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ly
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ffe
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v
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ss
a
n
d
c
a
re
e
r
g
ro
wth
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K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
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n
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
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n
m
o
d
elin
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T
ea
ch
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
W
o
r
k
co
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n
s
Yo
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teac
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s
T
h
is i
s
a
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p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
d
Kh
air
u
d
d
in
Ab
d
u
llah
Facu
lty
o
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E
d
u
ca
tio
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a
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d
Sp
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d
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Un
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s
iti Ma
lay
s
ia
Sab
ah
8
8
4
0
0
Ko
ta
Kin
ab
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Sab
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Ma
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m
ail: k
h
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@
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.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
C
h
in
a
’
s
h
ig
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ca
ti
o
n
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
p
r
iv
at
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u
n
iv
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s
ities
h
av
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em
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r
g
ed
as
cr
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p
lay
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in
ex
p
an
d
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ac
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s
t
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ter
tiar
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u
ca
tio
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o
m
o
tin
g
r
eg
io
n
al
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u
ca
tio
n
al
e
q
u
ity
[
1
]
.
Ov
er
7
5
0
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
o
w
s
er
v
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
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ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
Min
is
tr
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o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
er
d
is
tin
ct
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
f
ac
in
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co
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s
tr
ain
ts
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
p
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b
lic
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
wea
k
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r
esear
ch
ca
p
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ity
,
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lty
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
[
2
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
aid
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
,
as
th
eir
wo
r
k
p
l
ay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[3
]
,
[
4]
.
Yo
u
n
g
lectu
r
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
in
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
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s
ities
ar
e
o
f
ten
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
o
f
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
,
f
ac
in
g
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
o
f
h
ea
v
y
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
an
d
lim
ited
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
5
]
.
I
n
Sh
a
n
d
o
n
g
P
r
o
v
i
n
ce
s
,
wh
er
e
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
ex
p
an
d
ed
r
ap
id
l
y
,
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
f
ac
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lty
t
u
r
n
o
v
er
,
a
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
esear
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ay
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
R
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I
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N:
2252
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8
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2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
tea
ch
i
n
g
effec
tiven
ess
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iva
te
…
(
Lia
n
g
Min
g
yu
)
4605
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
t
ag
n
atio
n
,
lo
wer
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
u
ltima
tely
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
teac
h
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Desp
ite
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
i
n
g
q
u
ality
i
n
n
o
n
-
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
litt
le
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
h
as
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
t
h
ese
ea
r
ly
-
ca
r
ee
r
lect
u
r
er
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
s
u
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
On
e
p
r
o
b
lem
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
is
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
is
s
u
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
-
b
ased
a
d
o
p
tio
n
m
o
d
e
l
(
C
B
AM
)
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Fu
ller
[
7
]
,
Hall
an
d
Ho
r
d
[
8
]
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
C
h
in
a
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
m
o
d
el,
teac
h
er
s
’
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ev
o
l
v
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
es:
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
r
n
s
(
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
ad
eq
u
a
cy
)
,
task
co
n
ce
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s
(
ce
n
ter
ed
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m
an
ag
i
n
g
teac
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g
d
u
ties
)
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
(
o
r
ie
n
ted
to
war
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es).
T
h
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
h
ap
e
teac
h
er
s
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
in
n
o
v
ate,
ad
o
p
t
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
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al
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h
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es,
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n
d
e
n
g
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m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
with
th
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p
r
o
f
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al
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o
les.
Alth
o
u
g
h
C
B
AM
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ap
p
lied
in
K
-
1
2
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
es
p
ec
ially
in
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
,
its
r
elev
an
ce
to
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
b
lem
is
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
wh
ic
h
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
r
ef
lects
a
teac
h
er
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
esig
n
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
im
p
lem
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
m
o
n
ito
r
s
tu
d
en
t
lea
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
[
1
2
]
.
As
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
it
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
v
ar
io
u
s
elem
en
ts
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
lan
n
in
g
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
teac
h
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliz
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
c
o
r
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
ac
tices.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
h
i
g
h
er
le
v
els
o
f
task
a
n
d
im
p
ac
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
el
ated
with
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
teac
h
in
g
,
an
d
g
r
e
ater
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
15]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
la
r
,
Me
n
d
ez
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
y
o
u
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
wo
r
k
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
in
tu
r
n
,
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
f
ew
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
t
ag
es
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
te
ac
h
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
—
esp
ec
ially
in
C
h
in
es
e
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
er
e
t
ea
ch
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
b
u
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
at
g
ap
b
y
r
ev
ea
l
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
am
o
n
g
ea
r
ly
-
ca
r
ee
r
lectu
r
er
s
in
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
a
te
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
u
s
in
g
v
alid
ate
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
c
o
n
ce
r
n
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
(
So
C
Q)
an
d
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
(
STE
Q)
.
Th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
tea
ch
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
:
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t,
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
I
t
also
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
h
o
w
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tag
e
o
f
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es.
B
y
u
s
in
g
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
al
e
q
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
in
ter
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
s
h
ap
e
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
its
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
C
B
AM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
s
ettin
g
o
f
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
n
ew
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
o
n
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
wh
o
ca
n
h
elp
to
in
th
eir
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tice,
s
u
ch
as
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
,
wo
r
k
l
o
ad
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
,
w
h
ich
c
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
m
o
r
e
ex
ce
llen
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
b
u
t
o
f
t
e
n
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
e
d
i
s
s
u
e
:
h
o
w
e
a
r
l
y
-
c
a
r
e
e
r
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
p
r
i
v
at
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
ti
e
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
ll
y
.
I
t
b
r
i
n
g
s
b
o
t
h
n
e
w
i
d
ea
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
d
v
ic
e
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
llo
ws
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
to
c
o
llect
d
ata.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
,
SEM
i
s
u
s
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
u
ltip
le
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
al
u
ate
h
o
w
well
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
ca
n
p
r
e
d
ict
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
y
o
u
n
g
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
te
ac
h
er
s
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ac
r
o
s
s
Sh
an
d
o
n
g
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
Statis
ti
ca
l
B
u
lletin
o
n
th
e
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Sh
an
d
o
n
g
Pro
v
in
ce
(
2
0
2
3
)
is
s
u
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
4
4
p
r
iv
ate
r
eg
u
lar
co
lleg
es a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
iti
es in
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
3
,
5
0
6
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
6
7
.
3
%
o
f
th
ese
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ag
e
o
f
4
0
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
h
ir
in
g
tr
e
n
d
th
at
f
av
o
r
s
r
ec
en
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
g
r
ad
u
ates
an
d
ea
r
ly
-
ca
r
ee
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
em
esp
ec
ially
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
wh
en
s
tu
d
y
in
g
teac
h
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
th
e
ch
allen
g
es th
ey
f
ac
e
in
th
eir
w
o
r
k
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
r
ef
er
to
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
ag
e
o
f
4
0
,
u
s
u
ally
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
teac
h
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tr
u
g
g
les
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
g
r
o
wth
h
elp
to
r
e
v
ea
l
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
in
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
T
o
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
d
i
v
er
s
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
0
4
-
4
6
1
3
4606
ac
r
o
s
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ty
p
es
[
1
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tab
le
b
y
Kr
ejci
e
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
1
9
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
ee
d
s
at
least 3
8
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
al
s
tu
d
y
,
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le,
t
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
was
d
o
n
e
in
two
s
tep
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
p
r
iv
at
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Sh
an
d
o
n
g
Pro
v
in
ce
wer
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
f
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
ca
le,
ac
ad
em
ic
f
o
cu
s
,
a
n
d
r
eg
io
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
o
n
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
was
th
en
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
.
I
n
to
tal,
4
1
6
y
o
u
n
g
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
t
ea
ch
er
s
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
c
o
m
p
l
ete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
llectin
g
th
e
d
ata,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
wer
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
k
ep
t
co
n
f
i
d
en
tial.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
eiv
e
d
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Sh
an
d
o
n
g
Pro
v
in
ce
,
with
all
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
Data
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
ll
ec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
as
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
two
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
th
e
So
C
Q
by
Geo
r
g
e
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
an
d
th
e
STE
Q
b
y
Ak
r
am
[
2
0
]
.
So
m
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
b
etter
f
it
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
teac
h
er
s
i
n
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
b
u
t
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
in
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
ca
les
wer
e
k
ep
t.
All
item
s
wer
e
r
ated
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
,
b
ased
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
with
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
item
s
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
I
t
e
ms
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
G
e
n
d
e
r
,
a
g
e
,
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
5
W
o
r
k
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
-
S
e
l
f
-
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
-
Ta
s
k
-
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
-
I
mp
a
c
t
-
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
25
Te
a
c
h
e
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
-
I
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
-
A
ssessme
n
t
-
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
17
2
.
3
.
1
.
Sect
io
n A:
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
info
rm
a
t
io
n
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
item
s
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
to
co
llect
b
asic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
ich
co
v
er
s
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
tea
ch
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
im
p
ly
n
ee
d
ed
to
tick
th
e
b
o
x
th
at
m
a
tch
ed
th
eir
s
itu
atio
n
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Sect
io
n B
:
wo
rk
c
o
ncer
ns
I
tem
s
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
So
C
Q
,
wh
ich
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
r
o
les
an
d
c
h
an
g
e.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
by
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
t
ea
ch
er
s
:
i)
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ee
li
n
g
co
n
f
i
d
en
t
an
d
ca
p
a
b
le
in
th
eir
wo
r
k
;
ii)
t
ask
-
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
r
elat
in
g
to
tim
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
,
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
;
an
d
iii)
i
m
p
ac
t
-
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
r
ef
lect
in
g
th
e
d
esire
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Sect
io
n C:
t
ea
ching
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
d
r
ew
f
r
o
m
th
e
STE
Q.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
wa
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
k
e
y
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
:
i)
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
d
esig
n
less
o
n
s
an
d
d
eliv
er
co
n
ten
t
[
2
1
]
; ii)
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t,
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
t le
ar
n
in
g
an
d
u
s
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
2
2
]
;
a
n
d
iii)
l
e
ar
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
an
d
teac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
2
.
4
.
P
ilo
t
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
was
i
n
it
ial
l
y
r
ev
iew
ed
b
y
two
ex
p
er
ts
i
n
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
ese
ar
c
h
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
cl
a
r
it
y
,
cu
l
tu
r
al
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iat
en
ess
,
an
d
ali
g
n
m
e
n
t
wit
h
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
o
b
je
cti
v
es
.
A
p
il
o
t
tes
t
was
a
ls
o
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
wi
th
a
s
m
al
l
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
2
8
8
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
an
ts
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
in
d
i
ca
t
e
d
th
a
t
b
o
t
h
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
a
n
d
t
ea
ch
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
s
ca
l
es
s
h
o
w
h
i
g
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
al
r
eli
ab
i
lit
y
,
wit
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
co
ef
f
i
ci
en
ts
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
9
7
t
o
0
.
9
2
7
,
a
n
d
all
ite
m
s
s
h
o
wi
n
g
s
t
r
o
n
g
ite
m
-
to
tal
c
o
r
r
e
lat
io
n
s
.
E
x
p
l
o
r
at
o
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
a
n
al
y
s
is
(
E
F
A)
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
ed
t
h
r
ee
d
is
ti
n
ct
f
a
ct
o
r
s
f
o
r
e
ac
h
s
ca
le
,
ac
c
o
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n
tin
g
f
o
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o
v
er
6
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o
f
th
e
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ct
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r
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ad
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g
s
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x
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d
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g
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
Kais
er
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M
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r
-
Ol
k
i
n
(
K
M
O)
v
al
u
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(
0
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9
4
7
a
n
d
0
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9
1
4
,
r
esp
ec
t
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)
an
d
s
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g
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if
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t
B
ar
t
let
t’
s
t
est
r
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lts
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n
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i
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m
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h
e
s
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o
f
t
h
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is
.
C
o
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f
ir
m
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to
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s
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(
C
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s
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g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
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o
f wo
r
k
co
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ce
r
n
s
o
n
tea
ch
i
n
g
effec
tiven
ess
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iva
te
…
(
Lia
n
g
Min
g
yu
)
4607
o
v
e
r
al
l
m
o
d
el
f
it
ac
r
o
s
s
al
l
k
e
y
i
n
d
ic
es.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
al
id
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
les
wer
e
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
,
i
n
d
ic
ati
n
g
th
a
t t
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e
m
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e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
t
u
d
y
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tati
s
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
All
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Af
ter
ex
clu
d
in
g
in
co
m
p
lete
o
r
in
v
alid
en
tr
ies,
4
1
6
v
alid
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
r
etain
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
SP
SS
2
6
.
0
a
n
d
AM
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4
.
0
wer
e
us
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
e
d
ed
in
s
ev
er
al
s
tag
es
.
2
.
5
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
T
o
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
wer
e
ca
l
cu
lated
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
a
g
e,
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
b
jec
t
ar
ea
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
s
k
ewn
ess
,
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
all
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les
to
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
an
d
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
5
.
2
.
Co
rr
ela
t
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
e
n
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
was
ex
am
in
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
with
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
s
et
at
α
=0
.
0
5
.
It
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
el
atio
n
can
id
en
tify
wh
et
h
er
t
h
er
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tag
es
o
f
wo
r
k
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
two
m
ai
n
s
tatis
tical
i
n
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
r
)
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
two
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
lin
ea
r
ly
r
elate
d
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
.
2
.
5
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n mo
delin
g
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
SEM
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
a
m
in
e
h
o
w
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
.
SEM
can
ex
p
lo
r
e
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
k
ey
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
P
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
an
d
p
-
v
alu
es
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
wo
v
ar
iab
les.
2
.
5
.
4
.
M
ultiple linea
r
re
g
re
s
s
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
h
o
w
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
c
o
u
ld
p
r
e
d
ict
teac
h
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
th
e
th
r
ee
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
te
ac
h
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
wer
e
s
ee
n
as
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
β),
R
²
v
alu
es,
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
l
ev
els
(
p
-
v
alu
es)
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
ea
ch
p
r
e
d
icto
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
m
o
d
el.
B
ef
o
r
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
,
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
,
h
o
m
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
,
lin
ea
r
ity
,
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
r
esid
u
als
wer
e
test
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
r
eliab
le
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
A
to
tal
o
f
4
1
6
y
o
u
n
g
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
teac
h
er
s
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Am
o
n
g
th
em
,
5
7
.
7
%
wer
e
f
em
ale
an
d
4
2
.
3
%
wer
e
m
ale.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
a
g
e,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
3
9
.
4
%)
wer
e
b
etwe
en
2
5
an
d
3
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
3
0
-
3
5
y
ea
r
s
(
2
5
.
7
%),
3
5
-
4
0
y
ea
r
s
(
1
7
.
5
%)
,
an
d
2
5
an
d
b
el
o
w
(
1
7
.
3
%).
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
5
5
%)
h
ad
b
et
wee
n
1
an
d
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
1
8
.
3
% h
a
d
5
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
1
9
.
2
% h
a
d
o
v
er
1
0
y
e
ar
s
,
an
d
7
.
5
% h
a
d
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
r
less
.
As f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
eld
a
m
aster
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
(
7
8
.
4
%),
wh
ile
2
1
.
6
%
h
ad
o
b
tain
e
d
a
d
o
cto
r
al
d
eg
r
ee
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
,
th
e
lar
g
est
g
r
o
u
p
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
ar
ts
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
c
es,
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
(
2
9
.
8
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
m
p
u
tin
g
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
(
2
2
.
1
%),
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
1
8
%),
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
b
jects
s
u
ch
as C
h
in
ese,
E
n
g
lis
h
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics (
1
9
%),
m
e
d
icin
e
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
(
8
.
4
%),
an
d
o
th
er
s
(
2
.
6
%).
3
.
2
.
Co
mm
o
n
m
e
t
ho
d
b
ia
s
t
est
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
iases
is
s
u
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
Har
m
an
’
s
s
in
g
le
-
f
a
cto
r
test
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
E
FA
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
h
a
d
eig
en
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
1
,
an
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
ac
co
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
3
6
.
2
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
,
wh
ich
is
b
elo
w
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
4
0
%.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
(
C
MB
)
is
u
n
lik
ely
to
p
o
s
e
a
s
er
io
u
s
th
r
ea
t to
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
0
4
-
4
6
1
3
4608
3
.
3
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
all
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
is
3
.
5
6
7
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
en
er
ally
ex
p
e
r
ie
n
ce
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
c
o
n
ce
r
n
r
elate
d
t
o
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
les.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
im
p
ac
t c
o
n
c
er
n
s
h
o
ws th
e
h
ig
h
est m
ea
n
v
a
lu
e
(
M=
3
.
6
5
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
lace
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
h
as
o
n
o
t
h
er
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
task
c
o
n
ce
r
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
(
M=
3
.
4
7
7
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
r
elativ
ely
less
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
ay
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
u
b
s
ca
les
in
d
icat
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
ll
v
ar
iab
les
ex
h
i
b
ited
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
wi
th
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
-
2
to
+2
r
an
g
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
ju
s
tifie
s
th
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
s
e
o
f
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
t
-
test
s
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
SEM
.
T
ab
le
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
of
v
ar
ia
b
le
t
ea
ch
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
3
.
3
7
5
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
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[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
alig
n
s
with
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
a
n
d
cr
ea
tin
g
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
r
e
g
e
n
er
ally
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
ated
,
en
g
ag
ed
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
[
3
2
]
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
in
v
est
ef
f
o
r
t
i
n
r
ef
i
n
in
g
less
o
n
d
eliv
er
y
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
p
lan
n
in
g
th
eir
co
u
r
s
es
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ten
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
ett
er
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
h
ig
h
er
im
p
ac
t
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
task
co
n
ce
r
n
s
m
ay
p
u
s
h
teac
h
er
s
t
o
s
ee
k
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
ad
a
p
t
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
u
s
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
teac
h
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
is
wea
k
er
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
esear
ch
th
at
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
ied
with
jo
b
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
s
,
o
r
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ativ
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
as
en
g
ag
ed
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
t
ices a
s
th
o
s
e
wh
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
r
elate
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
3
.
6
.
S
t
ruct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
SEM
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
s
elf
co
n
ce
r
n
(
β=0
.
7
4
)
,
task
c
o
n
ce
r
n
(
β=0
.
8
2
)
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t
co
n
ce
r
n
(
β=0
.
7
9
)
l
o
ad
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
n
t
o
th
e
l
aten
t
v
ar
iab
le
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
all
th
r
ee
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
W
o
r
k
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
h
o
ws
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
(
β=0
.
9
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ex
p
r
ess
h
ig
h
er
co
n
ce
r
n
lev
els
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
wo
r
k
also
ten
d
t
o
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
em
s
e
lv
es
as
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
th
eir
r
o
les.
T
ea
ch
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
e
f
le
cted
b
y
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
β=0
.
7
2
)
,
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
(
β=0
.
7
3
)
,
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
β=0
.
7
9
)
,
all
o
f
w
h
ich
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
lo
a
d
in
g
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
ese
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
r
eliab
ly
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
r
=
0
.
3
9
)
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
k
e
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
SEM
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
d
el
f
it
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
(
s
elf
-
c
o
n
ce
r
n
,
task
-
c
o
n
ce
r
n
,
an
d
im
p
a
ct
-
co
n
ce
r
n
)
lo
ad
e
d
well
o
n
to
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
o
f
wo
r
k
c
o
n
ce
r
n
,
an
d
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
,
in
tu
r
n
,
h
a
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
(
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t)
also
s
h
o
wed
s
tr
o
n
g
lo
a
d
in
g
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
em
p
i
r
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
an
d
c
o
n
ce
r
n
-
b
ased
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
Nwo
k
o
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
er
e
jo
b
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
wo
r
k
lo
ad
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
ar
e
p
r
e
v
alen
t.
3
.
7
.
M
ultiple r
eg
re
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
T
ab
le
6
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
d
im
en
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io
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d
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em
o
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p
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ic
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o
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g
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ec
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ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
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m
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o
n
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h
e
r
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lts
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at
task
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n
ce
r
n
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d
im
p
ac
t
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e
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n
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o
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g
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d
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p
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r
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ac
r
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ee
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s
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ateg
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ass
e
s
s
m
en
t,
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d
th
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in
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ir
o
n
m
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t
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p
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.
Sp
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r
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e
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tr
ated
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
b
eta
(
β=0
.
5
6
8
,
t=1
2
.
4
5
1
*
*
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in
p
r
e
d
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g
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p
ac
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o
f
wo
r
k
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ce
r
n
s
o
n
teac
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f
ec
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th
r
ee
ty
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es
o
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e
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ig
n
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r
e
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icto
r
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with
t
ask
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o
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ce
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n
em
er
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i
n
g
a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
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g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
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h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
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licatio
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d
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h
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esear
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ctiv
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r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
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i
m
en
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io
n
s
[
3
9
]
.
I
m
p
ac
t
co
n
ce
r
n
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
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f
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o
r
cin
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th
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id
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th
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teac
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wh
o
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h
asize
th
e
im
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ac
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o
f
th
ei
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wo
r
k
ar
e
m
o
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e
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n
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ag
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d
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ev
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atin
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d
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n
t
p
r
o
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ess
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d
cr
ea
tin
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ea
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f
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l
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in
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e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
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Pre
v
io
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tu
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ies
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av
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o
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t
h
at
teac
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with
a
s
tr
o
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en
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im
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ar
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o
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lik
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y
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g
ag
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in
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ef
lectiv
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p
r
ac
tices,
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o
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tin
u
o
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s
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r
o
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es
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io
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elo
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m
en
t,
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
y
ac
tiv
ely
s
ee
k
way
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
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tea
ch
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g
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f
ec
tiv
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ess
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m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
m
o
r
e
ad
a
p
tab
le
to
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
t
o
s
o
m
e
ea
r
lier
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
s
elf
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co
n
ce
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s
h
o
wed
wea
k
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an
d
less
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n
s
is
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t
ef
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ec
ts
.
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o
u
g
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it
s
h
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we
d
a
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ig
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t
p
r
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ictiv
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f
ec
t
o
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in
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n
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es
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le
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ir
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ess
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a
n
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to
d
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r
ea
s
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n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
wo
r
k
c
o
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ly
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u
t a
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s
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ib
ly
d
r
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v
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s
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teac
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I
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ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
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k
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n
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r
n
s
h
av
e
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if
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
tea
ch
i
n
g
effec
tiven
ess
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iva
te
…
(
Lia
n
g
Min
g
yu
)
4611
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
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th
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ar
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ce
r
em
ain
s
u
n
ex
p
lain
ed
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
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at
s
o
m
e
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th
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f
ac
to
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s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
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iv
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h
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in
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tio
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ay
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As
Gib
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[
4
2
]
p
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er
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f
ec
tiv
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n
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is
also
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h
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lik
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p
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itio
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r
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Fu
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ch
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t
m
u
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ca
p
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e
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in
f
lu
e
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.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
how
wo
r
k
co
n
ce
r
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
r
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f
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io
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o
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y
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am
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in
g
th
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im
p
ac
t
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o
n
teac
h
in
g
ef
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tiv
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ess
am
o
n
g
y
o
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n
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lectu
r
er
s
i
n
C
h
in
ese
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
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at
task
c
o
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r
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s
a
n
d
im
p
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t
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r
n
s
p
lay
a
m
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ig
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ican
t
r
o
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s
h
ap
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en
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wh
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s
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h
a
d
a
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ig
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a
m
eth
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to
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ce
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r
o
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ce
.
T
h
e
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d
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er
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em
p
ir
ical
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k
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wo
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o
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ce
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ter
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ith
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I
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4612
DATA AV
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