th
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
s
a
sec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
a
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
e
c
o
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
0
,
p
p
.
6
2
3
–
6
4
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
b
u
sr
e
s.
2
0
2
2
.
0
6
.
0
4
8
.
[
1
7
]
N
.
E
l
-
S
a
y
e
d
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
st
r
e
ss
a
m
o
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
Pr
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
9
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
1
0
3
/
j
e
h
p
.
j
e
h
p
_
1
8
3
5
_
2
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
9
9
2
-
5
0
0
2
5000
[
1
8
]
U
.
B
r
o
n
f
e
n
b
r
e
n
n
e
r
,
T
h
e
E
c
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
:
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
b
y
N
a
t
u
re
a
n
d
D
e
s
i
g
n
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
M
A
:
H
a
r
v
a
r
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
1
9
7
9
.
[
1
9
]
A
.
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
E
.
-
P
.
L
i
m,
A
.
W
i
d
j
a
j
a
,
W
.
T
o
v
,
J
.
F
o
o
,
a
n
d
L.
D
e
me
e
st
e
r
,
“
O
n
U
n
r
a
v
e
l
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
u
p
p
o
rt
e
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
8
–
2
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
2
2
0
/
0
0
1
3
1
9
7
5
0
0
0
0
3
9
3
2
.
[
2
0
]
F
.
M
i
r
z
a
z
a
d
e
h
,
K
.
B.
B
a
f
r
o
o
e
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
H
a
ssa
n
i
,
“
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
Em
p
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
P
r
i
mar
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s’
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
Emo
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
ra
n
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
i
a
t
ry
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
e
1
4
3
8
4
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
8
1
2
/
i
j
p
b
s
-
1
4
3
8
4
9
.
[
2
1
]
P
.
H
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
-
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
z
a
n
d
T
.
K
e
a
n
e
,
“
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
st
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
ssessme
n
t
t
a
s
k
a
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
1
1
–
8
2
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
2
0
7
3
9
X
.
2
0
2
3
.
2
2
9
5
8
9
5
.
[
2
2
]
C
.
G
.
M
y
e
r
s,
“
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
s
a
To
o
l
f
o
r
V
i
c
a
r
i
o
u
s
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
mo
n
g
A
i
r
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
Tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
C
r
e
w
s,”
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
ra
t
i
v
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
8
–
4
2
2
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
0
1
8
3
9
2
2
1
1
0
5
8
4
2
6
.
[
2
3
]
A
.
S
h
i
r
i
,
D
.
H
o
w
a
r
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
F
a
r
n
e
l
,
“
I
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
:
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
H
e
r
i
t
a
g
e
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
&
L
i
b
r
a
r
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
–
1
1
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
5
7
2
3
1
7
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
4
6
7
4
8
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Li
u
,
W
.
G
u
o
,
T
.
K
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q
.
J
i
a
n
g
,
“
Th
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
o
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
u
ma
n
i
st
i
c
c
a
r
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
n
u
r
si
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
:
A
s
y
s
t
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
N
u
rs
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
Pra
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
p
.
1
0
4
2
8
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
e
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
4
2
8
8
.
[
2
5
]
K
.
F
a
n
so
n
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
En
g
a
g
e
Le
a
r
n
e
r
s:
O
n
c
e
U
p
o
n
a
T
i
me,
”
i
n
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
P
o
st
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
Era
:
W
o
rl
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
l
e
m
m
a
s,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
Ag
e
o
f
C
r
i
si
s
,
I
.
F
a
y
e
d
a
n
d
J.
C
u
mm
i
n
g
s,
Ed
s
.
,
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
–
5
5
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
030
-
7
4
0
8
8
-
7
_
5
4
.
[
2
6
]
R
.
L
.
R
e
y
e
s
a
n
d
J
.
A
.
V
i
l
l
a
n
u
e
v
a
,
“
N
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
f
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
v
i
s
u
a
l
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
r
y
c
h
e
m
i
s
t
r
y
c
l
a
ss
r
o
o
m
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
6
–
1
1
1
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/
a
c
s
.
j
c
h
e
m
e
d
.
3
c
0
1
1
5
1
.
[
2
7
]
D
.
P
e
t
o
u
si
,
A
.
K
a
t
i
f
o
r
i
,
K
.
S
e
r
v
i
,
M
.
R
o
u
ss
o
u
,
a
n
d
Y
.
I
o
a
n
n
i
d
i
s
,
“
H
i
st
o
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
o
n
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
:
A
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
r
e
mo
t
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
.
9
4
2
8
3
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
e
d
u
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
4
2
8
3
4
.
[
2
8
]
S
.
B
o
l
k
a
n
,
“
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
C
l
a
s
sr
o
o
m:
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
I
n
t
e
r
e
st
b
y
P
r
o
mo
t
i
n
g
A
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
n
e
ss,
”
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
8
9
3
4
2
1
5
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
8
5
6
9
0
1
.
[
2
9
]
J.
C
a
l
v
e
r
t
a
n
d
M
.
H
u
me,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes
u
s
i
n
g
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
p
r
e
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
”
Vi
r
t
u
a
l
Re
a
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
3
–
2
6
4
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
0
5
5
-
023
-
0
0
8
3
0
-
y.
[
3
0
]
P
.
H
.
Li
a
n
d
T.
K
u
sh
n
i
r
,
“
S
e
e
i
n
g
g
r
a
y
i
n
a
w
o
r
l
d
o
f
b
l
a
c
k
a
n
d
w
h
i
t
e
:
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
r
e
a
so
n
e
r
s w
h
o
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
mo
r
a
l
d
i
l
e
m
mas
w
i
t
h
h
u
m
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
e
1
3
5
6
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
d
e
sc
.
1
3
5
6
5
.
[
3
1
]
M
.
D
.
H
.
R
a
h
i
e
m,
N
.
S
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
E.
K
r
a
u
ss,
“
M
o
r
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
D
r
a
m
a
t
i
z
e
d
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
:
I
n
si
g
h
t
s
a
n
d
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
K
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
t
e
n
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
5
–
4
9
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
8
0
3
/
i
j
l
t
e
r
.
1
9
.
3
.
2
6
.
[
3
2
]
J.
Li
a
n
g
,
S
.
-
L.
Li
,
W
.
Ji
,
J.
-
X
.
R
a
n
,
a
n
d
W
.
-
J
.
Y
a
n
,
“
Em
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
mat
t
e
r
:
S
t
o
r
i
e
s
a
b
o
u
t
a
p
r
o
t
a
g
o
n
i
st
’
s
g
u
i
l
t
o
v
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
h
o
n
e
st
y
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
e
l
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
b
u
t
n
o
t
i
n
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
C
h
i
l
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
3
,
p
.
1
0
6
1
9
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
e
c
p
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
6
1
9
3
.
[
3
3
]
S
.
G
u
h
a
,
“
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
y
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
Li
t
e
r
a
c
y
t
o
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
men
t
i
n
S
TE
M
,
”
i
n
S
u
p
p
o
rt
i
n
g
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
D
i
f
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
T
h
ro
u
g
h
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
J
.
T
u
sse
y
a
n
d
L
.
H
a
a
s,
E
d
s.
,
H
e
r
s
h
e
y
,
P
A
:
I
G
I
G
l
o
b
a
l
,
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
–
2
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
0
1
8
/
9
7
9
-
8
-
3
6
9
3
-
9
2
7
1
-
3
.
c
h
0
0
7
.
[
3
4
]
N
.
M
a
r
o
si
,
L
.
A
v
r
a
a
mi
d
o
u
,
a
n
d
L.
G
a
l
a
n
i
,
“
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
y
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
sc
i
e
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
t
o
g
l
o
b
a
l
mi
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
N
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
1
4
7
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
3
5
4
5
-
0
2
1
-
0
0
1
5
9
-
w.
[
3
5
]
S
.
F
a
r
i
s
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
T
h
e
D
i
v
i
n
e
M
e
ss
a
g
e
:
Q
u
r
a
n
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
Th
e
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
I
sl
a
mi
c
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
sh
i
p
,
”
D
i
r
a
s
a
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
–
1
2
5
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
9
3
7
3
/
d
r
s.
v
1
i
2
.
1
6
.
[
3
6
]
M
.
F
.
b
i
n
M.
Y
u
s
o
f
f
,
“
Tr
a
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
T
r
a
c
t
s
o
f
Q
a
ṣ
a
ṣ:
To
w
a
r
d
s
a
T
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
N
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
i
n
I
sl
a
mi
c
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,”
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
.
1
2
9
9
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
r
e
l
1
4
1
0
1
2
9
9
.
[
3
7
]
M
.
M
o
h
i
u
d
d
i
n
a
n
d
N
.
F
.
B
.
R
a
d
h
i
l
u
f
t
i
,
“
R
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
r
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
:
A
Q
u
r
a
n
i
c
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
h
e
t
Y
u
su
f
,
”
Al
-
Bu
rh
ā
n
:
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Q
u
rʾ
ā
n
a
n
d
S
u
n
n
a
h
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
2
–
1
0
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
4
3
6
/
a
l
b
u
r
h
n
.
v
9
i
1
.
3
6
9
.
[
3
8
]
A
.
C
u
c
c
h
i
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
I
sl
a
mi
c
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
i
n
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
:
A
N
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
l
i
g
i
o
n
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
4
9
–
4
8
7
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
9
4
3
-
0
2
2
-
0
1
5
7
6
-
8.
[
3
9
]
I
.
W
a
r
s
a
h
,
R
.
M
o
r
g
a
n
n
a
,
B
.
A
.
A
.
W
a
r
s
a
h
,
a
n
d
B
.
H
.
H
.
W
a
r
s
a
h
,
“
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
A
J
I
S
:
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
–
3
5
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
2
4
0
/
a
j
i
s
.
v
9
i
2
.
1
1
3
2
6
.
[
4
0
]
A
.
A
k
r
i
m
a
n
d
G
.
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
“
Q
u
r
a
n
i
c
s
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
v
a
l
u
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
–
6
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
7
3
8
/
j
e
st
p
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
.
0
0
5
.
[
4
1
]
F
.
A
l
a
h
m
a
d
i
,
M
.
M
e
c
c
a
w
y
,
a
n
d
S
.
E
l
h
a
g
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
Q
u
r
a
n
C
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
:
A
V
R
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
i
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ex
t
e
n
d
e
d
Re
a
l
i
t
y
,
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
–
2
3
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
031
-
7
1
7
0
7
-
9
_
1
7
.
[
4
2
]
A
.
H
a
l
e
e
m,
M
.
J
a
v
a
i
d
,
M
.
A
.
Q
a
d
r
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
u
m
a
n
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
2
8
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
u
so
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
5
.
0
0
4
.
[
4
3
]
I
.
R
i
z
v
i
,
C
.
B
o
s
e
,
a
n
d
N
.
Tr
i
p
a
t
h
i
,
“
T
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
i
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
A
I
,
a
n
d
O
n
l
i
n
e
P
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms
f
o
r
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
S
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
:
E
x
p
l
o
ri
n
g
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
rsec
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
e
t
a
l
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
L.
O
.
Y
e
s
u
f
u
a
n
d
P
.
N
.
E.
N
o
h
u
d
d
i
n
,
Ed
s.,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
N
a
t
u
r
e
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
,
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
62
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
96
-
1
7
2
1
-
0
_
4
.
[
4
4
]
D
.
K
a
r
a
n
t
h
,
S
.
A.
A
r
q
u
b
,
a
n
d
C
.
D
o
l
c
e
,
“
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
p
o
s
t
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
o
r
t
h
o
d
o
n
t
i
c
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
e
m
i
n
a
r
s
i
n
O
r
t
h
o
d
o
n
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
6
–
4
4
2
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
3
/
j
.
s
o
d
o
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
4
5
]
K
.
I
smai
l
,
S
.
H
.
S.
A
l
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
M.
S
h
a
r
i
f
u
d
d
i
n
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
t
s
I
mp
a
c
t
s
i
n
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
2
3
(
I
C
A
RE
2
0
2
3
)
,
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
–
45
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
97
-
4
5
0
7
-
4
_
4
.
[
4
6
]
M
.
R
a
j
a
g
o
p
a
l
,
B
.
A
l
i
,
S
.
S
.
P
r
i
y
a
,
W
.
A
.
B
a
n
u
,
M
.
G
.
M
,
a
n
d
P
u
n
a
mk
u
m
a
r
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
O
n
l
i
n
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
a
se
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
Ei
g
h
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
(
I
C
O
N
S
T
EM
)
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
O
N
S
TEM
5
6
9
3
4
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
4
2
6
2
6
.
[
4
7
]
D
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
U
si
n
g
D
e
e
p
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
O
p
t
i
mi
z
e
t
h
e
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
c
e
n
t
i
v
e
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sm
o
f
O
n
l
i
n
e
En
g
l
i
sh
L
e
a
r
n
e
r
s,”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
&
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
–
1
8
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
6
8
6
0
8
1
.
3
6
8
6
1
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ch
a
r
a
cter str
en
g
th
s
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
r
ima
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
n
o
n
lin
e
…
(
S
a
mir
A
h
med
Zeka
r
y
)
5001
[
4
8
]
T.
Y
u
a
n
,
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
-
L
.
P
.
R
a
u
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
R
e
a
l
-
T
i
me
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
S
y
st
e
m
i
n
O
n
l
i
n
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m,”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s o
f
t
h
e
2
5
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
ro
ss
-
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
D
e
si
g
n
(
C
C
D
)
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
–
335
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
1
-
3
5
9
4
6
-
0
_
2
7
.
[
4
9
]
T.
H
a
r
r
i
so
n
a
n
d
D
.
La
c
o
,
“
W
h
e
r
e
’
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
?
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
v
i
sm
,
v
i
r
t
u
e
e
t
h
i
c
s
a
n
d
r
o
l
e
s
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
,
”
E
-
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Me
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
5
5
–
5
7
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
0
4
2
7
5
3
0
2
2
1
1
0
4
8
8
5
.
[
5
0
]
N.
-
K
.
N
a
e
e
m
a
n
d
C
.
P
.
M
u
sh
i
b
w
e
,
“
N
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
w
o
r
l
d
s:
a
s
c
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
n
d
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
mo
n
g
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms,
”
D
i
sco
v
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
3
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
4
2
1
7
-
025
-
0
0
4
3
2
-
7.
[
5
1
]
A
.
A
l
a
d
i
n
i
,
S
.
B
a
y
a
t
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
A
b
d
e
l
l
a
t
i
f
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
i
n
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
v
e
r
su
s
n
o
n
-
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
c
l
a
s
ses:
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
su
p
p
o
r
t
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
b
e
st
g
o
a
l
s,
”
As
i
a
n
-
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
n
d
F
o
re
i
g
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
5
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
0
8
6
2
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
2
3
0
-
4.
[
5
2
]
A
.
J.
Jeff
e
r
y
,
S
.
L
.
R
o
g
e
r
s,
K
.
L.
A
.
Jeff
e
r
y
,
a
n
d
L
.
H
o
b
s
o
n
,
“
A
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
,
o
p
e
n
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
b
l
e
n
d
e
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s:
T
h
i
n
g
l
i
n
k
a
n
d
t
h
i
n
sec
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
G
e
o
sc
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
scu
ss
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
5
–
1
1
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
1
9
4
/
g
c
-
4
-
95
-
2
0
2
1
.
[
5
3
]
E.
M
e
l
e
t
i
a
d
o
u
,
“
U
si
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
t
o
r
y
t
e
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
M
u
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
S
k
i
l
l
s
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
AFO
R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
–
1
3
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
4
9
2
/
i
j
e
.
1
0
.
2
.
0
6
.
[
5
4
]
J.
C
o
h
e
n
,
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r A
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
2
n
d
ed
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
1
9
8
8
.
[
5
5
]
S
.
S
h
i
mai
a
n
d
Y
.
U
r
a
t
a
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s T
e
st
2
4
(
C
S
T
2
4
)
:
a
b
r
i
e
f
mea
s
u
r
e
o
f
2
4
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
,
”
BM
C
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
3
8
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s4
0
3
5
9
-
023
-
0
1
2
8
0
-
6.
[
5
6
]
B.
J
a
c
k
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
K
r
e
m
e
n
,
“
I
Q
a
n
d
e
g
o
-
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
y
:
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
a
n
d
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
n
e
ss,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
–
3
6
1
,
1
9
9
6
.
[
5
7
]
D
.
M
.
U
.
I
d
r
e
e
s
a
n
d
D
.
I
.
U
l
l
a
h
,
“
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Q
u
r
a
n
i
c
S
t
o
r
i
e
s
i
n
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
,
”
Ī
Q
Ā
N
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
6
7
5
5
/
i
q
a
n
.
v
3
i
0
2
.
3
1
2
.
[
58
]
H
.
A
.
Q
o
t
a
d
a
h
,
A
.
D
.
A
c
h
m
a
d
,
I
.
S
y
a
f
r
i
,
A
.
A
.
A
l
-
A
n
s
h
a
r
y
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
y
a
r
i
f
a
h
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
I
n
c
l
u
si
v
e
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
Al
-
Q
u
r
a
n
a
n
d
Ḥ
a
d
ī
t
h
,
”
K
h
a
z
a
n
a
h
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
I
s
l
a
m
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
–
1
1
8
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
5
7
5
/
k
p
.
v
4
i
3
.
2
0
1
1
1
.
[
59
]
N
.
F
.
O
t
h
ma
n
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
M.
Y
u
s
o
f
,
“
P
e
r
u
si
n
g
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Er
a
:
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
Q
u
r
’
ā
n
i
c
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Q
u
r
a
n
S
u
n
n
a
h
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
&
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
N
e
e
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
2
–
5
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
1
0
2
/
j
q
ss
.
v
o
l
7
n
o
2
.
1
9
9
.
[
60
]
S
.
A
.
G
a
b
e
r
,
A
.
M
.
G
a
d
e
l
m
a
w
l
a
,
H
.
A
.
S
h
a
h
a
t
,
a
n
d
M
.
E
.
B
a
d
a
w
y
,
“
P
ER
M
A
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
se
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
Re
se
a
rch
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
–
1
2
9
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
6
9
4
1
/
j
e
sr
-
2
0
2
5
-
0
0
1
0
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
a
m
ir
Ah
m
e
d
Ze
k
a
r
y
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Al
-
A
z
h
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
’
s
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
wi
th
o
v
e
r
1
2
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
c
o
u
rse
s.
He
i
s
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
t
h
e
tec
h
n
ica
l
d
irec
to
r
o
f
th
e
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Offic
e
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
c
o
m
m
it
tee
s.
Zek
a
ry
h
a
s
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
e
ffo
rts
a
n
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
d
e
si
g
n
,
a
n
d
h
a
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
a
n
d
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
m
a
tri
c
e
s
fo
r
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
m
irze
k
a
ry
.
2
6
@a
z
h
a
r.
e
d
u
.
e
g
.
G
o
m
a
a
Za
k
a
r
ia
S
a
leh
is
a
n
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
He
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
in
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
stro
n
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
h
isto
r
y
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
so
c
ia
l
re
sp
o
n
si
b
il
it
y
.
S
a
leh
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
t
iv
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
we
b
2
.
0
p
latfo
rm
s,
a
n
d
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
re
a
li
ty
.
He
h
a
s
tau
g
h
t
v
a
ri
o
u
s
su
b
jec
ts
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
ro
g
re
ss
iv
e
ly
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
fro
m
tea
c
h
in
g
a
ss
istan
t
to
lec
tu
re
r.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
g
o
m
a
a
z
a
k
a
ria.2
0
2
6
@a
z
h
a
r.
e
d
u
.
e
g
.
As
h
r
a
f
Ra
g
a
b
Ibra
h
i
m
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
tatist
ic
s
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Al
-
Az
h
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Da
k
h
li
a
,
E
g
y
p
t.
He
h
o
ld
s
a
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
a
rts
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
F
re
n
c
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
with
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
h
o
n
o
rs
fro
m
Al
-
Az
h
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
He
h
a
s
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
i
p
l
o
m
a
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
“
M
e
n
tal
S
u
p
e
ri
o
rit
y
a
n
d
Cre
a
ti
v
it
y
”
fr
o
m
M
a
n
so
u
ra
Un
iv
e
rsity
a
n
d
a
sp
e
c
ial
d
ip
l
o
m
a
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
fr
o
m
Zag
a
z
ig
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
As
h
ra
fIb
ra
h
e
m
.
2
6
@a
z
h
a
r.
e
d
u
.
e
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.