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Dig
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u
ca
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p
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r
am
s
[
1
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,
[
2
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.
W
h
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f
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s
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cr
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s
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co
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3
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,
co
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r
n
s
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s
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in
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its
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p
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[
4
]
.
T
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d
r
ess
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th
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g
ap
in
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n
d
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s
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m
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s
in
r
esp
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Desp
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[
5
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,
th
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liter
atu
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e
p
r
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m
ix
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e.
So
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ies
p
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ass
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[
6
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,
wh
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b
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tr
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ex
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[
7
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.
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lack
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im
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f
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r
s
u
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r
em
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te
lear
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in
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[
8
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.
T
h
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m
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[
7
]
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T
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ca
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with
th
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k
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to
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A
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g
co
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
au
to
m
ated
ass
es
s
m
en
t
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
itical
to
o
l.
A
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
r
ev
iew
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
th
e
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
au
to
m
ated
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
n
o
w
ass
ess
p
r
o
g
r
am
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
etailed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
o
p
tim
ize
lear
n
i
n
g
[
1
3
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
im
p
lifie
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
an
aly
ze
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
d
ata
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
T
E
I
s
h
av
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
th
eir
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
ass
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
i
o
d
f
o
llo
win
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
ch
o
o
l
clo
s
u
r
es.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
ar
ticip
at
io
n
,
an
d
en
c
o
u
n
ter
i
n
g
c
h
allen
g
es,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
am
id
s
t
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
h
if
t
to
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
n
ec
ess
itated
a
r
e
-
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
in
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
m
ay
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
r
e
m
o
te
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Xie
an
d
L
iu
[
1
3
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
em
o
te
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
i
n
g
[
1
4
]
,
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ev
alu
ate
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
p
lex
an
d
h
elp
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
k
ills
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
n
e
t
o
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
h
o
n
esty
,
th
o
u
g
h
to
o
ls
lik
e
p
lag
iar
is
m
d
etec
tio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
ca
n
m
itig
ate
th
is
i
s
s
u
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
d
d
en
s
h
if
t
to
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
h
as
m
ad
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
o
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
im
p
a
ctin
g
teac
h
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
e
v
is
ited
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
n
lin
e
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
with
Dwiv
ed
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ev
alu
ati
o
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
is
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ar
tific
ia
l
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
.
Ad
ju
s
tm
e
n
ts
m
ay
b
e
n
ee
d
e
d
d
u
e
to
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
tr
ad
itio
n
s
an
d
lim
ited
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
7
]
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
ap
p
r
aisals
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
tu
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
h
as
led
to
n
ew
ap
p
r
aisal
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
p
ee
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
m
u
ltimo
d
al
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
au
th
en
tic
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
Piag
et’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
h
o
ld
s
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
’
s
r
o
le.
I
t
e
x
am
in
es
h
o
w
TEIs
h
av
e
ad
ap
ted
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
DL
E
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
ates
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
T
E
I
f
ac
u
lty
with
in
DL
E
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it a
im
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
ty
p
es o
f
ass
ess
m
en
ts
d
o
T
E
I
s
f
ac
u
lty
em
p
l
o
y
to
e
v
alu
a
te
s
tu
d
en
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
DL
E
s
?
−
W
h
at
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es h
as T
E
I
’
s
f
ac
u
lty
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
DL
E
s
?
−
Ho
w
h
av
e
teac
h
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
DL
E
s
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
d
e
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
d
esig
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
T
E
I
s
ad
ap
ted
e
v
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
A
web
-
b
a
s
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
with
clo
s
ed
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
1
5
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
E
aster
n
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
wh
ile
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
i
ews
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
7
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
was
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
s
tatis
tica
l
p
o
wer
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
in
ter
v
iew
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
d
ata
s
atu
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
wen
t
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
an
d
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
C
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
wer
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
u
r
v
ey
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
s
tr
ict
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
E
th
ical
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
f
o
llo
wed
.
Data
an
aly
s
i
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
to
q
u
an
tify
ev
alu
atio
n
to
o
ls
,
wh
ile
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
with
co
d
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
-
ass
is
ted
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
s
o
f
twar
e
was
ap
p
lied
to
in
ter
v
iew
tr
an
s
cr
ip
ts
.
T
r
ian
g
u
l
atio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
h
o
w
T
E
I
s
n
av
ig
ated
t
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
o
d
ig
ital e
v
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
7
2
4
-
4
7
3
3
4726
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
L
ev
el
o
f
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
t
o
o
l
s
utiliza
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
clea
r
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
ee
p
er
lear
n
in
g
,
s
u
c
h
as
ess
ay
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
ta
s
k
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
s
u
g
g
est
ed
th
at
th
ese
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
if
r
eliab
le
wh
en
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
lin
e,
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
h
elp
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
en
ef
its
an
d
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
H
o
wev
er
,
Fer
r
etti
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
a
n
d
On
u
e
t
a
l.
[
2
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
o
n
lin
e
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
a
n
d
th
er
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
b
en
ef
its
an
d
th
e
o
n
lin
e
r
ea
lity
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
ese
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
with
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
lik
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
6
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
s
till
wid
ely
u
s
ed
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
ca
n
h
elp
m
itig
ate
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
n
lin
e
r
em
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
b
e
n
ef
its
an
d
t
h
e
o
n
lin
e
r
ea
lity
,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
le
v
er
ag
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
ese
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
u
lly
[
6
]
.
I
t
is
also
w
o
r
th
n
o
tin
g
t
h
at
s
ev
er
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tly
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
m
o
ted
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
[
2
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
u
ah
an
d
Nain
g
[
3
0
]
,
th
e
t
y
p
ical
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
at
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
in
clu
d
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
izze
s
,
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
au
to
m
ated
ess
ay
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
clu
d
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
elf
-
test
q
u
izze
s
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
u
m
s
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t to
o
ls
u
tili
za
tio
n
3
.
2
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
ex
perience
s
in dis
t
a
nce
lea
rning
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
o
s
it
iv
e
T
ab
le
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t:
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
,
f
lex
ib
le
lea
r
n
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
les,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tu
d
y
h
a
b
its
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
k
ills
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l p
r
ac
tice,
with
m
an
y
lectu
r
er
s
n
o
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
k
ills
[
3
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
l
o
wer
co
s
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
s
ee
n
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
en
ef
it,
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
m
ay
lim
it its
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
d
ee
p
er
lear
n
in
g
[
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
C
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
p
l
ag
iar
is
m
an
d
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
es
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
L
ee
an
d
Hwa
n
g
[
3
4
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
lear
n
in
g
-
to
-
teac
h
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
em
er
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
Par
k
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
d
ig
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
will r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
m
ed
ical
an
d
d
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
R
ap
an
ta
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
b
etter
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
J
u
n
i
o
r
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
id
en
tifie
d
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
o
n
lin
e
co
u
r
s
es.
Alam
[
3
8
]
n
o
tes
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
m
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
wh
ile
4.52
4.50
4.40
4.20
4.20
3.60
3.00
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.80
2.50
2.20
0
1
2
3
4
5
E
s
s
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yp
e
(
Di
s
c
u
s
s
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p
l
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o
n
)
Pe
r
fo
r
man
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T
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k/
D
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mo
n
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tr
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Mu
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p
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Ch
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A
s
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in
d
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r
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4727
r
em
ain
in
g
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
Qu
r
esh
i
et
a
l.
[
3
9
]
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
tiv
i
ties
.
C
h
is
ad
za
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
s
p
ee
ch
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
C
u
r
elar
u
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as c
o
m
f
o
r
t,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
m
ed
ical
s
af
ety
[
4
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Po
s
itiv
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
Th
e
m
e
s
S
a
mp
l
e
r
e
sp
o
n
ses
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
re
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
”
“
U
si
n
g
n
e
w
t
e
c
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t
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s
h
a
s
b
o
o
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t
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d
m
y
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b
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t
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c
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n
d
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n
g
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
m
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
”
“
I
’
v
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
o
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e
p
r
o
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c
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u
c
a
t
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t
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y
t
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u
p
p
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rt
m
y
t
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a
c
h
i
n
g
.
”
I
n
n
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v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
ssessm
e
n
t
“
I
’
v
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
n
e
w
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s f
o
r
a
ssess
i
n
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t
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d
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n
t
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si
n
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d
i
g
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t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s.
”
“
D
i
g
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t
a
l
a
ssessm
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
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a
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a
t
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d
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p
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ress
.
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“
I
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v
e
a
d
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p
t
e
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w
t
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c
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n
g
.
”
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
s
“
T
h
e
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
l
o
w
s me
t
o
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
m
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
”
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
p
p
re
c
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
l
e
a
rn
a
t
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
p
a
c
e
.
”
“
T
h
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
l
e
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
l
a
ss
e
s h
a
s
b
e
e
n
b
e
n
e
f
i
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
.
”
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
b
i
t
s a
n
d
t
i
m
e
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
d
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
t
i
m
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
k
i
l
l
s.
”
“
My
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
n
o
w
b
e
t
t
e
r
a
t
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
st
u
d
y
t
i
m
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
”
“
I
’
v
e
s
e
e
n
a
n
o
t
i
c
e
a
b
l
e
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
b
i
t
s.
”
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
“
I
’
v
e
s
e
e
n
a
n
o
t
i
c
e
a
b
l
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
l
a
sse
s.
”
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
re
m
o
re
i
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
h
e
v
i
rt
u
a
l
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
.
”
“
I
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
t
o
o
l
s
h
a
v
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
b
o
o
s
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
re
st
a
n
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
”
A
c
c
e
ss
t
o
d
i
v
e
r
se
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
“
I
’
v
e
a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
a
d
i
v
e
rse
a
rr
a
y
o
f
re
so
u
rc
e
s t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
”
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
e
d
f
ro
m
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
.
”
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
res
o
u
rc
e
s
h
a
v
e
e
n
ri
c
h
e
d
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
.
”
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
rm
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
c
o
l
l
e
a
g
u
e
s
.
”
“
I
’
v
e
w
o
r
k
e
d
m
o
re
c
l
o
s
e
l
y
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
rs
t
h
ro
u
g
h
v
i
rt
u
a
l
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
s.
”
“
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
ra
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
a
re
e
a
s
i
e
r
t
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
.
”
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
“
I
’
v
e
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s t
o
m
e
e
t
st
u
d
e
n
t
n
e
e
d
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
.
”
“
T
h
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
o
rm
a
t
a
l
l
o
w
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
ze
d
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
rt
.
”
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
e
d
f
ro
m
c
u
st
o
m
i
ze
d
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
s.
”
C
o
s
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
“
T
h
e
c
o
st
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
s v
e
ry
re
a
so
n
a
b
l
e
.
”
“
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
n
s
e
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
.
”
3
.
2
.
2
.
Neg
a
t
i
v
e
T
ab
le
2
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
c
h
allen
g
es
with
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
v
er
if
y
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
au
th
en
ticity
,
p
lag
ia
r
is
m
,
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
s
u
es,
lack
o
f
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
tech
n
ical
d
if
f
icu
lt
ies,
an
d
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
at
h
o
m
e
.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
an
d
tim
ely
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
i
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
w
h
ich
af
f
ec
te
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
o
n
lin
e
class
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lack
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
i
n
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
ad
e
it
h
ar
d
er
f
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
to
co
n
n
ec
t
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
T
E
I
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
est
in
d
i
v
er
s
e
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es,
tr
ain
f
ac
u
lty
o
n
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
in
liv
e
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
[
4
7
]
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
to
o
ls
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
clu
d
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
o
n
lin
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
lar
g
e
r
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t p
o
o
ls
[
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Par
ed
es
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
em
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
ed
ex
am
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
h
o
n
esty
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Mu
len
g
a
a
n
d
Sh
ilo
n
g
o
[
4
8
]
i
d
en
tifie
d
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
p
lag
iar
is
m
an
d
em
p
h
asized
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
s
o
f
twar
e.
B
ar
r
o
t
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
.
B
er
g
d
ah
l
[
4
5
]
n
o
te
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ch
allen
g
es,
wh
ile
Özü
d
o
ğ
r
u
[
4
6
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
i
s
s
u
es
lik
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ail
u
r
es
an
d
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Ko
s
tak
i
an
d
Kar
ay
ian
n
i
[
5
1
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
an
d
tech
n
ical
is
s
u
es,
wh
il
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
5
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
im
p
ac
ts
m
o
tiv
atio
n
d
u
e
t
o
a
lack
o
f
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
C
u
r
elar
u
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
also
n
o
ted
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
m
ed
ical
s
af
ety
b
en
ef
its
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
.
3
.
3
.
So
lutio
ns
ma
de
f
o
r
t
he
pro
blem
s
m
et
in a
s
s
ess
ing
s
t
ud
ent
s
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
s
ev
er
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
in
o
n
li
n
e
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
c
o
u
n
ta
b
ilit
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
esig
n
an
d
in
te
g
r
ity
,
en
h
an
cin
g
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
u
tili
zin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
ac
tiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
izze
s
,
ex
am
s
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
u
s
ed
p
lag
ia
r
is
m
d
etec
to
r
s
to
m
ain
tain
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
teg
r
ity
[
5
3
]
–
[
5
6
]
.
Flex
ib
le
d
ea
d
lin
es a
n
d
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t to
o
ls
wer
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
is
s
u
es
with
p
lag
iar
is
m
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
s
is
t,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
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.
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me
n
t
“
T
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e
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s
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r l
e
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.
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S
o
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r s
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s
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s
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e
.
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f
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e
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m
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.
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q
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w
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rd
w
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re
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m
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h
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e
.
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c
k
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“
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h
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r t
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s
.
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“
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m
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ss
f
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c
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to
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f
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o
m
m
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c
a
t
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a
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p
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u
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d
r
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p
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t
.
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rt
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a
l
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v
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m
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f
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s
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m
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n
d
a
f
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t
s
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a
g
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m
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t
.
”
D
i
st
r
a
c
t
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o
n
s
a
t
h
o
me
“
S
t
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t
d
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ri
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
l
a
s
ses.
”
“
It
’
s c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
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n
g
f
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r st
u
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t
s.
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h
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l
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s m
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“
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r
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.
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“
M
a
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m
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s
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a
p
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s
t
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t
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ss
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e
.
”
T
ab
le
3
.
So
lu
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
f
o
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th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
m
et
i
n
ass
ess
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g
s
t
u
d
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ts
Th
e
m
e
s
S
a
mp
l
e
r
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sp
o
n
ses
En
h
a
n
c
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t
u
d
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t
a
c
c
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b
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l
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t
y
“
I
p
r
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v
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d
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r
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l
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r
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”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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4729
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B
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r
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.
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